March 4


TEXAS:

Death penalty opponents take uphill battle to end executions to the Texas Capitol



Death row exonerees on Tuesday called for lawmakers to abolish the death penalty - a long-shot bid in Texas where capital punishment has broad support.

Death penalty opponents declared it the "Day of Innocence" with about 2 dozen exonerees and loved ones of death row inmates lobbying lawmakers to approve legislation that would abolish the death penalty and prohibit the law of parties from being used in capital cases. The law allows people convicted of aiding or abetting in a murder committed by another person to be sentenced to death.

"I don't want the state executing people in my name," said Rep. Harold Dutton, D-Houston, who has again filed legislation to end the death penalty. "You can go all the way through the system and be factually innocent and end up on death row, which is evidence by some of the people here. How many people has Texas executed who might have been innocent?"

Dutton has attempted to get the bills passed in the Legislature every session since 2003. The bills have not made it out of committee.

Support for capital punishment runs deep in the Lone Star State. A 2012 poll indicated that more than 70 % of Texans are in favor of the death penalty. The state tops the nation in number of executions.

Despite their uphill battle, death penalty opponents said they would visit "as many offices as possible" to ask lawmakers to consider a moratorium.

In a news conference, Terri Been tearfully pleaded for her brother, Jeff Wood, to be removed from death row.

Wood was convicted under the state's law of parties for a killing committed by his partner in a 1996 robbery in Kerrville. According to news reports, Wood waited outside of a gas station while Daniel Reneau entered and pointed a handgun at the clerk, Kris Keeran. When Keeran did not respond to Reneau's request, Reneau shot him.

Wood then entered the store. He stole a surveillance video - his family says he was forced by Reneau to take the tape - and fled from the scene with Reneau. Wood has said he did not know Reneau would use force, according to reports.

In 2008, Wood, who was found not mentally fit to stand trial, won a stay from a federal judge just hours before his scheduled execution. He remains on death row.

Been said her brother's proposed execution has caused great anguish for the family.

"It's very difficult as a family member to have come that close to your loved one being murdered before you," she said.

The bills have not yet been scheduled for a committee hearing.

(source: Dallas Morning News)

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Texas Lawmaker Wants State To Kill Death Penalty



On Tuesday, people who once faced a death sentence called on Texas lawmakers to end to the state's death penalty.

They were supporting House Bill 1032, proposed by State Representative Harold Dutton, which would abolish the death penalty in Texas.

"As a legislator I didn't want to be in the death penalty business," said Dutton.

Sabrina Butler spent several years on death row before she was exonerated of the murder of her nine-month-old son.

"I don't want anyone to be put in the same position that I was in," said Butler.

According to the text, Dutton's bill would end capital punishment and convert sentences to life in prison without the possibility of parole.

The Texas Department of Criminal Justice says there are 257 death row offenders currently in TDCJ custody. 251 of them are males and there are 6 females.

(source: KEYE TV news)








MASSACHUSEETTS:

Bloodsworth Lecture Illuminates An Innocent Man???s Journey Through Death Row



As students shuffled into Converse Hall's Cole Assembly Room last Wednesday night, a gray-haired, casually dressed, beefy, not-quite-6-foot-man with a Van Dyke mustache lounged in the front row of the auditorium. The Amherst Political Union, who hosted the event, soon introduced the man as Kirk Noble Bloodsworth, the 1st American on death row to be exonerated by DNA evidence.

Bloodsworth took the podium, his presence commanding the audience's attention and striking each student silent and still in their seats. As he opened his mouth to speak, the sound system misbehaved and erupted in an intense, theatrical score from an open YouTube tab.

The tension in the room abated and Bloodsworth playfully commented, "Just trying to keep things dramatic."

That wasn't going to be hard.

On a hot summer day in August 1984, Bloodsworth, then 22 years old and a former Marine, heard a hard knock on his front door. A squadron of police officers awaited him on the other side, welcoming him with a slew of words that explained his Miranda rights and placed him under arrest for the rape and murder of Dawn Hamilton, a 9-year old girl found dead and battered in the woods 15 days earlier.

"They said to me, 'Kirk Bloodsworth, you're under arrest for the 1st-degree murder of Dawn Hamilton, you son-of-a-bitch", he said to the audience.

Although there was no physical evidence against him, and his conviction rested entirely upon eyewitness identification, Bloodsworth was eventually convicted in 1985 and sentenced to die in Maryland. Once inside the maximum-security confines of the Maryland Penitentiary, which looms like a foreboding, medieval castle in East Baltimore, Bloodsworth recognized he would probably never see the outside world again.

Yet for nearly 9 years of conviction in the state's most brutal prison, Bloodsworth relentlessly maintained his innocence while the media and public condemned him as a ruthless monster. In his lecture, he held the audience's attention with a vivid description of penitentiary life. From stories of fellow inmates stabbing their eyes with pencils to the constant slew of licentious threats to beatings via chains and Master Locks, his account hammered home the horrors and brutalization of prison life. While on death row, Bloodsworth worked as the prison librarian, reading everything from "Gestalt psychology to Stephen King novels," he said. One day, he came across a book about a man who was convicted of murder based on advanced DNA testing.

"I thought to myself, if you could be convicted by DNA testing, why couldn't you be exonerated on the same grounds?" Bloodsworth said.

After that realization, Bloodsworth committed himself to establishing his innocence via this new technology. Finally, in the summer of 1993, Bloodsworth was declared a free man and a sleek limousine arrived outside the penitentiary to pilot him home. The Baltimore radio stations played songs in his tribute all weekend long. Cigars, beer, crab, and a 3,000 dollar government stipend awaited him upon his return. Bloodsworth was a monster no more.

His formal exoneration did not occur until a decade later, when DNA evidence came to his aid once again and identified the actual killer in the Hamilton case, Kimberly Shay Ruffner. Only weeks after the Hamilton murder, Ruffner had been arrested for an unrelated incident that involved a burglary, rape and attempted murder. He had been doing his time 1 floor below Bloodsworth at the Maryland Penitentiary.

However, even after his release from prison and eventual exoneration, Bloodsworth could not shake the circumstances that led to his false conviction. He could not adjust back to a society with a justice system so flawed that innocent persons found themselves on death row.

"If it could happen to me, it could happen to anybody," he said.

Now 56 years old, Bloodsworth has dedicated his life to eradicating the death penalty in America and establishing the Kirk Bloodsworth Post-Conviction DNA Testing Program, which will help finance the cost of post-conviction DNA testing. He works closely with The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic revolving around post-conviction DNA testing, and ardent supported of the Innocence Protection Act, the 1st federal death penalty reform in be enacted in United States criminal law.

When asked by an audience member if he thought Ruffner, Dawn Hamilton???s actual killer, should face execution, Bloodsworth remained staunchly anti-death penalty. He reasoned, matter how many guilty men deserve to be on death row; capital punishment is not worth its inherent risks.

Bloodsworth shared the credo that drives his dedication of ending the death penalty: "You can free an innocent man from prison, but you can't free him from the grave."

(source: The Amhest Student)








PENNSYLVANIA:

Berks DA, RPD officer's widow speak out against death penalty moratorium



Berks County District Attorney John Adams is among Pennsylvania prosecutors who are taking a stand against Gov. Tom Wolf's moratorium on the death penalty.

Wolf said in February that the state's death penalty system is error-prone and expensive. He plans to issue reprieves while a legislative panel studies the issue.

Adams and many of his colleagues across the state are unhappy with the governor's action, and they expressed their displeasure during a Pennsylvania District Attorneys Association news conference in the Capitol rotunda in Harrisburg on Wednesday.

"I supported the governor in his election, but I'm disappointed that during the decision making process on the issue of the death penalty he did not consult with district attorneys or consult with the families of victims whose lives have been torn apart by the people who have been sentenced to death for their actions," said Adams, who served on the governor's corrections transition committee.

Also at the news conference was Tricia Wertz, the widow of Reading police Ofc. Scott Wertz, who was gunned down in the line of duty in 2006.

"I believe there needs to be some ultimate consequence for their actions and he was given that consequence, and I think it should be carried out," Wertz told 69 News of the 2008 sentence for her husband's convicted killer, Cletus Rivera.

Pa. Rep. Barry Jozwiak, a Berks County Republican and former sheriff, and Pa. Rep. Jerry Knowles, a Republican who represents part of Berks County, also attended the news conference.

Meantime, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court said Tuesday that it will decide whether the moratorium announced in February is legal.

The court's order granted the request by Philadelphia District Attorney Seth Williams to review the policy.

The court said it won't expedite the case. The justices want to hear argument about whether they should have taken up the matter at all, along with argument about how they should rule.

12 people convicted in Berks County, including Cletus Rivera, are among the 183 men and 3 women who currently sit on Pennsylvania's death row.

(source: WFMZ news)

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Pennsylvania Supreme Court to take death penalty moratorium case----Philadelphia DA calls governor's actions lawless and unconstitutional



The Pennsylvania Supreme Court on Tuesday agreed to take a case filed by the Philadelphia district attorney's office challenging Gov. Tom Wolf's moratorium implemented last month on capital punishment in the state.

District Attorney R. Seth Williams asked the court to take up the matter involving a defendant named Terrance Williams, who was scheduled for lethal injection today.

Although Seth Williams asked that the court take the case on an expedited basis, the court refused, and it will be heard on a standard calendar, which means that both sides will file briefs and replies over the next several months, and oral argument will be scheduled at a date in the future.

It will probably be more than a year before any decision is reached, and University of Pittsburgh law professor John Burkoff said it could be even longer if the court decides it wants 2 new justices, who will be elected later this year, to consider the case as well.

Mr. Wolf announced on Feb. 13 that he was instituting a moratorium on the death penalty in Pennsylvania, saying that it was not an "expression of sympathy for the guilty on death row, all of whom have been convicted of committing heinous crimes." Instead, he continued, it was "based on a flawed system that has been proven to be an endless cycle of court proceedings as well as ineffective, unjust and expensive."

He cited nationwide statistics that show 150 people have been exonerated from death row, including 6 in Pennsylvania.

A bipartisan commission was asked in 2011 to review the effectiveness of capital punishment in Pennsylvania, and Mr. Wolf said the moratorium will be in place until recommendations and concerns from that are addressed.

Because of the governor's actions, Terrance Williams, who was sentenced to death for killing a man with a tire iron on June 11, 1984, received a temporary reprieve from his execution warrant, signed by former Gov. Tom Corbett.

But in his filing, Seth Williams argues that Mr. Wolf's action was lawless and unconstitutional.

"Merely characterizing conduct by the governor as a reprieve does not make it so," the prosecutor???s filing said.

Instead, it continued, "At all times in Pennsylvania history a reprieve has meant 1 thing and only 1 thing: a temporary stay of a criminal judgment for a defined period of time, for the purpose of allowing the defendant to pursue an available legal remedy. The current act of the governor is not a reprieve. Nor, indeed, could it be. There is no remaining legal remedy available to defendant. He received exhaustive state and federal review. He sought pardon or commutation and it was denied. There is nothing legitimate left to pursue and no remedy to wait for."

To halt the imposition of the death penalty on a defendant, the district attorney's office continued, the sentence must be commuted, which can be done only with unanimous agreement by the state Board of Pardons.

Seth Williams accused the governor of usurping judicial function.

But in the governor's response, his attorneys said what he was doing is temporary - a reprieve - and requires no input from the Board of Pardons.

"The governor has 'exclusive authority' and 'unfettered discretion to grant a reprieve after imposition of sentence and on a case by case basis,'" they wrote, quoting an earlier court case.

The response also notes that there is no time limitation included in the Constitution for how long a reprieve might last, meaning the governor may issue it as he sees fit.

Cameron Kline, a spokesman for the Philadelphia district attorney's office, said he was pleased the Supreme Court took the case. Even though no one has been executed in Pennsylvania since 1999, Mr. Kline said, it is an important question.

???The district attorney has said his job is to enforce the laws on the books in Pennsylvania," he said. "Regardless of how infrequently the death penalty is used, it is still the law, and that is why he challenged the governor."

Mr. Burkoff said that the full importance of the case - and how the court ultimately rules - is probably more for the long term than the short.

"In the long run, it makes a big difference. Governors change. Attitudes change."

(source: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)

******************

Pa. High Court Takes Up Gov. Wolf's Death Penalty Moratorium



Pennsylvania's highest court will decide whether Gov. Tom Wolf's moratorium on the death penalty is legal.

A Supreme Court order issued Tuesday granted the request by Philadelphia District Attorney Seth Williams to review the policy announced by the governor last month.

The court says it won't expedite the case. The justices want to hear argument about whether they should have taken up the matter at all, along with argument about how they should rule.

The case centers on a reprieve issued by Wolf to state prison inmate Terrance Williams. He's on death row for the fatal tire-iron beating of a man in Philadelphia in 1984.

Wolf says the state's death penalty system is error-prone and expensive. He plans to issue reprieves while a legislative panel studies the issue.

(source: Associated Press)

**********************

Gov. Wolf right on death penalty



In my 52 years in Lancaster County, I have seen 1 good governor - the late William W. Scranton, who served 1963-67 - and now perhaps the 2nd.

People like to snipe at those who have some power, so it is no surprise that our present governor is getting some flack for his action on the death penalty. I strongly suspect those who are in favor of the death penalty call themselves Christians in spite of the fact the Christian Bible mitigates against it. It reminds one of Pharisees. In addition, no evidence exists to support any value from it. It demeans all of us as a society. What would Jesus do?

We also ought to be ashamed to have the highest portion of our population of any industrialized country on the wrong side of our criminal justice system. We would be far better off if we cut our prisoner population at least by half. We should get them back to functioning in our society and use the huge costs to support our values of education and health care.

Willis Ratzlaff

Conestoga Township

(source: Letter to the Editor, lancasteronline.com)








VIRGINIA:

Diminishing supply of execution drugs puts Virginia in legal limbo ---- Supplies of the lethal injection drugs have dried up because the European manufacturers have objected to their use in the U.S.



The demise in the General Assembly of a bill that would have kept secret the suppliers of death penalty drugs and other details of the lethal injection cocktail could lead to a halting of executions in Virginia.

The state's supply of the drugs it uses in executions is set to expire in September. But none of the 8 people on death row in Virginia are scheduled to die between now and then.

Not having approved up-to-date lethal injection drugs would "raise a lot of legal issues as it relates to the carrying out of executions here in Virginia," Gov. Terry McAuliffe told reporters Tuesday during a briefing called to highlight his administration's accomplishments during the General Assembly session.

"I'm not sure where that puts the status here in the commonwealth," the governor added. "It does raise serious legal issues."

Death penalty opponents agree. In fact, according to their reading of state law, not having the drugs would effectively stop executions in the commonwealth. Virginia currently has 2 methods of execution - lethal injection and the electric chair.

"The state code says, in effect, that the preferred method of execution is lethal injection," said Steve Northrup, executive director of Virginians for Alternatives to the Death Penalty.

"An inmate gets a choice, and if an inmate does not choose, he will be executed by lethal injection."

Legislation that would have made the electric chair a default execution method if lethal injection drugs were not available failed in a Virginia Senate committee last year.

Currently, under the statute, Northrup said "the only way the commonwealth could use the electric chair to electrocute someone is if the inmate chooses it."

The Department of Corrections favored the bill to provide secrecy for lethal injection drug manufacturers and the pharmacies that compound them to form the execution cocktail. A McAuliffe ally, Senate Minority Leader Richard Saslaw, D-Fairfax County, carried the bill.

Supplies of the drugs have dried up because the European manufacturers have objected to their use by the U.S. in executions. Compounding pharmacies have balked at producing the concoctions, fearing protests and reprisals from death penalty opponents.

The situation has become even more inflamed in light of attempts to use different, more readily available combinations of drugs, which have been linked to so-called "botched" executions.

McAuliffe opposes the death penalty but will uphold the law that makes executions legal in Virginia, said Brian Coy, a spokesman for the governor. It's a position similar to that held by former Gov. Tim Kaine, a fellow Roman Catholic who opposes the death penalty but did not stop executions from taking place during his term.

When asked, McAuliffe said Tuesday he did not actively lobby for the death penalty secrecy bill, which drew opposition from an unlikely coalition of groups including tea party adherents, the American Civil Liberties Union and death penalty opponents.

"I did not lobby - I did not personally make any calls on it at all," he said. But that did not keep the governor from making a point, several times, that the absence of a way to replenish the state's supply creates legal issues.

(source: Richmond Times-Dispatch)








GEORGIA----impending executions postponed

Georgia postpones executions indefinitely so it can examine lethal injection drugs



Officials in Georgia announced Tuesday that the state was indefinitely suspending executions while it tests the drugs that it had planned to use in an execution on Monday night.

The decision came a day after Georgia called off the execution of Kelly Renee Gissendaner, the only woman on the state's death row, several hours after it was set to take place. This was the 2nd time the state postponed her execution in less than a week. Gissendaner, who was convicted of murdering her husband nearly 2 decades ago, was originally set to be put to death last week, but officials pushed it to Monday due to a winter storm.

On Monday night, the Georgia Department of Corrections announced that it was postponing the execution because the lethal injection drug "appeared cloudy." After a pharmacist was consulted, the execution was called off, and a new date was not announced.

The department said Tuesday it was indefinitely postponing the executions of Gissendaner and Brian Keith Terrell, who was scheduled to be executed next week, "while an analysis is conducted of the drugs" that were meant to be used Monday night.

No new dates were announced for the executions. Instead, the department said that when it "is prepared to proceed," sentencing courts will issue new execution orders.

This is just the latest issue facing a state that uses lethal injection. In recent years, problems with lethal injection drugs have cropped up across the country. A shortage of these drugs has caused the dwindling number of states still carrying out executions to scramble and improvise.

3 high-profile executions seemed to go awry last year, drawing additional scrutiny to this practice. The 3-drug combination that had been typical has been replaced by a patchwork system, and the U.S. Supreme Court will hear a case involving lethal injection in the spring after justices questioned one of the drugs adopted in recent years by Oklahoma and Florida for executions.

As states have struggled to obtain the necessary drugs, some have also reworked their protocols multiple times. Ohio said earlier this year it was delaying all executions scheduled in 2015 to allow it to get new lethal injection drugs.

(source: Washington Post)

********************

Death penalty delayed again



Citing concerns about the drug to be used in a lethal injection, corrections officials in Georgia postponed the execution of the state's only female death row inmate for the 2nd time in a week.

The execution drug was sent to an independent lab to check its potency and the test came back at an acceptable level, but during subsequent checks it appeared cloudy, Georgia Department of Corrections spokeswoman Gwendolyn Hogan said. Corrections officials called the pharmacist and decided to postpone Kelly Renee Gissendaner's Monday night execution "out of an abundance of caution," she said. No new date was given.

Gissendaner, 46, was scheduled to be executed at 7 p.m. at the prison in Jackson for the February 1997 slaying of her husband, Douglas Gissendaner.

Pentobarbital is the only drug used in Georgia executions. For other recent executions, the state has gotten the drug from a compounding pharmacy, but officials did not immediately respond to an email late Monday asking if that was the source in this case. Georgia law prohibits the release of any identifying information about the source of execution drugs or any entity involved in an execution.

A request for a stay by Gissendaner's lawyers was pending when corrections officials decided to postpone the execution. Her lawyers sought a delay until the U.S. Supreme Court rules in a case out of Oklahoma. Late Monday, her lawyers added additional arguments for the high court: that it should consider a stay because Gissendaner didn't kill her husband herself. They also argued she had been thoroughly rehabilitated.

Previously, courts had found Gissendaner plotted the stabbing death of her husband by her boyfriend, Gregory Owen, who will be up for parole in 8 years after accepting a life sentence and testifying against her.

Gissendaner was originally set to die Feb. 25, but corrections officials delayed the execution until Monday because of projected winter weather conditions.

Gissendaner would have been the 1st woman executed in Georgia in 70 years and only the 16th woman put to death nationwide since the Supreme Court allowed the death penalty to resume in 1976. About 1,400 men have been executed since then, according to the Death Penalty Information Center.

The Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles, the only entity authorized to commute a death sentence, denied clemency last week and upheld that decision late Monday. Gissendaner's lawyers had urged the board to reconsider and "bestow mercy" by commuting her sentence to life without parole.

*****************

Clemency hearing set for Georgia death row inmate canceled after execution postponed



The State Board of Pardons and Paroles has canceled a clemency hearing for a Georgia man whose scheduled execution date has been postponed.

The board on Tuesday set a March 9 clemency hearing for Brian Keith Terrell and then canceled it a few hours later after the Department of Corrections postponed Terrell's execution, which had been set for March 10.

Terrell was sentenced to die after he was convicted of beating and shooting to death 70-year-old John Watson of Covington in June 1992.

Georgia corrections officials on Monday postponed the execution of Kelly Renee Gissendaner at the last minute because of concerns about the lethal injection drug, which appeared cloudy. Corrections officials on Tuesday postponed the executions of Gissendaner and Terrell pending an analysis of the execution drug.

(source for both: Associated Press)

**********************

Documents: Georgia officials indecisive about execution



Georgia officials were indecisive about whether to proceed with a cloudy lethal injection drug, at one point saying they weren't sure whether they checked "this week's or last week's" batch, according to a court filing.

Ultimately, they postponed the execution of Kelly Renee Gissendaner late Monday night. A day later, they decided to temporarily halt executions until they could more carefully analyze the pentobarbital, which is supposed to be clear.

The cloudy drug bolstered death penalty opponents, who have been vocal in their opposition after three botched executions in other parts of the country.

Gissendaner, who was convicted of murder in the February 1997 slaying of her husband, had originally been set for execution last week on Feb. 25, but it was postponed because of a threat of bad weather.

Attorneys for Gissendaner said in a filing with the U.S. Supreme Court that a lawyer for the state called them around 10:25 p.m. Monday to say the execution would be postponed several days because the state's pharmacist had looked at the drug an hour earlier and determined it was cloudy.

The state's lawyer called back about five minutes later to say the prison wasn't sure which drugs they had checked, "this week's or last week's," and that they were considering going forward, the filing says.

The lawyer called a 3rd time, saying "this particular batch (of drugs) just didn't come out like it was supposed to" and they weren't going to proceed, according to the court filing.

About 11 p.m., the state told reporters an independent lab checked its potency and it was acceptable, but it later appeared cloudy and the execution was postponed "out of an abundance of caution."

The back and forth was detailed in Gissendaner's emergency motion for a stay.

Corrections spokeswoman Gwendolyn Hogan said "there was never any confusion within the department about the drugs which were to be used," but also indicated the department was not part of the conversations between the attorney general's office and defense attorneys.

Georgia Attorney General Sam Olens said in a statement it is "essential that executions are carried out in a constitutional manner" and that he approved of the decision to temporarily suspend executions.

The cloudiness could be contamination by bacteria or some impurity, said Michael Jay, a professor at the University of North Carolina's Eshelman School of Pharmacy.

If the particles were big enough, they could clog blood vessels when injected or could lodge in the lungs, Jay said. It could also make the drug less potent, making an inmate very sleepy but not kill them, he said.

"If it's a solution that's supposed to be clear and it's not clear, it should never be injected," Jay said. "So they did the right thing by not injecting it."

Compounded drugs have a shelf life of 30 days, Jay said. Corrections officials declined to say when the department obtained the drug or when it was set to expire.

Georgia and other death penalty states have bought execution drugs from compounding pharmacies in recent years after pharmaceutical companies stopped selling to U.S. prisons. And many of them have adopted laws to hide the identity of their drug providers, saying those laws are necessary to protect their suppliers and maintain a source of the drugs. Critics say executions should be as transparent as possible.

The cloudy drug "raises significant concerns about Georgia's ability to carry out executions in compliance with the Constitution, but we don't know what really happened," said Megan McCracken of the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law's Death Penalty Clinic.

"Because of the secrecy surrounding Georgia's procedures, it is impossible to say if this is indicative of a larger problem," she said.

Richard Dieter, executive director of the Death Penalty Information Center, which tracks data on executions, said he's never heard of an execution being halted at the last minute because of a problem with the drug itself.

Missouri and Texas are also actively using compounded pentobarbital in a one-drug formula for executions, and South Dakota has also used this method, McCracken said.

Other states have been using a 3-drug combination starting with the sedative midazolam. But executions in those states are mostly on hold pending a U.S. Supreme Court ruling in an Oklahoma case sparked by a botched execution there.

Prosecutors said Gissendaner repeatedly pushed her on-again, off-again lover Gregory Owen to kill her husband, Douglas Gissendaner. Owen ambushed her husband while she went out with friends, forced him to drive to a remote area and stabbed him multiple times.

Owen and Gissendaner then met up and set fire to the dead man's car. Both initially denied involvement, but Owen eventually confessed and testified against his former girlfriend. Owen is serving a life prison sentence and is eligible for parole in 8 years.

(source: Yahoo News)
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