well, this was a fun little bug.  i downloaded bison and within a few
minutes i'd narrowed the problem down to lib/c-ctype.h.  and
it only took another minute to isolate this as the problem statement.

#if (' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
    && ('%' == 37) && ('&' == 38) && ('\'' == 39) && ('(' == 40) \
    && (')' == 41) && ('*' == 42) && ('+' == 43) && (',' == 44) \
    && ('-' == 45) && ('.' == 46) && ('/' == 47) && ('0' == 48) \
    && ('1' == 49) && ('2' == 50) && ('3' == 51) && ('4' == 52) \
    && ('5' == 53) && ('6' == 54) && ('7' == 55) && ('8' == 56) \
    && ('9' == 57) && (':' == 58) && (';' == 59) && ('<' == 60) \
    && ('=' == 61) && ('>' == 62) && ('?' == 63) && ('A' == 65) \
    && ('B' == 66) && ('C' == 67) && ('D' == 68) && ('E' == 69) \
    && ('F' == 70) && ('G' == 71) && ('H' == 72) && ('I' == 73) \
    && ('J' == 74) && ('K' == 75) && ('L' == 76) && ('M' == 77) \
    && ('N' == 78) && ('O' == 79) && ('P' == 80) && ('Q' == 81) \
    && ('R' == 82) && ('S' == 83) && ('T' == 84) && ('U' == 85) \
    && ('V' == 86) && ('W' == 87) && ('X' == 88) && ('Y' == 89) \
    && ('Z' == 90) && ('[' == 91) && ('\\' == 92) && (']' == 93) \
    && ('^' == 94) && ('_' == 95) && ('a' == 97) && ('b' == 98) \
    && ('c' == 99) && ('d' == 100) && ('e' == 101) && ('f' == 102) \
    && ('g' == 103) && ('h' == 104) && ('i' == 105) && ('j' == 106) \
    && ('k' == 107) && ('l' == 108) && ('m' == 109) && ('n' == 110) \
    && ('o' == 111) && ('p' == 112) && ('q' == 113) && ('r' == 114) \
    && ('s' == 115) && ('t' == 116) && ('u' == 117) && ('v' == 118) \
    && ('w' == 119) && ('x' == 120) && ('y' == 121) && ('z' == 122) \
    && ('{' == 123) && ('|' == 124) && ('}' == 125) && ('~' == 126)
/* The character set is ASCII or one of its variants or extensions, not EBCDIC.
   Testing the value of '\n' and '\r' is not relevant.  */
#define C_CTYPE_ASCII 1
#endif

from there, the problem was pretty easy to spot NSTAK was too small,
and unguarded.  the funny  "+ 1" is to allow for a few operators that
can add 2 to the stack in one trip through the loop.

; diffy -c eval.c
/n/dump/2011/0725/sys/src/cmd/cpp/eval.c:2,8 - eval.c:2,8
  #include <libc.h>
  #include "cpp.h"
  
- #define       NSTAK   32
+ #define       NSTAK   1024
  #define       SGN     0
  #define       UNS     1
  #define       UND     2
/n/dump/2011/0725/sys/src/cmd/cpp/eval.c:92,99 - eval.c:92,99
  
  int   evalop(struct pri);
  struct        value tokval(Token *);
- struct value vals[NSTAK], *vp;
- enum toktype ops[NSTAK], *op;
+ struct value vals[NSTAK + 1], *vp;
+ enum toktype ops[NSTAK + 1], *op;
  
  /*
   * Evaluate an #if #elif #ifdef #ifndef line.  trp->tp points to the keyword.
/n/dump/2011/0725/sys/src/cmd/cpp/eval.c:122,127 - eval.c:122,129
        op = ops;
        *op++ = END;
        for (rand=0, tp = trp->bp+ntok; tp < trp->lp; tp++) {
+               if(op >= ops + NSTAK)
+                       sysfatal("cpp: can't evalute #if: increase NSTAK");
                switch(tp->type) {
                case WS:
                case NL:

- erik

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