Hi to all,
Greetings for the day.
I hope below pasted parts of speech text is useful for you.
*PARTS OF SPEECH*
*DEFINITION:* Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called
Parts of Speech. The parts of speech are eight in number. They are:
* 1. Noun*
* 2. Pronoun*
* 3. Verb*
* 4. Adjective*
* 5. Adverb*
* 6. Preposition*
* 7. Conjunction*
* 8. Interjection*
*NOUN:** A *noun is *a *word used as the name of a person, place or thing.
Ex: l.Yamini is a smart girl. 2.IlikeYamini.
*KINDS OF NOUNS**:* Nouns can be divided into four kinds.
1. Proper noun
2. Common noun
a. Countable noun
b. Uncountable noun
3. Collective noun
4. Abstract noun
*PROPER NOUNS*: A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or
thing.
NOTE: 1. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letters at the
beginning.
2. proper nouns are sometimes used as common nouns.
Ex: kareem (person], Yamuna (river), India (country), etc...
*COMMON NOUN:* common noun is a name given in common to every person or
thing of the same class or kind.
Common nouns can be subdivided into countable nouns and uncountable nouns.
Countable nouns are those which can be used in the plural and uncountable
nouns are those which cannot be used in the plural.
*Ex: countable nouns *
Star -stars
Bench -benches
*Uncountable *
milk, sugar
oil, gold, honesty
The words much, a little are used with uncountable nouns while many, a few
are used with countable nouns. The words some can be used with both
countable and uncountable nouns.
Ex: 1. Don't carry much/many luggage.
2. Do you find much/many music shops in Hyderabad.
*COLLECTIVE NOUN*: A collective noun is the name of a collection or
collection of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.
Ex: 1. The police dispersed the crowd.
2. A herd of cattle is passing.
*ABSTRACT NOUNS*: An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action
or state.
Ex: Quality: goodness, kindness, darkness, honesty, etc... Action:
laughter, theft, movement, judgement, etc... State: childhood, boyhood,
youth, slavery, etc...
NOTE: The names of the arts and sciences are also abstract nouns.
Ex: grammar, music, English, etc...
*MATERIAL NOUNS*: A material noun is usually the names of metals. Ex: Gold
is a precious metal. Iron is a hard metal.
*THE NOUN: GENDER*
According to the gender noun can be divided into four kinds.
1. Masculine gender 2. Feminine gender
3. Common gender 4. Neuter gender
1.*Masculine gender*: A noun that denotes a male person or animal is said
to be of the masculine gender.
Ex: boys, lion, hero, cock, etc...
2.*Feminine gende*r: A noun that denotes a female person or animal is said
to be of the feminine gender.
Ex: girl, lioness, heroine, hen, etc...
3.*Common gender*: a noun that denotes either male or female is said to be
the common gender.
Ex: parent, children, friend, student, etc...
4. *Neuter gender*: a noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor
female is said to be the neuter gender, (which are non-living things) Ex:
book, pen, room, tree, etc...
*THE NOUN -NUMBER *
*SINGULAR NUMBER: A* noun that denotes one person or thing is said to be in
the singular number.
Ex: boy, girl, cow, bird, etc...
*PLURAL NUMBER*: A noun that denotes more than one person or thing is said
to be in the Plural number.
Ex: boys, girls, cows, birds, etc...
*PRONOUN *
*DEFINITION:** A *pronoun is a word which is used in the place of a noun/
noun phrase. *KINDS OF PRONOUNS*:
1. Personal pronouns
2.Reflexive pronouns
*PERSONAL PRONOUNS*: These are three kinds.
*1. First person; 2. Second person; 3. Third person *
Person
Place
Singular
Plural
First person
Subjective
Objective
Possessive
I
me
my, mine
We
us
our, ours
Second person
subjective Objective Possessive
you
you
your, yours
You
You
Your, yours
Third person
subjective Objective Possessive
He
Him
His
They
Them
Their, theirs
subjective Objective Possessive
She
Her
Her, hers
They
Them
Their, theirs
subjective Objective Possessive
It
It
It, its
They
Them
Their, theirs
*REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS*: These are also called the compound personal pronouns.
They are formed by the addition of suffix '-self to the singular pronouns
and '-selves' to the plural pronouns. Singulars: my + self=myself; plurals:
our+selves=ourselves
Your+self= yourself; your+selves= yourselves
Him+ self= himself;
Her+ self= herself;
It+ self= itself;
One+ self= oneself.
them+ selves= themselves
*VERB *
*DEFINITION:** A *verb is a word that tells something about a person or
thing. It is extracted from the Latin word Verbum', which means most
imported word in a sentence.
*CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS*:
VERBS :
1. Main verbs (Lexical verbs)
a. Strong verbs - (Irregular)
i. Ex: Go-went-gone; See-saw-seen; Sing-sang-sung
b. Weak verbs - (regular)
i. Ex: ask-asked-asked
ii. test-tested-tested
iii. close-closed-closed
2. Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)
I. Model Auxiliaries
a. will-would
b. shall-should
c. can-could
d. May-might
e. ought
II. Primary Auxiliaries
a. Be forms
Is, am, are
Was, were,
Be, been ,being
b. Do forms
Do, does, doing
Did, done
c. Have forms
Has, have, had
having
Verbs can also categorized as finite and non - finite.
Finite verbs: 1. Transitive 2. Intransitive
Non-finite verbs :
1. Infinitive
a. To-infinitive
b. Bare-infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Participle
1. Verbs that need objects are known as Transitive Verbs.
Ex: 1. Deepa closed the door.
2.John visits us everyday.
2.Verbs that do not need objects after them are called Intransitive verbs.
Ex: 1. Birds fly.
2. The child sleeps.
3. Some Transitive verbs need only one object after them. These are known
as Mono Transitive verbs.
Ex: 1. We play Football
2.We cleaned the room.
4. Some Transitive verbs need two objects-Direct object & Indirect object.
Those are called Di-transitive verbs.
Ex: 1. She gave me a rose.
2. We sent her a pocket of books.
5.Some Transitive verbs need an object and a compliment after them. These
are called Complex Transitive verbs.
Ex:1. She called him a fool.
2. We consider her intelligent
*ADJECTIVES*
*DEFINITION*: An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun or
adds something to its meaning.
*KINDS OFADIECTIVES*: Adjectives may be divided into the following
classes.
1. Adjectives of quality or descriptive adjectives.
2. Adjectives of quantity.
3. Adjectives of number or Numeral adjectives
4. Demonstrative Adjectives.
5. Interrogative Adjectives.
*ADJECTIVES OF QUALITY*: It shows what
kind or quality of a person or thing.
Ex: He is a clever student She is a beautiful girl.
*ADJECTIVES OF QUANTITY*: It shows
how much of a thing is meant
Ex: I ate some rice.
She has little intelligence.
*ADJECTIVES OF NUMBER*: It shows how
many persons or things are meant
Ex: The hand has five fingers.
Most boys like cricket.
Numeral Adjectives are of three kinds. They are:
Definite numeral Adjectives: It denotes an exact number.
Ex: One, two, three, etc... -These are cardinal numbers
First, second, third, etc... these are called Ordinal numbers.
Indefinite numeral Adjectives: Which do not
denote an exact number.
Ex: All, many, few, some, etc...
Distributive numeral Adjectives: Which refer to each one of a number.
Ex: Every, each, either, neither, etc...
*DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES:* It points out which person or thing.
Ex: This, that, these, those, such, etc...
*INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES:* What, which and whose are used with nouns to
ask questions.
Ex: Whose pen is this? Which way shall we go?
*ADVERBS *
*DEFINITION:* An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of an
adjective, a verb or another adverb.
*KINDS OF ADVERBS*:
1.*Adverbs of Time*: (Which show when) Ex: I have heard this before.
We shall now begin to work.
*Clue words:* Ago, before, already, early, immediately, late, now, then,
soon, since, presently, today, tomorrow, yet, after, recently, formally,
daily, etc...
*2.Adverbs of Frequency*: Which
show how often .
Ex: I have told you twice.
He seldom comes here.
*Clue words:* Generally, often, seldom, regularly, ever, always, never,
frequently, rarely, once, etc...
3.*Adverbs of Place* : Which
show where.
Ex: Stand here. Go there.
*Clue words*: Here, up, inside, outside, within, without, below, above,
down, far, near, in, out, everywhere, away, elsewhere, backward, forward,
etc...
4.*Adverbs of Manner*: Which show how or in what manner.
Ex: Govind reads dearly.
The Sikhs fought bravely.
*Clue words*: Nicely, badly, quickly, well, ill, gladly, fast, clearly,
fluently, sadly, slowly, hard, etc...
5. *Adverbs of Degree or Quantity*: Which show how much or how far or what
extent or in what degree.
Ex: I am so glad.
These mangoes are almost ripe.
*Clue words*: Very, much, too, quite, almost, any, fully, rather, enough,
so, partly, altogether, pretty, entirely, wholly, scarcely, hardly,
exceedingly, more, most, less, etc...
6. *Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation:* Which show confirmation.
Ex: He left his home undoubtedly Clue words: Yes, not, no, indeed, perhaps,
surely, certainly, by all means, etc...
*PREPOSITIONS *
*DEFINITION:* A preposition is a word used with a noun or pronoun to show
its relation with the remaining part of the sentence. Hence it is called
relating word. Generally prepositions are of three kinds.
1. *Simple Prepositions*: On, in, at, by, for, from. With, since, etc...
2. *Compound Prepositions*: About across, beside, between, beneath, etc...
3. *Phrasal Prepositions*: In addition to, in spite of, in front of,
instead of, etc...
*CONJUNCTIONS *
*DEFINITION:* A Conjunction is a word which joins the two words or two
sentences. These are also known as linkers. Conjunctions are of two types.
1. *Coordinating Conjunctions:* A Conjunction is one which joins two
similar and independent units.
Ex: He was ill but he attended the exam.
He went to the market but his wife went to the cinema.
*Clue words*: And, but, for, or, nor, also, either...or, neither...nor,
etc...
2. *Subordinating Conjunctions*: A Conjunction is one which subordinates
one item to the other.
Ex: When I went to his house, he was still eating.
If it rains, the match will be cancelled.
*Clue words*: After, because, if, that, though, although, till, before,
unless, as, when, where, while, etc...
*INTERJECTIONS*
*DEFINITION:* An interjection is word that is used to express sudden
feeling.
Ex: My god! I forgot to lock the door.
*Clue words*: Ah! Oh! Alas! My god! Oops! Ouch! Etc...
*TENSES *
Tense means time. These tenses are divided into three types.
1. Present Tense
2. Past Tense
3. Future Tense
*1.PRESENT TENSE*: A verb that refers to present time is said to be in the
present tense.
*2. PAST TENSE *: A verb that refers to past time is said to be in the past
tense.
*3.FUTURE TENSE*: A verb that refers to future time is called the future
tense. These three teases are a^alii divided into four categories each.
1. Simple
2. Continuous
3. Perfect
4. Perfect Continuous
*SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE*: sub+vl+obj
It is used
a. To express a habitual actions. Eg: He drinks milk every day.
b. To express universal truths and proverbs. Eg: The Sun rises in the East.
c. To express some past actions. Eg: India is a democratic country.
d. To express announcements. Eg: The park opens at 5'o clock.
e. To express a future events that is part of a fixed time table or fixed
program.
Eg: The match starts at 9 a.m.
f. In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there to express what
is actually taking place in the present.
Eg: There! He looks out.
*CLUE WORDS*:
Daily, regularly, everyday, every week, every month, every year, every
5years, once a day, twice a day, usually, always, gradually, generally,
never, ever, often, seldom, in the mornings, in the evenings etc...
*PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE*: sub+is/am/are+vl+ing+obj It is used
a. For an action going on at the time of speaking. Eg: She is singing now.
b. For a temporary action which may not be actually at the time of speaking
Eg: I am reading a novel.
c. For an action that has already be arrange to take place in the near
future
Eg: I am going to movie tonight.
d. When the two present actions are going on at the same time, the long
period of action is in the present continuous tense and the short period of
action is in simple present tense.
Eg: while I am going to college, I meet my friend.
e. When the two present actions are started and ended at the same time both
actions are in present continuous only.
Eg: while I am teaching, they are listening.
NOTE: certain verbs not normally used in the continuous tense.
1. Verbs of perception(sense): Eg: see, smell, hear, feel etc...
2. Verbs expressing feeling and emotion: Eg: love, hate, like, fear, wish
and mind.
3. Verbs of mental activity:
Eg: know, understand, remember, recollect, believe etc...
4. Verbs of position:
Eg: own, owe, possess, belong etc...
*CLUE WORDS; *
Now, at present, at this moment, currently, look! See! Listen!.
*PRESENT PERFECT TENSE*:
sub+has/have+v3+obj It is used
a. To indicate completed activities in the immediate past with just. Eg:
He has just gone out.
b. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite. Eg:
I have read Gulliver travels.
c. To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the
present than of the action itself.
Eg: I have finished my work, (now I am free)
d. To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing
up to the present moment, (often with since and for phrases.)
Eg: I have known him for a long time.
e. When the two present actions are happened one after the another,
the first
present action is in present perfect and the second present action is in
simple present tense.
Eg: he has eaten food when I see him.
*CLUE WORDS: *
Just, just now, yet, already, rarely, recently, often, never.so far,Since,
for.
*PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE*: sub+has/have+been+vl+ing+obj a. The
present perfect continuous tense is used for an action which began at
sometime in the past and is still continuing. Eg: the child has been
sleeping for two hours.
*CLUE WORDS: *
Since, for, how long.
*SIMPLE PAST TENSE*; sub+v2+obj
a. To describe an action completed in the past. Eg: Rama killed Ravana.
b. To describe an action occurring habitually in the past. Eg: I played
cricket every day last year.
*CLUE WORDS; *
Ago, a minute ago, long ago, yesterday, last night, last week, last month,
last year, 15th Aug, 1990. 26th Jan, 2009, etc...
*PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE;* sub+was/were+vl+ing+obj
a. It is used to describe an action going on in the past. It lays
emphasis on the duration of action.
Eg: Janaki was singing a song.
b. When the two past actions are started and ended at the same time,
both actions are in the past continuous tense only.
Eg: While I was teaching, he was disturbing the class.
c. When the two past actions happened at the same time, the longer
duration must be in the past continuous tense and short period of action
must be in the simple past.
Eg: When I saw him, he was playing chess.
*PAST PERFECT TENSE*: sub+had+v3+obj
a. The past perfect tense indicates an action completed in the past and
its relation to later action in the past.
Eg: Smitha had worked for three years before she transferred.
b. When the two past actions happened one after the another, the first
past action is used in the past perfect and the second past action is used
in the simple past.
Eg: When I reached the station, the
train had left.
*PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE*: sub+had+been+vl+ing+obj
a. It is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past
and
continued up to the time.
Eg: At that time he had been writing a
novel for two months.
*SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE*:
sub+will/shall+vl+obj
a. It is used to talk about things which we cannot control. It
expresses the future aspect.
Eg: I shall be 18 years next month.
b. The sentence starts with If+presnt tense that should follow
corresponding future tense.
If + simple present-simple future.
If + present continuous-future continuous.
If+ present perfect-future perfect.
If+ present perfect continuous-future perfect continuous
Eg: If it rains, the match will cancel.
c. The sentence starts with If+ past tense that should follow
corresponding
future tense and will, shall, can, may can change into would, should,
could, might.
If+ simple past-simple future.
If+ past continuous-future continuous.
If+ past perfect-future perfect.
If+ past perfect continuous-future perfect continuous.
Eg: if he had known of your arrival, he
would have met you.
*CLUE WORDS*:
Tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, etc...
*FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE*: sub+whi/shaii+be+vl+ing+obj
a. It is used to talk about the actions which will be in progress at a
time in the future.
Eg: I suppose it will be raining when we start.
b. We also use this tense to talk about the actions in the future which
are already planned or which are expected to happen in the normal course or
things.
Eg: I will be staying here till Sunday.
*FUTURE PERFECT TENSE*: sub+will/shall+have+v3+obj
a. It is used to talk about an action that will be completed by a certain
future time. Eg: He will have left before you go to see him.
By the next June he will have written his second novel.
*CLUE WORDS*:
By, by next week, by next year, by next month, by next June, etc...
*FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE*:
sub+will/shall+have+been+vl+ing+obj
a. It is used for an action which will be in progress over a period of time
that will be end in the future. Eg: I shall have been teaching for 6 years
by next October.
*ARTICLES *
Articles are two types in English.
1. Indefinite Article (a or an)
2. Definite Article (the)
*USES OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE *
1. An indefinite article is always used with a singular countable noun.
• The article 'a' is used before a word that begins with consonant sound
while 'an' is used before a word that begins with a vowel sound.
Ex: a pen, a tall building, an employee, an interesting story.
• Some words start with vowel letter (a.e.l.o.u), but have a consonant
sound. So the indefinite article a is used before them.
Ex a university, a European
• Similarly sorhe words start with consonant h, but in some words h is not
pronounced. In such cases an is used before them.
Ex: an honourable man, an honest man, an hour
• But in some words h should be pronounced. In such cases a is used before
them.
Ex: a humble man, a historian.
• An is also used before abbreviations which begin with A,E,F,HII,L,M,N,O,R,S
or X and are pronounced in an individual letters.
Ex: an ISI product, an LLB student.
*o *
• But if the abbreviation is said as a word and begins with a consonant
sound, a is used before it.
Ex: a SAARC country, a NATO member.
2. a/an used before a singular countable noun may mean one in cases.
Ex: Give me a hundred rupee note please. Can I ask a question.
3. a/an sometimes means 'any one' of a particular type or thing.
Ex: Is there a good hotel near he*g I am looking for a bungalow.
4. a/an is some times used before person's occupation or profession.
Ex: He has been a lecturer in a university. San was an accountant during
2001-2003.
5. a/an is sometimes used to refer to a 'type/class/species'.
Ex: A cow is a domestic animal. A triangle has three sides.
6. a/an can be used with singuiar countable noun when the person or
thing, the noun refers
to, is introduced or mentioned for the first time in the conversation. Ex:
we have a Russian student in our class.
Yesterday I bought a C D player. It is not working properly.
7. a/an can be used while defining something.
Ex: A linguist is one who analyses languages. An altimeter is an instrument
to measure height.
8. a/an is used when someone or something is described *or *to what type of
person someone is or what type of thing something is. Ex: Hyderabad is a
beautiful city. N.T.R. is a great actor.
USES OF DEFINITE ARTICLE
1. The is used with a noun whose Identity is clear to the listener from
the context.
Ex: what Is the time?( the time is now)
The weather is nice.( the weather is now or today)
2. The is used before a noun which is unique or one of its kind.
Ex: the sun, the titanic.
3. The is used before the names of oceans/mountains.
Ex: the Everest, the pacific ocean
4. The is used with adjectives to represent a class of people: the rich,
the poor, etc...
Ex Helen kellerwas always interested in the blind The injured were
immediately taken to hospital.
5. The is used with a noun whose identity is part of our knowledge.
Ex: the government implemented a scheme to help the poor farmers.
6. The is used before the names of some countries.
Ex: the US, the UK.
7. The
is used before the names of rivers/channels.
Ex: the Ganga, the Godavari, the Indus etc...
8. The is used before the names of holy books.
Ex: the Ramayana, the Koran, the Bible, etc...
9. The is used before the names of inventions.
Ex: who invented the microscope?
The telescope enables us to see the distant stars.
10. The is used before a superlative adjective.
Ex: Vijay is the oldest boy in the class.
Seema is the most intelligent girl in the class.
11. The is used when the proper noun used as the common noun.
Ex: Kalidas is the Indian Shakespeare.
He is the Suchin Tendulkar in our college team.
NO ARTICLE
1. No article is used before a plural or uncountable noun to talk about
things or people in
general.
Ex: Rabbits are harmless animals.(all rabbits) Water is precious.
2. No article is used with the names of people.
Ex: Snehalatha is a famous dancer.
3. No article is used before the nouns such as school, college,
hospital, prison, etc... refer to their primary purpose.
Ex: Most children don't like to go school.
His mother lias been in hospital for long time.
4. We don't use an article before titles when used with a proper noun.
Ex: President Kalam is a great scientist and educationist. Professor Rao is
a good friend of mine.
5. No article is used before names of diseases.
Ex: The child is suffering from fever. Mr. Kumar has diabetes.
Thanks & best regards
* R Raghukumar*
Time to meet up again!
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