SUPERNOVA CONDITIONS READILY CREATED IN A TEST TUBE <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2015/01/06/supernova-conditions-readily-created/> admin <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/author/admin/> / January 6, 2015 <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2015/01/06/supernova-conditions-readily-created/> / Comments Off on Supernova Conditions Readily Created In A Test Tube / Business News <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/category/business-news/>, Get Your Geek On <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/category/get-your-geek-on/>
http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2015/01/06/supernova-conditions-readily-created/ Hidetsuga Ikegami, one of Japan’s great physicists describes cold fusion as being pycnonuclear (star-like) in nature [image: Hidetsugu Ikegami is a Japanese physicist. He is professor emeritus of Nuclear Physics at Osaka University, where he has been director of the Research Center for Nuclear Physics] <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Ikegami_osaka1.jpg> Hidetsugu Ikegami is a Japanese physicist. He is professor emeritus of Nuclear Physics at Osaka University, where he has been director of the Research Center for Nuclear Physics. He’s also a professor at Uppsala University in Sweden. Ikegami’s paper (October 2012) <http://www.roxit.ax/CN.pdf> on what he calls chemonuclear and pycnonuclear fusion is jam-packed with pertinent insight and mathematics. He describes how his lifetime of nuclear science and more than ten years of recent research within the conventional high energy physics world studies of chemo-pycno-fusion have defined and demonstrated the bridge between the two camps of Hot and Cold Fusion. His work has languished unknown but to a few. Ikegami points out through both experimental and mathematical rigorous proofs that conditions inside the metal(s) and methods common to cold fusion conditions are produced equivalent states of matter to those found inside stars including the most exotic white dwarfs and supernova. Here on Earth though that supernova matter is more like supernova ice – almost as exotic as Vonnegut’s ice nine [image: 🙂] Condensed Cold Micro Supernova Matter These micro supernova conditions yield energy at a density that Ikegami’s math shows is a million times more than that found inside of typical stars and physical evidence in experiments in the form of alpha particles and helium. [image: Lithium + hydrogen fusion producing 2 helium nuclei sans neutrons.] <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/lithium_hydrogene_fusion1.jpg> Lithium + hydrogen fusion producing 2 helium nuclei sans neutrons. He chronicles conditions that exist when hydrogen enters into metals where it changes from its molecular (H2) to atomic (H) form and beyond. Inside the realm of the metal and its powerful influence hydrogen atoms and their lone electrons can condense and that condensed matter is super dense. Pools of this dense condensed hydrogen achieve conditions of density like those in super dense stars like white dwarfs, even supernova, and in that condition fusion is virtually certain to take place. Very conventional stellar mathematics show that density supplants temperature as the defining requirement for fusion – cold fusion. In the condensed matter, electrons act to screen the Coulomb repulsion between the atomic nuclei and this screening effect becomes so remarkable that rates of reactions at low temperatures are almost independent of the temperature and mostly depend on the density of the matter. While spill over condensing hydrogen <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2014/12/07/no-vacancy/> is the key, atoms of other elements can and do become part of, spill over into, the puddle of super dense hydrogen. The lower mass small atoms like lithium and beryllium are highly favoured to participate in the fusions but other heavier atoms like nickel and palladium can and do participate as well. [image: Red Hot E-CAT 2] <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/E-CAT_2_redhot.png> Red Hot E-CAT of Rossi Ikegami’s work describes the exotic plasma conditions for fusion includes dense plasmas that are in the form of Bose Einstein Condensates. While in free space such condensed matter requires very challenging efforts to create as hydrogen seeps into the cracks and crevices inside metals and between larger atoms such condensed matter forms in very simple environments. Examples of this are seen in the electrochemical loading of hydrogen into metal as reported by Fleischmann and Pons in 1989. Or more recently by those pursuing Nickel Hydrogen energy where the application of high temperatures (~800-1000°C) helps the hydrogen to dissolve into the metal. The HOT CATS of Rossi, Piantelli, Parkhomov… and more. <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2014/12/30/second-hot-cat-begins-howl/> Lithium Experiment [image: Ion_implanter2] <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Ion_implanter2.png> Typical ion implantation device schematic. The ‘wafer’ is the target. Ikegami used deuterium ions and a liquid lithium target. A seminal experiment carried out by Ikegami in 2001 is one in which liquid lithium metal was infused with deuterium nuclei via ion implantation. The experiment appeared to produce nuclear fusion under conditions where conventional wisdom forbade such fusion. Soon after this first experiment another group in Sweden reproduced it and definitively saw pycnofusion and the production of helium/alpha particles. Again a third series of experiments in Tokyo showed evidence of fusion in metal at an enhanced rate of 40 orders of magnitude beyond what conventional dogma allowed. For more than 10 years these remarkable chemofusions (cold fusion) observations languished in obscurity. [image: Martin Fleischmann holding one of his cold fusion cells] <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/225px-Fleischmann-cf.jpg> Martin Fleischmann holding one of his cold fusion cells Fleischmann and Pons first noted the requirement/utility for lithium in their 1989 pronouncement of cold fusions discovery. They were uncertain as to the role of the lithium but experimentally it had proven to be virtually a necessity. Surely in their electrochemical systems lithium was seen to accumulate on and in their palladium cathodes where cold fusion took place. The lithium likely did not gove very deep in the palladium but surely it could reach down a few atomic layers. Fleischmann and Pons remained focused on excess heating in their experiments and did not look for helium or metal isotope signatures. My own work using intense ultrasonic cavitation massively implanted deuterium into palladium and other target metals. The results were consistently striking as seen in dramatic macroscopic melting along with observable microscopic melting as evidenced by volcano-like eruptions <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2015/01/04/more-miracle-moments/> of molten palladium (and other elements) from the surface of the target metal. Gases from the liquid experiments revealed high levels of 4He many times the 5.22ppm concentration of helium in air. [image: Cavitation induced cold fusion palladium target clearly melted while immersed in circulating heavy water.] <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/sono_palladium_hot-melt_color.jpg> Cavitation induced cold fusion palladium target clearly melted while immersed in circulating heavy water. Further study of the metal targets revealed well-known internal helium ‘loop punching’ <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2015/01/04/more-miracle-moments/> features while melting samples of the metal targets yield high levels of helium being released from the metal. Palladium isotope anomalies were also identified that had no explanation save nuclear transformations. More recently cold fusion systems have been commonly based on hot gaseous systems where powdered ingredients heated with hydrogen and deuterium are heated at modest temperatures of 100-200° C, in such cases I and others with online helium mass spectrometers <http://atom-ecology.russgeorge.net/2013/05/03/wired-magazine-report-on-cold-fusion-includes-segment-on-my-work/> have repeatedly observed production of large amounts of helium growing into the experiments over long periods of time (up to several weeks.) Other experiments operated at 800-1000° C or more are effectively smelted together resulting in exotic alloys of multiple metal, always including lithium and hydrogen. Starting out with chemically bound ‘solid hydrogen’ and in tightly sealed ‘micro-smelters’ the stuff of stars is born and cold fusion results. Ikegami’s Bridge Ikegami has shown us the pier he has built out from the HOT fusion enemy camp toward our cold fusion community. As more and more planks are laid on the bridge between HOT and COLD fusion are laid the community of science is undergoing a most desirable fusion of ideas. At the same time practical technologies that can deliver useful inexpensive non-polluting and limitless fusion energy are springing forth like flowers in spring time. Just in time perhaps to save us all from the polluting ravages of the fossil fuel age. *Now where did I put that sample of lithium beryllium doped palladium I always planned to test. Perhaps a Fleischmann/Dyson sphere is in order.* Endnote: Ever since Fleischmann and Pons pronounced their cold fusion in a tea-cup experiments the HOT fusion camp has engaged in all out war against any and all who might embrace cold fusion. With a vastly larger number of people employed by HOT fusion sadly a number of outrageous personalities, a hot fusion *granfalloon*, was allowed and facilitated to stir up a *pool-pah* in the HOT fusion crowd that became a 25 year frenzy of dogmatic hate speech. Countless people have been duped into thinking that Cold Fusion isn’t real. Here’s a link to a litany of the outrageous comments <http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/MalloveEclassicnas.pdf> that suffices to recall and illustrate the offenses. The banner image is of Supernova 1987A. On Tue, Jun 13, 2017 at 1:29 PM, Kevin O'Malley <kevmol...@gmail.com> wrote: > And now, bringing Bosenovas back to BECs, LENR, Y.E. Kim > > http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim/ICCF-18- > JCMNS-KH-Pre-1.pdf > > Här är några utdrag: > > Abstract*—Experimental results for anomalous heat effect and super > magnetic field observed for hydrogen-Nickel systems are described. > Theoretical analysis and reaction mechanisms are presented using theory of > Boson cluster state nuclear fusion (BCSNF) based on *the optical theorem > formulation. Observed excess heat generation and anomalously large magnetic > field are explained by theoretical descriptions based on nano-scale > explosions (“Bosenova”) and proton supper currents. > > … > > <http://www.sifferkoll.se/sifferkoll/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/defk.jpg> > > … > > Defkalion’s Hyperion R-5 reactor has been demonstrated to be a reliable > working device producing excess heat at sufficiently high level with > reliable control and high reproducibility for further scientific > investigations and for practical applications. The experimental results > obtained with the HyperionR-5 reactor are described in some details. > > > > On Tue, Jun 13, 2017 at 1:14 PM, Kevin O'Malley <kevmol...@gmail.com> > wrote: > >> Researchers have the bosenova blues >> >> A technique that brings the quantum world up to everyday sizeshas >> physicists scratching their heads. >> >> Jeremy Thomson >> >> >> >> http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010319/full/news010322-3.html >> [image: lbert Einstein postulated the existence of BECs in 1924]lbert >> Einstein postulated the existence of BECs in 1924 >> >> Some clusters of very cold atoms have physicists foxed, the American >> Physical Society's March meeting heard this week in Seattle. Bose-Einstein >> condensates, the bizarre form of matter that bridges the tiny, topsy-turvy >> world of quantum mechanics and the everyday world, are pulling dramatic >> tricks with which today's theories just can't cope. >> >> Ordinary matter comes in five forms. Three -- solids, liquids and gases >> -- are familiar. The fourth, plasmas, are found in high-temperature systems >> such as flames and fluorescent tubes. You could be forgiven for having >> never heard of the fifth: the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). >> >> Christened in honour of Albert Einstein, who postulated their existence >> in 1924 based on the work of Satyendra Bose, the first BECs were produced >> by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the University of Colorado in 1995. >> >> These curious entities never occur naturally, can exist only at >> temperatures a few ten-billionths of a degree above absolute zero (-273 >> degrees Celsius) and until recently could contain only a few hundred atoms. >> Even so, they fascinate physicists keen to deepen their understanding of >> quantum phenomena. >> >> As an atom cools, it moves increasingly slowly, causing its wavefunction >> (roughly speaking, the area in which it might be found) to grow. >> Eventually, the wavefunctions from neighbouring atoms overlap and the whole >> condensate starts to behave as a single quantum-mechanical object. >> >> It is hard to form a stable BEC of more than 100 atoms, and seeing what's >> going on in condensates so small is very difficult. The recent discovery of >> a particular mode in rubidium-85 called a 'Feshbach resonance' increased >> the maximum condensate size to several tens of thousands of atoms -- but >> only at just two billionths of a degree above absolute zero. "Damn cold by >> anyone's standards," as Wieman says. >> >> Nonetheless, the new technique gave researchers a tool rather like a pair >> of magnetic pliers to manipulate the condensates. Their results have them >> scratching their heads. >> >> When compressed quickly enough, a condensate explodes, blasting off the >> outer atoms and leaving a cold, collapsed remnant. The effect has been >> dubbed a 'bosenova' because of its similarity to a supernova (an exploding >> star). >> >> Unsurprisingly, the size of the remnant left when the condensate does a >> bosenova depends on the energy of the explosion. But, strangely, the number >> of atoms blasted off does not change. This is a real surprise, particularly >> as researchers currently have no idea what happens to the remaining atoms. >> >> Unexplained jets have also been observed projecting from the mass of >> atoms just before it collapses. And the more egg-shaped the initial >> condensate (physicists call this anisotropic), the rounder the remnant -- >> entirely contrary to expectations. Charles W. Clark of the National >> Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colorado, has even >> observed curious smoke-ring formations within a BEC1 >> <http://www.nature.com/news/2001/010319/full/news010322-3.html#B1>. >> >> "These are not complicated crystals with many degrees of freedom and >> complex interactions we are talking about; they are just atoms. We >> understand atoms, right?" Wieman jokes. "Basic physics is missing to >> explain these effects." >> >> - References >> 1. Anderson, B. P., Haljan, P. C., Regal, C. A., Feder, D. L., >> Collins, L. A., Clark, C. W. & Cornell, E. A. Watching dark solitons >> decay >> into vortex rings in a Bose-Einstein condensate. *Physics Review >> Letters* (in press). >> >> >> On Tue, Jun 13, 2017 at 1:10 PM, Kevin O'Malley <kevmol...@gmail.com> >> wrote: >> >>> I like where this is headed, especially when looking at it in a 1 >>> dimensional viewpoint. >>> The bosenova 'explosion' has been witnessed but no one really knows what >>> caused it nor where the energy came from to drive all that matter away. >>> Seems like 1 or 2 fusion events might be enough energy to do it. >>> >>> >>> Atoms don't dance the 'Bose Nova'September 3, 2009 >>> [image: Atoms don't dance the 'Bose Nova'] >>> <https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2009/tubes.jpg> >>> With two laser beams the researchers generate an optical lattice, where >>> the atoms are confined to vertical one-dimensional structures (red) with up >>> to 15 atoms aligned in each tube. >>> >>> (PhysOrg.com) -- Hanns-Christoph Naegerl's research group at the >>> Institute for Experimental Physics, Austria, has investigated how ultracold >>> quantum gases behave in lower spatial dimensions. They successfully >>> realized an exotic state, where, due to the laws of quantum mechanics, >>> atoms align along a one-dimensional structure. A stable many-body phase >>> with new quantum mechanical states is thereby produced even though the >>> atoms are usually strongly attracted which would cause the system to >>> collapse. The scientists report on their findings in the leading scientific >>> journal *Science*. >>> >>> Interactions are considerably more drastic in low-dimensional systems >>> than in three-dimensional ones. Thus, physicists take a special interest in >>> these systems. In physics zero-dimensional quantum dots >>> <https://phys.org/tags/quantum+dots/>, two-dimensional quantum wells >>> and also one-dimensional quantum wires are known. The latter are spatial >>> potential structures, where carriers can move only one-dimensionally. >>> >>> Whereas quantum dots and wells can be realized and analyzed relatively >>> easily, it is much harder to investigate quantum wires in solid-state >>> bodies. Hanns-Christoph Naegerl’s research group of the Institute for >>> Experimental Physics of the University of Innsbruck has now tried something >>> totally different: In a cloud of ultracold atoms they realized >>> one-dimensional structures and thoroughly analyzed their properties. >>> >>> *Surprising observation* >>> >>> In a vacuum chamber <https://phys.org/tags/vacuum+chamber/> the >>> physicists produced a Bose-Einstein condensate >>> <https://phys.org/tags/bose+einstein+condensate/> with approx. 40,000 >>> ultracold cesium atoms. With two laser beams they generated an optical >>> lattice, where the atoms were confined to vertical one-dimensional >>> structures with up to 15 atoms aligned in each tube. The laser beams >>> prevent the atoms from breaking ranks or changing place with each other. >>> [image: Atoms don't dance the 'Bose Nova'] >>> <https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2009/tubes_infinite_length.jpg> >>> A stable many-body phase with new quantum mechanical states is produced >>> (front) even though the atoms are usually strongly attracted which would >>> cause the system to collapse (back). >>> >>> Using a magnetic field, the scientists could tune the interaction >>> between the atoms: “By increasing the interaction energy between the atoms >>> (attraction interaction), the atoms start coming together and the structure >>> quickly decays,“ Naegerl explains what is called among experts the >>> "Bosenova" effect. >>> >>> "By minimizing the interaction energy, the atoms repel each other >>> (repulsive interaction), align vertically and regularly along a >>> one-dimensional structure and the system is stable." If the interactions >>> are switched from strongly repulsive to strongly attractive, a surprising >>> effect can be observed. "We thereby achieve an exotic, gas-like phase, >>> where the atoms are excited and correlated but do not come together and a >>> 'Bosenova' effect is absent," Naegerl says. The phase was diagnosed by >>> compressing the quantum gas and measuring its stiffness. "However, this >>> excited many-body phase can only be realized by a detour via repulsive >>> interaction. This phase was predicted four years ago and we have now been >>> able to realize it experimentally for the first time," Elmar Haller says. >>> He is first author of the research paper, which is now published in the >>> renowned scientific journal *Science*. Currently, research on >>> low-dimensional structures receives a lot of attention internationally and >>> it may help to better understand the functioning of high-temperature >>> superconductors. >>> >>> *Cold atoms as an ideal field of experimentation* >>> >>> "Ultracold quantum gases offer a big advantage: They can be isolated >>> against the environment quite well," Naegerl explains. "Moreover, in our >>> experiment we can practically rule out defects we often find in solid-state >>> bodies." With this successful experiment the Innsbruck quantum physicists >>> found an ideal experimental setup to further study the properties of >>> quantum wires. Naegerl’s team of scientists clearly benefits from the long >>> standing and successful research on ultracold atoms and molecules by >>> another Innsbruck group of physicists: the research group led by >>> Wittgenstein laureate Prof. Rudolf Grimm, which has already assumed a >>> leading role internationally. >>> >>> In addition to producing the first Bose-Einstein condensates using >>> cesium atoms and molecules, the scientists also observed exotic states such >>> as the Efimov-state and repulsive quantum pairs experimentally for the >>> first time worldwide. "The research work of Hanns-Christoph Naegerl and his >>> team once more underlines the international significance of our research >>> projects," Rudolf Grimm says. >>> >>> The experimental physicists of the research project on quantum wires >>> also benefited from a very close cooperation with the theoretical >>> physicists of the quantum physics stronghold in Innsbruck. The project of >>> START-awardee Hanns-Christoph Naegerl is funded by the Austrian Science >>> Funds and the European Union. >>> >>> *More information:* Realization of an Excited, Strongly-Correlated >>> Quantum Gas Phase. Haller E, Gustavsson M, Mark MJ, Danzl JG, Hart R, >>> Pupillo G, Nägerl HC. *Science *4. September 2009 ( >>> DOI:10.1126/science.1175850 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175850>) >>> >>> Provided by University of Innsbruck >>> >>> On Tue, Jun 13, 2017 at 11:22 AM, bobcook39...@hotmail.com < >>> bobcook39...@hotmail.com> wrote: >>> >>>> Kevin— >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Thanks for that instructive review. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> It seems that Storms was worried about a fast reaction of the BEC’s. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Ball lightening or Bosenovas may in fact be a reaction close to what >>>> Storms was worried about in the thread of 2013 you have found. The >>>> following link addresses the possibility of bosenovas. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2001/03/implosion-and- >>>> explosion-bose-einstein-condensate-bosenova >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Various LENR researchers have witnessed what they report as bosenovas. >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> Bob Cook >>>> >>> >>> >> >
