*** they want to be even lower.
I like the comment. Shows that Indian govt's policies for Dalits seem to be
bearing fruit.
Long live memories of Dr Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi!!
Umesh
Ram Sarangapani <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>It is about time India did away with the reservation system
I was just thinking about the very same thing the other day. One solution may
be is to make 97% of the population as deserving "quota". The only exceptions
being the crorepatis and near corepaties (they won't complain if they are not
included in any quota).
In the US, we have had Hispanics wanting to be recognized as a separate
"race" from White/Cauasian. The reason - again economics and political clout.
Indians, were/are, I understand are still classified as "White/Cauasian".
And of course it is all about money. This Houston Chronicle/AP Article says
it all. Highlights mine.
--Ram
_________ June 4, 2007, 11:42AM
Group eyes lower India caste system spot
By MATTHEW ROSENBERG Associated Press Writer
© 2007 The Associated Press
GURGAON, India For a week, angry throngs from one of India's lower castes
blocked roads with burning barricades, stoned police and clashed with rival
castes to make a single, simple point: They want to be even lower.
With 25 people dead, the unrest spread to the fringes of New Delhi on Monday
as thousands of Gujjars, a class of farmers and shepherds, pressed their demand
to be officially shunted to the lowest rung of India's hereditary caste system
so they can get government jobs and university spots reserved for such groups.
"I am farmer and I am poor," Rajesh Gurjjar, 26, said after police chased him
off a main street in this New Delhi suburb, his thin T-shirt shirt soaked with
sweat. "I want a government job. It pays more. The office is cool in summer.
The fields are too hot."
To put it another way, the fastest way up India's economic ladder now is a
quick step down its age-old social ladder.
While caste violence is not new, many see a paradox in the Gujjars' struggle.
The political importance of the caste system is growing even as the rise of an
urbanized and educated middle class has weakened its grip socially, making it
more acceptable for a group to try to fight its way down instead of pushing its
way up.
"This isn't a case of a group agitating for the primacy or superiority of
their caste. It has nothing to do with a claim of caste loyalty according to
the Hindu world view or religious scriptures," said Parvan K. Varma, author of
"Being Indian," a book about Indian society.
"This is the use of caste as political negotiating currency. It's about a
finite cake and a caste community attempting to get a piece," he said.
The politics were clear late Monday when Gujjar leaders called off their
protests after officials agreed to look into their demands.
The move immediately drew threats from leaders of a rival caste, the Meena,
who are classified among the lowest castes and don't want more competitors for
reserved jobs and school spots. During the unrest, clashes between Meenas and
Gujjars killed at least four people.
The origins and inner workings of the caste system are the subject of much
debate. The system divides people into four broad groups, with the priestly
caste at the top. There are hundreds of sub-castes within each group, most of
them drawn along occupational lines.
While the caste system is part of Hinduism, there are also caste-like
divisions among Muslims, who account for 13 percent of India's 1.1 billion
people, and Christians, who make up 2.4 percent.
Although the system was outlawed after independence from Britain in 1947, its
influence remains powerful and the government has sought to redress
discrimination against those on the lower rungs by setting quotas for
government jobs and university spots.
Rather than weaken caste affiliations, the result has been a fracturing of
politics along caste lines as lower groups vie for a share of the quotas.
Further complicating matters is that caste has never been as rigid a system
as imagined in the West there is, over generations, movement within
subgroups, sociologists say and determining who gets access to the quotas has
long been an issue of red-hot contention.
There have been repeated protests the past year over a government plan to
reserve more than a quarter of the spots at India's top professional schools
for the 3,743 castes and sub-castes, Gujjars among them, classified in the
second-to-lowest category, the "Other Backward Classes."
That plan was suspended in March by a Supreme Court ruling that presaged the
Gujjar protests.
"No where in the world do castes queue up to be branded as backward. No where
in the world is there a competition to become backward," the court said.
Less controversial have been the decades-old quotas for those on the lowest
rung of the caste system the "Scheduled Castes and Tribes," a group that
include the "dalits," once known as "untouchables."
India's 160 million dalits have no caste, and for centuries have been viewed
as "pollutants." Many are forced to live in separate villages, forbidden from
drawing water at wells used by other Hindus and often subjected to violent
abuse.
It is this group the Gujjars want to join.
"Our people have not benefited from India's economic growth. Most Gujjars are
herders. They live in huts on the hills. This is a matter of survival," said
Bharat Tanwar, 30, who took part in a peaceful protest in New Delhi on Friday.
That may be true for most Gujjars, although not for Tanwar he's a textile
engineer.
"But I did not go to a top university, I cannot make so much money," he said.
"I want my son to go to a top engineering school, to work with computers."
On 6/4/07, Dilip/Dil Deka <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: All this is only for
money. Isn't it? The article describes why the demand rises for quota in public
sector jobs.
If the Meenas get it, why shouldn't the Gujjars? Right? If the Bodos can get
it, why not the Koch-Rajbangshis?
It is about time India did away with the reservation system based on caste,
tribe and backwardness (it is well beyond the original 10 years) and started
something new like government doe-out based on economic status of the citizens.
The system would be more equitable that way. The voting practices in India also
will change drastically for the better.
Dilip Deka
==============================================================================
What's government for Gurjjars?
Laveesh Bhandari Posted online: Tuesday, June 05, 2007 at 0000 hrs At
market's lower end, public sector jobs are prized. To stop caste fights
redefine eligibility
Related Stories Trends & trivia in India story It's not
hammer vs sickleThe devil is in the leakage Wages of the youngNo homes away
from home
Gurjjars are now demanding a greater share of the public sector
employment pie. This community is not the first in asking for either a greater
share or a 'better' categorisation. And with the Rajasthan chief minister
convincing them to call off the stir, one can be certain that the Gurjjars will
not be the last in making these demands. Some communities such as the Meenas
may have made good use of the opportunities that came their way via
reservation, but many others are yet to do so. Either way, this is the start
of an interesting socio-political churn. The beneficiaries will attempt at
ensuring that such benefits continue and the non-beneficiaries will try to
ensure that they also hop onto the bandwagon. If the two groups are
competitors, then each may also try to prevent the other from benefiting. But
why does this happen? In this era of rapid growth and ever-increasing
employment opportunities, why should anyone want to battle it out to get a
government job?
The answer is surprisingly quite unambiguous. Monetary and non-monetary
benefits received from government jobs are far higher than those received by
private sector employees in a range of occupations. And this difference is so
large that it is well worth the effort of fighting street battles for
preferential treatment. Of course, not all government or public sector jobs
pay more than similar private sector jobs. Take, for instance, the CEOs of SBI
and Citibank. The former earns much less. And therefore rarely will you see
senior managers or bureaucrats fighting for reservations. But the lifetime
benefits earned at the middle and lower levels in the hierarchy are far higher
in the government than those earned in the private sector. This writer was
part of a team that recently conducted a survey of 7500 respondents on a range
of issues related to their expectation from the Indian state for a study by the
National Foundation of India. The respondents were located in rural
and urban areas, belonged to all economic and social groups, from states
spread over northern, southern, eastern and western parts of the country. In
short, a highly representative coverage of Indians was included. I take the
liberty of using some of that primary data. The first and most unsurprising
response was related to overall preference for a government job. Eighty-eight
per cent of the respondents stated that they would prefer a lower paying job
with certainty of tenure rather than a higher paying job with uncertainties.
But it is not that government jobs are preferred only on that count.
Government jobs are preferred on a range of criteria: post-retirement benefits
(97 per cent), job security (97 per cent), health care benefits (81 per cent),
conducive working hours (83 per cent), and higher incomes (58 per cent).
Moreover, even in the non-tangibles many consider government jobs to be better:
greater job satisfaction (89 per cent), and more respectable (92 per
cent). Almost 97 per cent of the respondents preferred a government job to a
private one. The survey had many other queries on health care, education,
housing, nutrition, etc, and the role of the state. On no other issue did we
see such strong agreement among the respondents. Needless to say, government
jobs have many benefits. The first set consists of those that are quite
explicit and include the kind of issues that respondents were queried about
health care, pensions, incomes, uncertainties. The second set of benefits is
more in the tacit nature the chaiwala who will not charge the policeman, the
side payment for the permission granted, the diwali gift, etc. And the third
group is of a more derivative nature the 'respect' and 'power' derived from
being the representative of the state. The long-term solution therefore is
also quite simple. Ensure that either the difference between public and private
sector jobs' emoluments reduces, or ensure that beneficiary
criteria are different. There are some ways of doing this. The first is to
not increase public sector salaries until private sector pay catches up.
However, this model will not work, because it may lead to a high divergence
between the private and public sectors at the higher hierarchical levels. The
second is to create conditions whereby the private sector salary structure
rises up to that in the government. However, the large numbers entering the
workforce create a natural barrier for rapid wage increases at the lower
hierarchical levels. Perhaps that is why average wages of production workers
have not increased in recent years. In other words, both these options are
politically unsustainable. Imaginative governments have found a third way. They
have merely re-categorised some public sector jobs. Temporary teachers, for
instance, are today being hired by the public sector school system, whose
salary levels are at par with, if not lower than, private school teachers.
There is also a fourth way. Rather than play around with relative salary
structure of government jobs, or re-categorise the position as temporary, we
could merely re-categorise eligibility. That is, let the jobs be reserved for
those who are economically underprivileged. There can then be no caste-based
disagreements on the reservation front. The same survey also queried
respondents on what they perceived to be the best criteria for reservation.
About 31 per cent stated a preference for reservations to be on the basis of
economic status only; an even lower proportion of 8 per cent had a preference
for it being on the basis of social status only; and almost 61 per cent
preferred reservation to be on the basis of some combination of caste and
economic criteria. Moreover, this response pattern is the same across various
groupings such as ST, SC, OBCs and forward castes. The bulk of Indians (about
91 per cent) would like economic criteria to be used as a basis for
reservations, either individually or in combination with some social status
criteria. Whichever way we see it, we will eventually have to shift away from
the purely caste based reservation criteria. They promote the wrong sort of
competition, rewards the wrong set of individuals, punishes those who deserve
better, and overall sets up an incentive mechanism where youth will deem fit to
fight it out for achieving the underprivileged caste status. Either that, or
reduce the benefits of government jobs.
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Umesh Sharma
Washington D.C.
1-202-215-4328 [Cell]
Ed.M. - International Education Policy
Harvard Graduate School of Education,
Harvard University,
Class of 2005
http://www.uknow.gse.harvard.edu/index.html (Edu info)
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/ (Management Info)
www.gse.harvard.edu/iep (where the above 2 are used )
http://jaipurschool.bihu.in/
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