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Ram:
I think evidence are strong for the Aryan Migration Theory.
RB
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Summary A 2001 examination of male Y-DNA by
Indian and American scientists [which also incidentally includes Toomas Kivisild
as one of the authors] indicated that higher castes are genetically
closer to West Eurasians than are individuals from lower castes, whose genetic
profiles are similar to other Asians. These results indicate that at some point
male West Eurasians provided a significant genetic input into the higher castes,
a result which supports the notion that the caste system was an attempt by these
predominantly male arrivals to keep themselves separate from the native
population. (http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah The genetic studies by Michael J
Bamshad and his team (2001) from University of Utah and Dr. Spencer Wells (2003)
give strong backing to the Aryan invasion/migration
theory. In the study by M.J Bamshad and his team [4] they wrote, "Our results demonstrate that for biparentally inherited autosomal markers, genetic distances between upper, middle, and lower castes are significantly correlated with rank; upper castes are more similar to Europeans than to Asians; and upper castes are significantly more similar to Europeans than are lower castes." (http://jorde-lab.genetics.utah The genetic study involves the
analysis of genetic material known as the Mitochondrial DNA which is only passed
maternally and so it is used to study female inheritance. The male-determining Y
chromosome, is passed along paternally and is therefore used to study male
inheritance. The evidence implies that few millennia ago group of males with
(Eastern) European affinities invaded the Indian subcontinent from the Northwest
of the sub-continent. The researchers went on to state
that genetic variations between upper castes and lower castes is the evidence to
the origin of the caste system. The people who were either migrating or invading
the sub-continent had descendants in the male population largely in the higher
castes than in the lower castes. The researchers state that these invading or
migrating people might have instituted the caste
system. In the abstract to their paper the
researchers stated, "In the most recent of these waves, Indo-European -speaking
people from West Eurasia entered India from the Northwest and diffused
throughout the subcontinent. They purportedly admixed with or displaced
indigenous Dravidic-speaking populations. Subsequently they may have established
the Hindu caste system and placed themselves primarily in castes of higher
rank." The study also revealed another
classic anthropological observation, that of women being significantly more
mobile in terms of caste and hierarchical class than men, who are almost not
socially mobile at all in terms of caste and hierarchical class. Genetic
evidence reveals that over millennia men have married women from lower castes
but women have rarely married men from lower castes. Thus the researchers imply
that caste and class to a large extent is perpetuated by women and has also
thereby contributed to the minimal mixing of Aryan blood with the
natives. A study conducted by Quintana-Murci
[2000] present genetic evidence for the occurrence of two
major population movements, supporting a model of demic
diffusion of early farmers from southwestern Iranand of
pastoral nomads from western and central Asiainto India,
associated with Dravidian and Indo-Europeanlanguage dispersals,
respectively. A study conducted by R Spencer
Wells et al focuses on the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome and
provide an insight into the earliest patterns of settlement of
anatomically modern humans on the Eurasian continent. Central Asia is
revealed to be an important reservoir of genetic diversity, and the
source of at least three major waves of migration leading into
Europe, the Americas, and India. The genetic results are interpreted
in the context of Eurasian linguistic
patterns. In the 2003 study, Basu et al
provide genomic evidence that (1) there is an underlying unity of
female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of
female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste
populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austro-Asiatic tribals
are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one
anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major
wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the
Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with
the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may
have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of
tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal
haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread
throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking
nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance; (7)
formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and
drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures
of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer
genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those
of southern India are more distant than those of northern India;
(9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable
obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations
so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and
geographical or sociocultural affinities. In a recent research paper in
Current Biology, Cordaux et. al. confirms the Bamshad (2001) results and
concludes that the paternal lineages of Indian caste groups are primarily
descendants of Indo-European speakers who migrated from central Asia about 3,500
years ago. [cordaux:2004 (http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics Conclusion The above summary and attached documents are provided to demonstrate the selective promotion of research material by the supporters of Vedic Foundation and the Hindu Education Foundation and the suppression of other, more recently available research that undermines their thesis is reflective of their priorities in promoting their ideological agendas over a factual, methodical and unbiased study of history. Further, this desire by VF/HEF supporters to “prove” by any means that Aryans are “indigenous” people directly relate to their contemporary political agenda back in India of distinguishing the “indigenous Aryan Hindus” from “foreign Muslim and Christian invaders” and thereby characterizing India’s Muslim and Christian minorities as “traitors” that need to be marginalized and persecuted. It is disturbing to witness how dangerously close these Hindu nationalist groups have come to whitewashing California’s school textbooks with their unsavory political agendas.
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