> Most people who work with atmegas strongly > recommend to use a quartz > when it comes to serial communication (even at low > speed such as 9600 > characters per second). The internal oscillator > works at 8MHz which is > cut down to 1MHz and it is known to be very > unstable. > Hi, some points I've gathered with serial i/o and terminals with amforth (I am using XP, usb connectivity, atmega32 @11.0592MHz, atmega1284p @25Mhz): 1. there are only 2 terminals which work reliable to me - Forfiter and Mosaic Serial Terminal, the later I am using now. 2. the speeds - I run Mosaic up to 256kbits - absolutely no problem 3. you CANNOT use terminals which do not commit "ok" or each character, amforth will not work - it will corrupt when writing new words !!!! Amforth needs a lot of time (sometimes fraction of seconds) in order to compile and flash the word - when not commiting 'ok' terminal will shoot characters to amforth and amforth will loose them!! therefore you must wait until ready again. There is none handshaking except this one! 4. amforth is very demanding as the baudrate precision is concerned, the 8n1 communication can have +/- 4.5% baudrate precision, but amforth will not compile with such spread. It means in practise unless you have so called any_baud crystals (e.g. 11.0592 etc.) you can compile only for specific speeds!!! 5. baudrate - you may change it in amforth session by: Num UBRR0L c! where Num is the baudrate_constant - you may see the atmega guide table 17.9-17.10 or you may calculate it for a given resonator or crystal (!! with known frequency!!). When reset the amforth reverts to default baudrate burned in. Finetuning: you may try to change the constant a little bit until the serial works reliable (do not forget to change the baudrate in terminal as well when you change to next baudrate step) 6. crystals, resonators, internal RC - you will not have any issues with standard crystals, but pls mind the 2 capacitors must have a specific value as well (15-22pf). Be carefull with higher frequences, crystals higher than 25MHz are so called overtone crystals, they oscillate on 1/3 of the frequency depicted on its body. Resonators easily have 10-20% deviation from depicted frequency, so it may not work with serial at given baudrate, however you may measure its frequency and adjust baudrate constant accordingly. The stability is good for serial. Internal RC - the chip makers claim up to 3% precision, so-so usable, but it is voltage (! the chip voltage - pls mind very good decoupling caps near the chip Vcc, Avcc) dependand so you may go out of baudrate easily as well when voltage fluctuates (mind BOD Brown-out Detector - when enabled (fuses!) a small drop in voltage causes an reset (2ns impuls can trigger it), also EEPROM and FLASH WRITE does not work properly when voltage fluctuates). You may measure the frequency on a pin, then udjust baudrate accordingly, or, some chips have internal udjustment (register value) for finetuning (+/- 10%) of the internal frequency. I would recommend internal oscillator up to 2400baud to be safe. 7. for amforth the finetuned serial communication with appropriate terminal supporting 'ok' commit is absolutely vital!! It flashes in its flash directly from serial, there are no large buffers (as far as I know) with checksums, so any instability means corruption of data. 8. From my other experience - electronics - the 97% of instabilities and corruptions in sw area comes from hardware issues - wrong capacitors, crystals, decoupling, voltage source instability, interference between PC and development board, grounding, unreliable sockets, connectors, cables too long, mobile phones laying near the testbed, statics, etc.etc.) Pito
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