An arcane concept - the Goldstone boson, could be one key to understanding the emergent nanomagnetism hypothesis for energy gain in Ni-H. The energy transfer originates from strong force and QCD color change dynamics, and therefore from the nuclear pion (via slight depletion of proton mass) then ending up as magnons, then heat.
This is in stark contrast to W&L theory, and others which depend on the weak force (plus an imaginary ultracold neutron, which has not been shown to exist in physical reality). Pion (gluon) -> magnon. This is looking more and more like the key concept for energy exchange in nanomagnetism and the quasi-nuclear QNF powerhouse behind it. It is a route to convert tiny packets of nuclear mass (derived from color change variations) into magnetic waves, then into heat. This is similar to heating an iron core by magnetic induction, but it happens from the inside-out. Energy comes from proton mass depletion but there is no change in the identity of the active particle (the proton). Thus the name QNF "quasi-nuclear fusion" instead of "nuclear fusion" or "cold fusion". The fusion is short-lived, sequential, reversible and happens for less than 10^-20 seconds with almost no gain, but during this time, the strong force is disrupted (broken symmetry). This is by far the most common nuclear reaction in the Universe, and it happens for almost no gain. The reaction can be designated as P+P ->2He->P+P. One earth, it occurs in Casimir cavities, and possibly only in such a cavity - and that is what makes it uniquely different from the solar variety of proton fusion. An "extended lifetime effect" is courtesy of Casimir time dilation - which is a correlate of the Reifenschweiler effect. It is a relativistic effect of cavity confinement. A following post will sum this up the cavity connection and tie it to proton mass variations - but for now, the emphasis is on two Goldstone bosons which are involved in energy transfer. The strong force (color force) is mediated by the gluon which involves pions and the color changes. If you want to get more specific, gluons hold quarks together to form hadrons and pions hold hadrons together to form atomic nuclei. It gets very colorful, with red quarks emitting a red-anti-green gluons, and green quarks changing into a red quark, and so on, but this color change has been the way QCD chooses to describe the residual forces holding nuclear quarks together. As mentioned in past posts on this topic, the magnon is a quasiparticle, with mass-equivalence, which can be viewed as a quantized spin wave. As a quasiparticle, a magnon carries a fixed but small amount of energy and lattice momentum- which energy it must obtain from somewhere. It possesses a spin energy equal to the Dirac constant (reduced Planck constant) so we can estimate energy transfer. It is similar to an excited phonon, which is a collective excitation of the crystal lattice atoms or ions. What nanomagnetism suggests is that color change dynamics, in the decay of transient fusion diprotons (from 2He fusion and immediate decay) actually creates magnons, which transfer a bit of nuclear mass to lattice in the same way that the windings of an electromagnet would do to a core. The end result is thermal gain. It requires more than 10^16 of these 2He reactions to transfer every eV, but not to worry - the complete transaction to provide one eV can potentially happen sequentially thousands of times per second per Casimir cavity. In prior speculation, this has been referred to as a "ZPE pump", since before, the source of energy could not be pinpointed, so the catch-all of ZPE was designated as the source. Now we have a nuclear candidate. in place of ZPE. In magnets, the original rotational symmetry (in the absence of an external magnetic field) is spontaneously broken by magnetization into a specific vector. The Goldstone bosons then are the magnons, i.e., the quantized spin waves, in which the local magnetization oscillates (precesses). This becomes an energy transfer process - mass to energy. In every proton nucleus there are pions. The pions are also the Goldstone bosons that result from the spontaneous breakdown of the chiral-flavor symmetries of QCD, effected by quark condensation due to the strong interaction. These symmetries are further explicitly broken during the brief 2He fusion and decay event - and some mass will be transferred, in order to provide magnons. Cross-identity of Goldstone bosons is probably a key and not coincidental. If you are not yet confused by all of this colorful word salad, then you obviously have a strong appetite for QCD. Good. Let me close by saying that Ni-H is a strong force (color change) reaction, in which a small bit of proton mass is converted into energy by spin waves and magnons. This is deposited as heat in a ferromagnetic matrix. The normal indicia of nuclear reactions are mostly absent. As with all QM reactions, there can be a bit of actual nuclear transmutation, but it is incidental and bears no relationship to heat. Jones
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