I take your general point re how complex systems can produce apparently spontaneous behaviour.

But to what actual courses of action of actual animals (such as the fly here) or humans has this theory been successfully applied?

Ben: The question vis-a-vis the fly - or any animal - is whether the *whole*
course of action of the fly in that experiment can be accounted for by one -
or a set of - programmed routines or programs period. My impression -
without having studied the experiment in detail - is that it weighs against
that conclusion, without being the final word.

Definitely not ... there is vast evidence from the theory of complex,
deterministic
dynamical systems that this sort of "apparently spontaneous" behavior can
emerge from simple underlying deterministic dynamics...



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