http://google.com/patents/US9023754
This material has been developed commercially and is available COTS from the vender. The precursor powders are nano sized and are then sintered, "By forming the bulk structure from nano-sized particles instead of micron-sized (or larger sized) particles, the total catalytic surface area can be significantly increased, given that a nano-particle is significantly smaller than a micron particle thereby allowing for a greater quantity of nano-particles than micron particles. The present invention can increase the total catalytic surface area even more by removing a filler from each particle, thereby creating an internal porosity within each particle, rather than just the bulk porosity between the collection of particles. This internal porosity results in an internal surface area, and therefore, an increase in total surface area. The nano-skeletal structure produced via the present invention preferably has a surface area of at least 10,000 times the surface area of a micron scale structure of the same volume. The increase in surface area results in massive cost savings." On Mon, Jun 19, 2017 at 7:22 PM, AlanG <a...@magicsound.us> wrote: > Nickel and Silver are mutually insoluble (or only with great difficulty) > as has been pointed out. Following Jones' original post, I'm preparing a > simple experiment to test "mechanical alloying". I will ball-mill ~2 um > powders of the two metals for several hundred hours, using 3/8" tungsten > carbide balls for media. SEM/EDS will be used to examine the resulting > mixture. > > If the results appear to be successful, a further test will be done by > exposing the amalgam to flowing hydrogen at various temperatures, looking > for radiation as a signature of nuclear activity. Advice and suggestions > for this test are welcome. > > AlanG > > > On 6/19/2017 7:46 PM, bobcook39...@hotmail.com wrote: > > Jones and Bob— > > > > Bob is correct rfegarding terminology for alloys. An alloy has an ionic > bond between metallic nuclei as I understand. But those bonds may only > occur at grain boundaries with individual grains of the “quasi-alloy” being > in bulk one or the other metallic element. > > > > However the smaller the grains, the more ionic bi-metallic alloy you get. > > > > With this concept in mind starting a manufacturing process for Ni-Ag > “alloy” would use nano sized metallic particles and proiceed to obtain a > homogeneous mixture of the two metals, evacuate the mixture and hot press > the mixture with various sintering times to allow a variety of heats and > LENR properties. > > > > Homogeneous mixing is the key. Cryogenic conditions using a liquid gas > such as nitrogen or helium may help avoid clumping of like metal particles > during mixing. Jones suggestion of a rapid ball milling procedure (with an > inert cryogenic fluid) may work well. Maybe merely a tumbling mixing would > work. However, I would guess that ball milling would further attrite the > Ni and or Ag nano-particles and assure good mixing. > > > > The N or helium should coat each particle with atoms to avoid clumping. > When the fluid mixture is poured in to a hot press mold evacuated and hot > pressed, the individual Ni and Ag particles should remain well mixed as the > N gas (or other gas) evaporates from its position around reach individual > particle. Boundary exchange of particle nuclei may then occur at > temperature. > > > > An interesting alternative would be to use liquid H with precautions to > handle a reaction should LENR conditions be right. This may result in a > bi-metallic hydride ripe for LENR with correct resonant stimulation and > ambient magnetic conditions. > > > > SAFETY IS A CRITICAL CONSIDERATION IMHO. > > > > Bob Cook > > > > > > Sent from Mail <https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=550986> for > Windows 10 > > > > *From: *Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com> > *Sent: *Monday, June 19, 2017 7:41 AM > *To: *vortex-l@eskimo.com > *Subject: *[Vo]:"Type A nickel" ? > > > > Jones, As you have discussed, the Type A Pd that appears to be LENR > active is an actual alloy. In an alloy you expect an atomic level crystal > lattice alteration - the lattice constants of the alloy are uniform and > different than with Pd alone. However, what you describe as a "mechanical > alloy" is unlikely to be anything other than an admixture of grains of Ag > with grains of Ni. An "alloy" and a "mechanical alloy" are two vastly > different things. It is sort of like the nickel silver not having any > silver - the mechanical alloy has no alloy. > > True alloying would alter the lattice constants by creating a new crystal > structure incorporating the alloy metal at the basic atomic > crystallographic level; hopefully in a way that allows more H to enter the > lattice. Also, forming a true alloy would potentially lower the vacancy > formation energy of the Ni; which, in some theories would raise the LENR > rate. OTOH, if a "mechanical alloy" is formed, the only difference > achieved will be creation of dirty grain boundaries between solid grains of > Ni and Ag. It is possible that effects could occur at such grain > boundaries, so it can't hurt to try. It is just hard to envision what > would promote LENR by creating a "mechanical alloy". > > > > On Sun, Jun 18, 2017 at 6:10 PM, Jones Beene <jone...@pacbell.net> wrote: > > > One further detail about the possible advantage of using silver alloyed > with nickel in LENR, instead of pure nickel - with hydrogen as the gaseous > reactant, instead of deuterium. > > If this were to work for LENR gain, the identity of the nuclear reaction > is not the same. Obviously, such an alloy as Ni-Ag (assuming it is made via > mechanical alloying)... would be unlikely to produce helium from fusion, as > happens in Pd-D... since there is no deuterium (although a alpha emission > following proton nuclear tunneling is not ruled out.) But there is an ideal > alternative reaction. > > First - a detail which you may not be aware of is the composition of > control rods in nuclear fission reactors going back 50 years. As it turns > out - silver has been commonly used as an alloy in control rods, along with > boron. Part of the explanation is here but there is more to it than meets > the eye. Silver is like a magnet for neutrons more so than any other > element across the entire spectrum. > > http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph241/grayson1/ > > In short, silver has a high cross section for neutrons of all energies > whereas boron and cadmium and other absorbents generally work with neutrons > of a narrow energy range. Silver wants them all and this could imply more, > if Ag works with nickel. > > But where are the neutrons to being with? - oops - there are none, or so > it seems. > > But lets broaden this suggestion to include Holmlid's results. Holmlid > shows that UDH can be made simply by flowing hydrogen over a catalyst. If > so then we could end up with a neutron substitute, which is the so-called > "quasi-neutron". > > This presumed particle is larger than a neutron, but otherwise could be a > substitute. This quasi-neutron could also be what Widom and Larsen are > claiming as an active particle of LENR. > > The crux of the issue is this. Silver has a high cross-section for > neutrons of all energies and the quasi neutron could also favor silver - > but this is not proved. If it happens, the energy of the gamma should be > less, since the mass-energy of UDH is less. Also the half-life following > activation is very short and there is little or no residual radioactivity. > > Jones > > Much has been said about Type A palladium and its special reactivity with > hydrogen, some of which is due to the alloy being one fourth silver. Since > pure palladium doesn't work as well, it might be said that most of the > reactivity seen in cold fusion has been due to the special properties of > the alloy, which is a 3:1 ratio (75% Pd 25% Ag). > > In many ways, nickel can be considered to be a surrogate of palladium. > Nickel resides directly under Pd in the Periodic table, and has an > identical valence electron structure. This leads one to wonder about an > alloy of nickel and silver, based on transposing the results of cold fusion > to protium, instead of deuterium. > > Unfortunately, in the historical context - and going back 300 years in > metallurgy, the term "nickel silver" refers to a well known alloy of > copper, nickel and zinc which contains zero silver. Essentially, nickel > silver is a brass alloy that looks like much like the more expensive silver > and is much stronger and more durable - making it a great substitute for > most common uses. > > This old alloy was created to serve exactly the same purpose as silver for > attractive shinny flatware but not as prohibitively expensive - about 20 > times less expensive per unit of weight than silver. This semantic > confusion did not lead to neglect of finding a real alloy of nickel and > silver since these two metals are indeed mutually insoluble. They do not > mix. That kind of insolubility is somewhat unusual in itself for metals so > similar - but basically the two metals do NOT alloy by melting together as > is commonly done. > > However, this proposed LENR alloy which I will call "Type A Nickel" in the > 3:1 ratio has been studied in another context - and found to have > exceptional properties for water splitting. To accomplish this they had to > go to extraordinary lengths to achieve an alloy. There are very few papers > on this because of the lack of a commercial alloy which can be purchased. > > BUT ... there is a strong suspicion that "Type A Nickel" could be special > for replacing pure nickel in LENR. This assumes that silver is reactive in > its own right for a nuclear reaction, such as in the protonation reaction > Robin mentioned in another thread. > > BTW - In the paper "Nickel–silver alloy electrocatalysts for hydrogen > evolution and oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte" Tang and others showed > that the NiAg alloy is an excellent catalyst for the hydrogen evolution > reaction. Based on the free energy of adsorbed hydrogen, theory predicts > that alloys of nickel and silver are very active for these type of hydride > reactions and they are. The alloy is just hard to make or else you would > have heard about it before now. > > Basically - the Type A Nickel could work better for NiH reactions than > nickel, since it is twice as reactive for water splitting (as defined in > their test) which needs to be proven out. This testing has been neglected > in the past - due to the lack of electrodes... for which there is a > work-around. That is what I propose to add: an easy work around at least > for some experiments. > > My suggestion to anyone contemplating a gas phase reaction is to try > mixing nickel-black and silver-black in a high speed ball mill, in a ratio > of 3:1 --- where mechanical alloying is expected. Then, use this composite > powder instead of nickel. Mechanical alloying is special in its own way and > could add something akin to surface treatment. > > Electrolysis reactions would be more difficult to accomplish with powder - > and since this proposed work-around for silver/nickel insolubility involves > metal powders and mechanical alloying a different geometry would be needed > for the cell. However, powder has been used for electrolysis electrodes > before (as a colloid) - and it could be worth the effort. > > > > > > > > > > > <http://www.avg.com/email-signature?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient> > Virus-free. > www.avg.com > <http://www.avg.com/email-signature?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient> > <#m_-1152487365125369923_DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2> > > >
