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AP. 3 March 2003. U.S. tear gas use in Iraq may violate weapons treaties. SAN FRANCISCO -- Army Maj. Gen. David Grange is proud to have ordered his troops to use tear gas on hostile Serb crowds in Bosnia six years ago. "We didn't kill anyone," said the now-retired Grange. "It saved lives." His only complaint was that red tape prevented him from using tear gas more often. The Pentagon is drafting guidelines under which American solders could use riot control agents such as tear gas and pepper spray in Iraq to control unruly prisoners and separate enemy soldiers from civilians, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld told Congress earlier this month. Problem is, soldiers who use so-called "nonlethal agents" in combat outside their own countries are violating the very chemical weapons treaties the United States accuses Saddam Hussein of flouting. "We are doing our best to live within the straitjacket that has been imposed on us on this subject," Rumsfeld said on Feb. 5. "We are trying to find ways that nonlethal agents could be used within the law." Legal issues notwithstanding, the Pentagon has also explored developing other, far more exotic and powerful chemical agents that could be used in conflicts. While countries may use nonlethal chemicals domestically for law enforcement and crowd control, the Chemical Weapons Convention that took force in 1997 and has been ratified by 149 countries including The United States, specifies: "Each state party undertakes not to use riot control agents as a method of warfare." That provision was hotly contested during the 15 years it took to craft the treaty. It arose as an objection to the United States' reliance on tear gas to flush out Viet Cong fighters and kill them during the Vietnam War. The convention does allow, however, for riot control agents to be used for "law enforcement." Whether "law enforcement" extends beyond a nation's borders is a matter of fierce international debate. The concept will be discussed in April when the treaty comes up for international review in The Hague, Netherlands. Weapons-control activists cite myriad reasons for banning nonlethal chemical weapons in war. The agents can actually kill, they argue, when used in war environments. They could also put militaries on a slippery slope to using nastier, deadlier chemicals. Irritants such as tear gas and pepper spray are tame in comparison to other agents under development. The U.S. military has explored mind-altering drugs such as opiates, along with genetically engineered microorganisms that can destroy objects like runways, vehicles and buildings. The research is spearheaded by the U.S. Marine Corps' Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate, which was created in 1997 to equip soldiers on overseas peacekeeping and other non-combat duties. The directorate's mission is to help troops deal with panic-stricken or hostile crowds, like those faced in a failed peacekeeping mission in Somalia. In one 1993 street battle in Mogadishu, 19 U.S. soldiers and more than 1,000 Somalis were killed. Some military experts say the death toll would have been far lower had soldiers fired nonlethal chemical weapons. A Pennsylvania State University institute prepared a 50-page report with Pentagon funding in October 2000 that explored a range of drugs -- including Prozac, Valium and Zoloft -- for use as "calmatives" for crowds. The researchers found "use of non-lethal calmative techniques is achievable and desirable." But even boosters of nonlethal technology concede that the United States has a perception [!] problem on its hands if it uses chemicals on Iraqis. "The initial emotional and visceral response are that chemical weapons are bad," said retired Col. John Alexander, a member of a National Research Council panel that urged the United States to continue nonlethal weapons research. "And it's so contentious because one of our big points is that Iraq has chemical weapons." Weapons control activists, though, see more at stake. "I wouldn't be surprised if the Bush administration pushes against the treaty as far as it can," said Barbara Rosenberg, chairwoman of the bioweapons group for the Federation of American Scientists. Rosenberg and others fear the U.S. military wants to weaponize more dangerous chemicals -- like the drug used in November to end a hostage crisis at a Moscow theater. Russian special forces pumped knockout gas, thought to be an opiate, into the theater and then stormed in, killing all 41 hostage-takers. But the gas proved to be far from "nonlethal." Some 129 hostages also died, almost all from effects of the gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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