A post that might hold some insights as follows:
1. Giuseppe April 23, 2017 at 3:37 PM <http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=230#comment-1276782> Dear Andrea, seems that to activate the E-Cat you need heat, does the QuarkX need heat to be activated? Best regards, Giuseppe 2. Andrea Rossi April 23, 2017 at 3:48 PM <http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/?p=892&cpage=230#comment-1276783> Giuseppe: Not exactly. The mechanism is much more complex and is based on electromagnetic fields. Warm Regards, A.R. ================ The nature of the LENR reaction has evolved when the gas envelope is in the plasma state to depend solely on optical mechanisms. An EMF trigger is the factor can gets the LENR reaction going. not heat. As stated in the Rossi patent, very high voltage electrostatic potential is that trigger. The name of the triggering effect is "kerr effect". The minimum voltage at which the kerr effect is triggered is 30,000 volts. This trigger applies to both Rossi's low temperature reactions and his plasma based reactions. Kerr electro-optic effect The Kerr electro-optic effect, or DC Kerr effect, is the special case in which a slowly varying external electric field is applied by, for instance, a voltage <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage> on electrodes across the sample material. Under this influence, the sample becomes birefringent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birefringent>, with different indices of refraction for light polarized <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)> parallel to or perpendicular to the applied field. The difference in index of refraction is controlled by the strength of the applied electric field. [image: 1-physicistsob.jpg] Birefringence modifies how light behaves inside a whispering gallery wave. Birefringence is the optical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics> property of a material having a refractive index <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_index> that depends on the polarization <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)> and propagation direction of light <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light>. These optically anisotropic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotropic> materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal> with non-cubic crystal structures <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure> are often birefringent, as are plastics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic> under mechanical stress <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_stress>. The kerr effect produces a change in stated of the optical properties that underpin the LENR reaction. Research should be directed at finding where that change of state sets in. As in Holmlid's experiments, a laser can produce the kerr effect Optical Kerr effect The optical Kerr effect, or AC Kerr effect is the case in which the electric field is due to the light itself. This causes a variation in index of refraction which is proportional to the local irradiance <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance> of the light. This refractive index variation is responsible for the nonlinear optical <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics> effects of self-focusing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-focusing>, self-phase modulation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-phase_modulation> and modulational instability <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulational_instability>, and is the basis for Kerr-lens modelocking <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr-lens_modelocking>. This effect only becomes significant with very intense beams such as those from lasers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser>. The optical Kerr effect has also been observed to dynamically alter the mode-coupling properties in multimode fibre, a technique that has potential applications for all-optical switching mechanisms.
