1843
Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes "Notes" on Babbage's Analytical Engine. 1847 George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning. 1890 The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith's punch-card machines. 1931 Vannevar Bush devises the Differential Analyzer, an analog electromechanical computer. 1935 Tommy Flowers pioneers use of vacuum tubes as on-off switches in circuits. 1937 Alan Turing publishes "On Computable Numbers," describing a universal computer. Claude Shannon describes how circuits of switches can perform tasks of Boolean algebra. Bell Labs' George Stibitz proposes a calculator using an electric circuit. Howard Aiken proposes construction of large digital computer and discovers parts of Babbage's Difference Engine at Harvard. John Vincent Atanasoff puts together concepts for an electronic computer during a long December night's drive. 1938 William Hewlett and David Packard form company in Palo Alto garage. 1939 Atanasoff finishes model of electronic computer with mechanical storage drums. Turing arrives at Bletchley Park to work on breaking German codes. 1941 Konrad Zuse completes Z3, a fully functional electromechanical programmable digital computer. John Mauchly visits Atanasoff in Iowa, sees computer demonstrated. 1952 1942 Atanasoff completes partly working computer with three hundred vacuum tubes, leaves for Navy. 1943 Colossus, a vacuum-tube computer to break German codes, is completed at Bletchley Park. 1944 Harvard Mark I goes into operation. John von Neumann goes to Penn to work on ENIAC. 1945 Von Neumann writes "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" describing a stored-program computer. Six women programmers of ENIAC are sent to Aberdeen for training. Vannevar Bush publishes "As We May Think," describing personal computer. Bush publishes "Science, the Endless Frontier," proposing government funding of academic and industrial research. ENIAC is fully operational. 1947 Transistor invented at Bell Labs. 1950 Turing publishes article describing a test for artificial intelligence. 1952 Grace Hopper develops first computer compiler. Von Neumann completes modern computer at the Institute for Advanced Study. UNIVAC predicts Eisenhower election victory. 1954 1954 Turing commits suicide. Texas Instruments introduces silicon transistor and helps launch Regency radio. 1956 Shockley Semiconductor founded. First artificial intelligence conference. 1957 Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and others form Fairchild Semiconductor. Russia launches Sputnik. 1958 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) announced. Jack Kilby demonstrates integrated circuit, or microchip. 1959 Noyce and Fairchild colleagues independently invent microchip. 1960 J. C. R. Licklider publishes "Man-Computer Symbiosis." Paul Baran at RAND devises packet switching. 1961 President Kennedy proposes sending man to the moon. 1962 MIT hackers create Spacewar game. Licklider becomes founding director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office. Doug Engelbart publishes "Augmenting Human Intellect." 1963 Licklider proposes an "Intergalactic Computer Network." Engelbart and Bill English invent the mouse. 1972 1964 Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters take bus trip across America. 1965 Ted Nelson publishes first article about "hypertext." Moore's Law predicts microchips will double in power each year or so. 1966 Stewart Brand hosts Trips Festival with Ken Kesey. Bob Taylor convinces ARPA chief Charles Herzfeld to fund ARPANET. Donald Davies coins the term packet switching. 1967 ARPANET design discussions in Ann Arbor and Gatlinburg. 1968 Larry Roberts sends out request for bids to build the ARPANET's IMPs. Noyce and Moore form Intel, hire Andy Grove. Brand publishes first Whole Earth Catalog. Engelbart stages the Mother of All Demos with Brand's help. 1969 First nodes of ARPANET installed. 1971 Don Hoefler begins column for Electronic News called "Silicon Valley USA." Demise party for Whole Earth Catalog. Intel 4004 microprocessor unveiled. Ray Tomlinson invents email. 1972 Nolan Bushnell creates Pong at Atari with Al Alcorn. 1973 1973 Alan Kay helps to create the Alto at Xerox PARC. Ethernet developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC. Community Memory shared terminal set up at Leopold's Records, Berkeley. Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn complete TCP/IP protocols for the Internet. 1974 Intel 8080 comes out. 1975 Altair personal computer from MITS appears. Paul Allen and Bill Gates write BASIC for Altair, form Microsoft. First meeting of Homebrew Computer Club. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak launch the Apple I. 1977 The Apple II is released. 1978 First Internet Bulletin Board System. 1979 Usenet newsgroups invented. Jobs visits Xerox PARC. 1980 IBM commissions Microsoft to develop an operating system for PC. 1981 Hayes modem marketed to home users. 1983 Microsoft announces Windows. Richard Stallman begins developing GNU, a free operating system. 2011 1984 Apple introduces Macintosh. 1985 Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant launch The WELL. CVC launches Q-Link, which becomes AOL. 1991 Linus Torvalds releases first version of Linux kernel. Tim Berners-Lee announces World Wide Web. 1993 Marc Andreessen announces Mosaic browser. Steve Case's AOL offers direct access to the Internet. 1994 Justin Hall launches Web log and directory. HotWired and Time Inc.'s Pathfinder become first major magazine publishers on Web. 1995 Ward Cunningham's Wiki Wiki Web goes online. 1997 IBM's Deep Blue beats Garry Kasparov in chess. 1998 Larry Page and Sergey Brin launch Google. 1999 Ev Williams launches Blogger. 2001 Jimmy Wales, with Larry Sanger, launches Wikipedia. 2011 IBM's computer Watson wins Jeopardy! 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