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From: Walter
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Sent: Saturday, January 12, 2002 8:56 AM
Subject: [CubaNews] Tribunals would be models for future terrorist
trials to its Taliban prisoners and Cuba's responsible, modulated, and humane approach. What more can one really say??? ============================================ Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld called the prisoners "unlawful combatants," distinguishing them from prisoners of war. "Unlawful combatants do not have any rights under the Geneva Convention," Mr. Rumsfeld said. "We have indicated that we do plan to, for the most part, treat them in a manner that is reasonably consistent with the Geneva Conventions, to the extent they are appropriate." and Each man is confined to one cell, a mat on a concrete block floor, and gets a bucket in which to relieve himself. The camp warden said MPs would lead them, one by one, to latrines as need be, and conceded that when it rains, some will get wet. and they'll get "granola and Froot Loops"! Gee, I wonder if the company providing the Froot Loops will be able to get some advertising photograhs out of this??? ============================================= Tribunals would be models for future terrorist trials By Tim Collie Sun-Sentinel January 11, 2002 It has all the makings of a summer action movie: a group of men suspected of being global terrorists, hooded, heavily shackled and hauled halfway around the world under heavy guard to a military prison on a Caribbean island. But the legal terrain on which they land will be every bit as novel as their new home at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where the first 20 prisoners arrived on Friday. What could result is a new kind of law for a new kind of war. Accused of belonging to Osama bin Laden's terrorist network, al-Qaida, or of being members of the Taliban, the prisoners arriving at the highly fortified island base will begin an unprecedented legal process, experts say. For the first time in its history, the United States will hold and prosecute by military tribunal stateless members of a secret organization in an undeclared war. "These aren't soldiers of a country like the Japanese or Germans were, and there's no declaration of war," said H. Wayne Elliott, a retired Army lieutenant colonel whose writings on war-crimes trials are being used by those developing the tribunal rules. "In U.S. history, they're more like the Barbary pirates - a group that wasn't really linked to a country but threatened American interests. "But this is what military tribunals are for - it's a specialized court for a specialized type of offense for a specialized group of people," Elliott said. "And these are certainly a very specialized group of people." As many as 2,000 detainees from the war in Afghanistan eventually may be held at Guantanamo, where a detention center is being quickly erected by more than 1,000 U.S. troops deployed last week. Almost 450 suspects are already in U.S. custody, most of them in Kandahar. Questions abound The government hasn't decided where, when or how these men will be tried. But on Friday, the first 20 prisoners linked to al-Qaida and the Taliban arrived at the new tropical prison surrounded by chain-link fences and razor wire instead of walls. They will wait there, a site chosen because it is isolated and hard to reach, while the United States decides where and how to try them. Experts in military law said the tribunals probably will resemble courts-martial that try American soldiers on military law violations. That means tribunals likely will require proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, a unanimous vote by jurors on death sentences and an appeals process. But other questions remain to be hashed out. What's the legal status of the detainees? Are they prisoners of war, granted certain protections under the laws of war, or something else? Will the tribunals be secret? Will they allow hearsay evidence or confessions collected under torture? The tribunals could be held at Guantanamo Bay, which has been leased from the Cuban government since 1903 and is not on U.S. soil. Holding the proceedings there would prevent the prisoners from challenging their detention in U.S. federal court, but it's close enough to ensure good security and easy access for attorneys based in the United States. "The legal thinking here is that it's more difficult for someone to challenge the decision if the trial is held outside of U.S. jurisdiction," said Timothy Edgar, legal counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union. "But the Constitution should follow the flag. You can't simply avoid basic constitutional protections by shifting a trial to Cuba." Edgar and others also fear that some al-Qaida members could be held at Guantanamo indefinitely. Many, perhaps most, might not even face military tribunals, U.S. officials have suggested. They could be used merely as intelligence sources. But their native countries may no longer want them, and transferring them to prisons on U.S. soil may not be an option. That could leave the United States holding them without trial for years as authorities have done with some illegal immigrants. "In the old style of war if you designated someone a prisoner of war, you could hold them until the war was over," Edgar said. "But I don't think we can just hold these men for years or decades until someone declares the war on terrorism over." Since Nov. 13, when President Bush issued an order authorizing the tribunals, liberals as well as conservatives have raised concerns about the prospect of secret trials without the right of appeal. The rules of the tribunals have not been established, but the very word "tribunal" suggests a legally distinct body that is very different from a court-martial. Tribunals are special military courts used during wartime to determine whether an enemy agent is guilty of a war crime. If the defendant is found guilty, the tribunal then decides the punishment. Secrecy allows for the protection of vital intelligence during wartime, and provides swift reprisals to the enemy. The only tribunal on U.S. soil in the past century occurred in 1942. A tribunal secretly convicted eight German saboteurs who were caught after coming ashore in New York and Florida. Six were executed two weeks after the verdict. The remaining two received long sentences. But this trial, along with the war-crimes trials in Germany and Japan following World War II, occurred before the 1949 Geneva Convention established requirements for the treatment of prisoners of war. "What has caused some of the controversy is the use of the term 'secret military tribunals,'" said Elliott. "It sounds like it's going to be the Spanish Inquisition. Most of the military tribunals in history have been open trials. The news media have been there with their lights and cameras. They were in Germany and Japan after World War II. In fact, these proceedings are far less secretive than a juvenile court proceeding." "If they have a conspiracy case - and I expect they'll have some - then you might see secrecy there," said Elliott. "There is precedent for that, and the reason is that they're not going to want to compromise intelligence sources and methods." Elliott, a former Army Judge Advocate General Corps member, the military equivalent of a lawyer, thinks the tribunals will rely heavily on the military justice system's rules. Courts-martial have the same rules of evidence and standards of proof as civilian courts with one important exception: a single panel functions as both judge and jury and may question individual witnesses. The panel is generally made up of military officers, but can include civilians appointed by military authorities. Otherwise, the trials, which experts assume will be public proceedings, should follow procedures familiar to a TV-watching public immersed in the O.J. Simpson trial, Court TV and Judge Wapner. Defendants would be presumed innocent, and guilt would have to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. A guilty verdict would likely require the two-thirds vote of the military officers who make up a tribunal, but several experts predicted a unanimous vote will be required to impose the death penalty, just as it is in civilian criminal courts. Defendants likely will have the right to appeal any verdict. They also can have a military lawyer appointed at government expense. In civilian courts, defendants must be indigent to obtain free counsel. Another key distinction would be the absence of the "exclusionary rule," which prevents tainted evidence from being introduced in civilian courts. Military tribunals would be able to consider hearsay evidence and evidence gathered without a warrant, such as papers seized during battles. Even before the trial, there may be legal wrangling over whether the prisoners are "prisoners of war." The distinction will be important, because POWs must be accorded protections outlined in the Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War. Those protections "in effect, guarantee a POW the same procedural and evidentiary rights as one of our soldiers in a court-martial," said Evan Wallach, a military justice expert and judge on the U.S. Court of International Trade, New York. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said they will not be handled as prisoners of war because they are "unlawful combatants," not POWs. "Technically, unlawful combatants do not have any rights under the Geneva convention. We have indicated that we do plan to, for the most part, treat them in a manner that is reasonably consistent with the Geneva conventions to the extent they are appropriate," Rumsfeld said. U.S. courts have granted POW status to domestic revolutionary groups in the past. A 1988 federal court ruling determined that members of a group called the Black Liberation Army, who considered themselves revolutionary, should have received the minimum standards for POWs while being held in detention. Dedicated to terror But international law also provides guidelines for what constitutes a military group, such as whether they are responsible to a commanding authority, have a recognized insignia and carry arms openly. Armed resistance groups like those fighting the Israelis or Colombians are covered by these protections if they meet the criteria outlined in the Geneva Convention. "But is al-Qaida a military group with recognizable soldiers? I don't think so," said Ruth Wedgewood, a professor of international law and diplomacy at Johns Hopkins University and a former federal prosecutor. "Al-Qaida defines itself as a group solely to make jihad, to make war and to use terrorism to do it. It doesn't have a recognizable charitable function like Hamas or Hezbollah, it doesn't have recognizable insignias. "The material being collected in places like Afghanistan, these terrorism manuals, describe a group bent on terror, on what I think can be considered war crimes," she said. Tim Collie can be reached at [EMAIL PROTECTED] or 954-356-4573. Copyright � 2002, South Florida Sun-Sentinel =================================== Al-Qaida prisoners arrive in Cuba a.. Rumsfeld: 1 prisoner sedated during flight a.. Prisoners to be isolated in temporary cells By Tony Winton Associated Press Writer January 11, 2002 GUANTANAMO BAY NAVAL STATION, Cuba -- Shackled and surrounded by Marines, the first 20 prisoners from Afghanistan -- the most dangerous of the al-Qaida and Taliban captives -- arrived today at this remote U.S. military outpost on Cuba. The prisoners face intense interrogation, especially about the whereabouts of Osama bin Laden whom the United States holds responsible for the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks on New York and the Pentagon. "These represent the worst elements of the al-Qaida and the Taliban," said Marine Brig. Gen. Mike Lehnert, commander of Joint Task Force 160, which is overseeing the operation. "We asked for the bad guys first." The prisoners -- all shackled and wearing turquoise facemasks -- were taken off the Air Force C-141 cargo plane about an hour after it touched down at 1:55 p.m. EST following the 8,000-mile journey. The first prisoner off the plane, who appeared to have a bandaged knee, limped as he walked to one of two waiting white school buses. Several of the detainees appeared to struggle with the 50-plus Marines who led them to the buses. At least one prisoner was sedated on the trip to the base and two were forced to their knees on the tarmac before being allowed to stand again and walk to the buses. Some of the detaines continued resisting the troops -- armed with machine guns and automatic assault rifles -- as they were put on the buses. "These are people who would gnaw through hydraulic lines in the back of a C-17 to bring it down," Gen. Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said at a Pentagon press conference with Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld. Lehnert said the prisoners treatment would be "humane but not comfortable," and U.S. officials said the Red Cross and other groups will monitor conditions. Rumsfeld dismissed complaints by some human rights groups that the heavy security represented a violation of the prisoners' rights. "It simply isn't," Rumsfeld said. "When prisoners are being moved between locations they're frequently restrained in some way, with handcuffs or some sort of restraints. That is not new." The international human rights group Amnesty International expressed concern, saying the plan to house detainees in "cages" would "fall below minimum standards for humane treatment." The size of the temporary cells -- 6 feet by 8 feet -- also is smaller than "that considered acceptable under U.S. standards for ordinary prisoners," the London-based group said. Reporters, who watched the arrival about 300 yards distant, said they heard shouting from the tarmac. Journalists were not allowed to bring still or video cameras. The military, however, photographed the arrival. Authorities gave no reason for barring news organizations from recording the arrival, but the Geneva Convention says prisoners of war must be protected "against insults and public curiosity." The prisoners were all frisked, patted down, many of them had their shoes removed. After all of the prisoners were put onto two white school buses, a convoy of vehicles accompanying the buses left for a Navy ferry to take the prisoners to the windward side of the base. A U.S. Navy patrol boat stood off shore of the cactus-studded portion of the island. Black vultures wheeled above the base on rising thermal updrafts in the 88 degree heat. Security was extraordinarily tight for the prisoner transfer given recent history in Afghanistan when al-Qaida and Taliban prisoners have risen up against their captors several times in bloody revolts. In one of them, outside the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif, a CIA agent died, and officials were taking no chances with the move to Guantanamo. As many as 450 al-Qaida and Taliban fighters were estimated to have died in the November uprising that was put down after three days and with the help of U.S. bombing. The prisoners left the Marine base at Kandahar airport in Afghanistan wearing shackles and hoods. At Guantanamo, the detainees were to be photographed and fingerprinted, Navy spokesman Lt. Bill Salvin said. At their detention camp, known as Camp X-ray, the prisoners were to be isolated in temporary, individual cells with walls of chain-link fence and metal roofs, where they were to sleep on mats under halogen floodlights. The camp is surrounded by barbed wire and watchtowers. The arrival at Guantanamo Bay of the 20 leaves 361 prisoners at the base in Kandahar -- 30 more were brought there after Thursday's flight -- and 19 at the air base in Bagram, north of Kabul. One prisoner -- American John Walker Lindh, found fighting alongside the Taliban -- remained on the USS Bataan in the Arabian Sea. The United States is reserving the right to try al-Qaida and Taliban captives on its own terms and is not calling them "prisoners of war," a designation that would invoke the Geneva Convention. Rumsfeld said the prisoners would be considered "unlawful combatants." Some human rights activists are concerned that U.S. officials plan military tribunals and lowered standards of due process. POW status would guarantee any captive facing trial a court-martial, forcing prosecutors to meet tough standards. The camp has room for 100 prisoners now and soon could house 220. A more permanent site under construction is expected to house up to 2,000. The Guantanamo base is one of America's oldest overseas outposts. The U.S. military first seized Guantanamo Bay in 1898 during the Spanish-American War. The name of the detainees' camp, Camp X-ray, dates from the 1990s, when tens of thousands of Haitian and Cuban migrants were held at the base, said spokesman Chief Petty Officer Richard Evans. The name's origin is unclear, though other camps also were given call-sign names such as Alpha, Beta and Charlie, he said. Copyright � 2002, The Associated Press ===================================== THE NEW YORK TIMES January 12, 2002 First 'Unlawful Combatants' Seized in Afghanistan Arrive at U.S. Base in Cuba By KATHARINE Q. SEELYE WASHINGTON, Jan. 11 - Twenty prisoners from the war in Afghanistan arrived in Cuba today, emerging from their Air Force cargo plane in orange prison jumpsuits and face masks, some of them shackled at the legs and all of them manacled. One had been sedated, Pentagon officials said. According to reports from a Pentagon pool of reporters at the United States Naval station at Guant�namo Bay, the prisoners were escorted under heavy military guard and met by a swarm of marines in helmets with masks, some carrying riot shields and all armed with rifles. Some of the prisoners resisted their captors and were pushed to their knees on the tarmac before rising and being taken to individual wire cages. This first batch of prisoners was considered so dangerous and so bent on destruction that Gen. Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said they "would gnaw hydraulic lines in the back of a C-17 to bring it down." They arrived at Guant�namo at 1:50 this afternoon, having left Afghanistan 27 hours earlier. As their plane left the airport at Kandahar, which is occupied by American forces, soldiers on the perimeter of the base came under fire from a small number of unknown assailants. Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld called the prisoners "unlawful combatants," distinguishing them from prisoners of war. "Unlawful combatants do not have any rights under the Geneva Convention," Mr. Rumsfeld said. "We have indicated that we do plan to, for the most part, treat them in a manner that is reasonably consistent with the Geneva Conventions, to the extent they are appropriate." In concrete terms, he and General Myers said they would be receiving "culturally appropriate food," would be allowed to practice their religion and that a news media pool could not take their pictures. Jamie Fellner, of Human Rights Watch, said that unlawful combatants were not entitled to any rights under the Geneva rules but that under international humanitarian laws, every captured fighter was to be treated humanely and that her group did not consider the wire cages humane. Mr. Rumsfeld implied that there was nothing special about these prisoners - "I don't even know their names" - and suggested that they had been sent to Cuba simply to make way for more prisoners being captured in Kandahar. "We just have to keep the flow going, and that's what's taking place," he said. The United States is now holding 445 prisoners in the region, including John Walker Lindh, the 20-year-old Californian, who is on an American ship. American military officials at the Kandahar Airport base said today that 8 to 14 snipers had attacked the outskirts of the airport on Thursday night, engaging in a firefight with marines for up to 40 minutes. Marine officials said the attack did not seem related to the flight, which had been kept secret. The incident began at 8:04 P.M. when flares were fired toward the runway from a grassy area north of the airport, as the loaded C-17 was waiting on the runway, officials said. At 8:22, the airplane took off. At 8:30 the snipers began firing with AK-47's and machine guns, said Capt. Dan Greenwood, the operation officer for Battalion Landing Team 3-6, who led the marines' response. At one point, the snipers and marines were only about 300 yards apart, Captain Greenwood said. One marine involved in the incident, Chad Metzger, 23, of Detroit, said he fired 180 rounds of ammunition in the incident. "I counted them out this morning," he said. Mr. Rumsfeld asserted today that the interrogation of hundreds of Taliban and Al Qaeda prisoners in Afghanistan - as well as documents, videotapes and computer hard drives seized from safe houses and command posts - had provided a bounty of useful information about terrorist activity around the world. He said, for example, that investigators had learned from prisoners that two senior Taliban leaders whom he declined to name were probably killed by American bombs in December or earlier. That would bring the total number of senior Taliban and Al Qaeda leaders captured or killed to about 15, senior Pentagon officials said. Mr. Rumsfeld also said that the Pakistani government had broached the possibility of having the United States remove some of its military equipment at air bases in Pakistan to free up those airfields for Pakistani forces, if they move to a more intensive war footing. Pakistani military officers confirmed that Pakistan had told the United States that in the event of conflict with India, it would need to make use of two of the four air bases it had made available to the United States for the war in Afghanistan. Senior Pentagon officials said that the United States was already planning on moving some of its equipment into Kyrgyzstan as well as Afghanistan, where American forces have improved airfields at Kandahar, Bagram and Mazar-i-Sharif. The Pentagon has been using the bases in Pakistan for cargo planes, search and rescue aircraft and Special Operation forces aircraft moving in and out of Afghanistan. Pakistani officials have told the Americans that they could require use of two of those bases - in Jacobabad, north of Karachi, and in Pasni, on the coast to the west of Karachi. The Americans could continue using the bases but would have to share them with Pakistani aircraft, officials said. Two other bases in the western desert, at Dalbandin and Shamsi, which have been used for refueling and for special operations, are expected to remain solely for the use of the American coalition, the Pakistani officers said. Pakistan has also told the United States that in the event of war with India, most of the 61,600 Pakistani troops now devoted to sealing the border with Afghanistan, searching for Al Qaeda and Taliban leaders and protecting bases would have to be withdrawn. Copyright 2002 The New York Times Company ============================================= Published Saturday, January 12, 2002 in the Miami Herald More Taliban, al Qaeda members coming BY CAROL ROSENBERG [EMAIL PROTECTED] U.S. NAVAL BASE GUANTANAMO BAY, Cuba -- One by one, manacled and masked, the first 20 of up to perhaps 2,000 Taliban and al Qaeda prisoners arrived in this sweltering U.S. military outpost on Friday -- four months to the day after the Sept. 11 attacks. Some apparently struggled, and Marines appeared to push them to their knees. Most, however, seemed to offer little resistance as they hobbled from the huge Air Force cargo plane that ferried them halfway across the world to a jail for terrorism suspects on the edge of the Caribbean. They wore fluorescent orange jumpsuits, and those whose legs were shackled walked with baby steps. Apparently, when a few resisted, one of two Marine MPs at each arm deftly dropped them to their knees, then quickly pulled them up, to show who was in charge. On their heads were matching orange ski caps, guarding against the cargo plane's cold, topped by earmuff-style noise protectors' against the engines' roar. On their mouths were turquoise surgical masks, supposedly to protect troops against tuberculosis. And some had blackout goggles over their eyes. ``These represent the worst elements of al Qaeda and the Taliban. We asked for the bad guys first,'' declared Marine Brig. Gen. Michael Lehnert, commander of the prison project, just hours before their huge C-141 Starlifter set down from a 27-hour journey from Kandahar, Afghanistan. The military left nothing to chance in the first arrival of captives from Operation Enduring Freedom. They ringed the aircraft on the leeward side of this sprawling base with Marines in Humvees, some armed with rocket launchers, others with heavy machine guns. A Navy Huey helicopter hovered overhead, a gunner hanging off the side. And television and newspaper photographers who formed part of a Pentagon news pool were forbidden to document the first-ever arrival and transfer of prisoners at Camp X-Ray, a rugged prison camp with six-by-eight-foot, open-air cells. SECRECY, SECURITY The operation was shrouded in secrecy and high security. Then, suddenly Friday afternoon, reporters were led to a hill and allowed to watch the delicate transfer of the 20 from the aircraft to two white school buses. They were taken on a ferry boat to cells on the base's windward side. Neither Lehnert nor any other military official involved in the camp here would provide the prisoners' names, affiliations, or even their ages. Nor would they say whether the American Taliban, John Walker Lindh, was among the group. About an hour after landing, the first appeared, surrounded by a knot of Marines. In all, the unloading part of the mission lasted 31 minutes, time enough to lead the prisoners off one by one, frisk them and in some instances take off their shoes. ``It looked like a well rehearsed operation, a very thorough operation,'' said Army Lt. Col. Bill Costello, spokesman for the Joint Task Force that in less than a week set up the prison camp. Later, a spokesman for the operation commander, Marine Maj. Steve Cox, disputed that Marine MPs had struggled with some prisoners coming off the plane. ``No, quite to the contrary. They were wobbly and disoriented.'' It all took place on a sultry afternoon in Cuba, along the single working runway at this naval station that until it got its latest detention assignment was in virtual caretaker mode. But Friday it bustled with purpose. A small U.S. Navy boat patrolled offshore, within view of the huge aircraft while the Huey made passes between the airport and the glittering blue waters of the Caribbean. UNFAMILIAR SCENE Cox said the prisoners' goggles were blacked out for security reasons. Had they not been led blind from the airplane, they would have seen a cactus-studded landscape of heavy brush with vultures soaring overhead -- far different from that in Afghanistan. Their face masks, he said, were to protect the U.S. troops escorting them, because some prisoners had previously tested positive for tuberculosis. But the biggest impression was that of force. In addition to an ambulance, three fire trucks and some sort of command post, the military rolled out a heavy presence of Marines in Kevlar vests, helmets and face shields -- plus heavily armed Humvees. Mindful of earlier Taliban rebellions, in Northern Alliance-run prisons, the Army MPs and Marines worked deliberately throughout the evening to process the prisoners into their cells. By 9 p.m., Cox said, only 13 had received physicals, showers, fresh jumpsuits and were already in their cells. The last seven were expected to be incarcerated by 11 p.m. ``It was calm,'' he reported. ``There was no particular resistance put up. There was not struggling. There was not wrestling. There was none of that type of thing taking place.'' Lehnert, who arrived to run the operation that will eventually move the prisoners to permanent cells, said that ``their existence will be humane but not comfortable. They will be practicing the free expression of their religion.'' SPECIAL DIETS To that end, the officer said, they will be provided with ``Halal'' diets, a reference to the Muslim proscription against eating pork. Cox displayed an example: A vacuum-packed vegetable-and-pasta dish, plus an accessory pack that included peanuts, a granola bar and a box of Fruit Loops. To drink, they will be given water, Cox said. It was 88 degrees at noon Friday, and soggy, something likely unfamiliar to fighters from Afghanistan. By night, mosquitoes swarm and bite. Each man is confined to one cell, a mat on a concrete block floor, and gets a bucket in which to relieve himself. The camp warden said MPs would lead them, one by one, to latrines as need be, and conceded that when it rains, some will get wet. Other supplies they will receive, described by Cox as ``comfort items,'' include two bath towels, one to use for bathing, the other to serve as a prayer mat; toothpaste and brush; soap and shampoo, plus flip-flops for footwear. ``They get the two towels but no blanket,'' the major said. The captives' status and their future are unclear. Military spokesmen went out of their way this week to describe them as ``detainees,'' not prisoners of war, although Lehnert described them at a news conference as ``EPWs'' -- enemy prisoners of war. There are no provisions here for lawyers, arraignments or tribunals, although the Defense Department has said the prisoners' detention will be consistent with the Geneva Conventions. Meantime, President Bush is deciding whether the prisoners will be brought before military tribunals, and U.S. government lawyers are writing proposals for how such trials might take place. So the prisoners' fate is uncertain, and so is how long they will stay. Officials repeatedly declined to say whether representatives of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent were on the base. Nor would they say how many interpreters they had managed to fly in. Military spokesman did, however, confirm that military investigators, both of the Navy and a joint command, were on hand eventually to interrogate the prisoners. Lehnert said Friday's was just the first of what was expected to be periodic prisoner shipments. He would not provide a timetable. ======================================================================= To subscribe from this CubaNews group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] ==^================================================================ This email was sent to: [email protected] EASY UNSUBSCRIBE click here: http://TOPICA.COM/u/?a84x2u.a9WB2D Or send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] T O P I C A -- Register now to manage your mail! http://www.topica.com/partner/tag02/register ==^================================================================ |
