Thank you to the RFC editorial team for the careful reading and thank you Chris for going over all the questions!
I have only one (non-critical) comment, on the question of the appropriateness of the use of the word "traditional" in the sentence Note that in OPAQUE, the key stretching function is executed by the client, as opposed to the server in traditional password hashing scenarios. "Traditional" here is correct. It has nothing to do with cultural tradition but rather points to a common practice in past and current technology. If replacement is still judged as necessary, I would change it to "common" rather than "typical". Feel free to ignore if this causes any delay. Hugo On Fri, Jun 27, 2025 at 11:33 AM Christopher Wood <c...@heapingbits.net> wrote: > > On Jun 26, 2025, at 4:54 PM, rfc-edi...@rfc-editor.org wrote: > > Authors, > > While reviewing this document during AUTH48, please resolve (as necessary) > the following questions, which are also in the XML file. > > 1) <!-- [rfced] We have expanded (and updated) the abbreviation "PAKE" in > document title as follows for consistency regarding the use of "aPAKE" > throughout the document. Please let us know if you prefer > otherwise. Also, please let us know if you prefer the "Perhaps" option or > otherwise. > > Original: > The OPAQUE Augmented PAKE Protocol > > Current: > The OPAQUE Augmented Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (aPAKE) Protocol > > Perhaps: > OPAQUE: An Augmented Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (aPAKE) Protocol > --> > > > Let’s go with "The OPAQUE Augmented Password-Authenticated Key Exchange > (aPAKE) Protocol”. > > > 2) <!-- [rfced] Please insert any keywords (beyond those that appear in > the title) for use on https://www.rfc-editor.org/search. --> > > > The existing keywords are fine. > > > 3) <!--[rfced] Please ensure that the guidelines listed in Section 2.1 of > RFC 5743 have been adhered to in this document. --> > > > Confirming they have been adhered to. > > > 4) <!-- [rfced] Is "ones" referring to "future AKE protocols" in this > sentence? > Additionally, should "HMQV" be expanded as "Hashed Menezes-Qu-Vanston" or > otherwise? > > > Original: > In general, the modularity of OPAQUE's design makes it easy to > integrate with additional AKE protocols, e.g., TLS or HMQV, and with > future > ones such as those based on post- quantum techniques. > > Perhaps: > In general, the modularity of OPAQUE's > design makes it easy to integrate with additional AKE protocols, > e.g., TLS or HMQV (Hashed Menezes-Qu-Vanstone), and with future AKE > protocols such as those based on post-quantum techniques. > --> > > > The suggested text is fine — let’s go with that. > > > 5) <!-- [rfced] The sentence below seems out of place at the end of the > Introduction. May we place this sentence in the abstract where "OPAQUE" > is first introduced? > > Original: > The name OPAQUE is a homonym of O-PAKE where O is for Oblivious. The > name OPAKE was taken. > > Current: > The name "OPAQUE" is a homonym of O-PAKE, where O is for Oblivious. > The name "OPAKE" was taken. > > > It’s not relevant for the abstract, so please leave it where it is in the > introduction. > > > Perhaps (if moved to the abstract, perhaps make two paragraphs): > This document describes the OPAQUE protocol, an Augmented (or Asymmetric) > Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (aPAKE) that supports mutual > authentication in a client-server setting without reliance on PKI and > with > security against pre-computation attacks upon server compromise. The name > "OPAQUE" is a homonym of O-PAKE, where O is for Oblivious. > > In addition, the protocol provides forward secrecy and > the ability to hide the password from the server, even during > password registration. This document specifies the core OPAQUE > protocol and one instantiation based on 3DH. This document is a > product of the Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG) in the IRTF. > --> > > > 6) <!-- [rfced] In the following text, is the procedure of sampling a new > "envelope_nonce" separate from rerunning the function? Or are they the > same thing? We ask because the interrupting phrase ("sampling...") may > impede readability. May we update to one of the following options? > > Current: > If this occurs, servers should re-run the function, sampling a new > envelope_nonce, to completion. > > Perhaps: > If this occurs, servers should re-run the function (i.e., sample a > new envelope_nonce) to completion. > > Or: > If this occurs, servers should re-run the function and sample a new > envelope_nonce to completion. > --> > > > Sampling a new envelope_nonce happens within the function, so the current > text is correct. If still unclear, I suggest: > > “If this occurs, servers should re-run the function, which will include > sampling a new envelope_nonce, to completion." > > > 7) <!-- [rfced] We have split the following text into multiple sentences to > prevent a run-on sentence. Please let us know any objections. > > Original: > The generic outline of OPAQUE with a 3-message AKE protocol includes > three messages: KE1, KE2, and KE3, where KE1 and KE2 include key > exchange shares, e.g., DH values, sent by the client and server, > respectively, and KE3 provides explicit client authentication and > full forward security (without it, forward secrecy is only achieved > against eavesdroppers, which is insufficient for OPAQUE security). > > Current: > The generic outline of OPAQUE with a 3-message AKE protocol includes > three messages: KE1, KE2, and KE3. KE1 and KE2 include key > exchange shares (e.g., DH values) sent by the client and server, > respectively. KE3 provides explicit client authentication and > full forward security (without it, forward secrecy is only achieved > against eavesdroppers, which is insufficient for OPAQUE security). > --> > > > The new text seems fine. > > > > 8) <!-- [rfced] For clarity, may we update the definition of "client_mac"? > > Original: > client_mac: An authentication tag computed over the handshake > transcript of fixed size Nm, computed using Km2, defined below. > > Perhaps: > client_mac: An authentication tag computed over the handshake > transcript of fixed size Nm, which is then computed using Km2 > defined below. > --> > > > No, please keep the original text. The point here is that the tag is > computed using Km2. > > > 9) <!-- [rfced] May we rephrase the following text to avoid interrupting > the > flow of the sentence? > > Current: > Since the OPRF is a two-message protocol, > KE3 has no element of the OPRF, and it, therefore, invokes the AKE's > AuthServerFinalize directly. > > Perhaps: > Since the OPRF is a two-message protocol, > KE3 has no element of the OPRF. Therefore, KE3 invokes the AKE's > AuthServerFinalize directly. > --> > > > The new text is fine. > > > 10) <!--[rfced] We note that the following definition appears in both > Sections 6.4.1.1 and 6.4.1.2. Would you like to condense the second > instance as follows to avoid repetition/redundancy? > > Original (Section 6.4.1.2): > DeriveDiffieHellmanKeyPair(seed): This function is implemented as > DeriveKeyPair(seed, "OPAQUE-DeriveDiffieHellmanKeyPair"), where > DeriveKeyPair is as specified in Section 3.2 of [RFC9497]. The > public value from DeriveKeyPair is encoded using SerializeElement > from Section 2.1 of [RFC9497]. > > Perhaps: > DeriveDiffieHellmanKeyPair(seed): See Section 6.4.1.1. > --> > > > Instead of “See Section 6.4.1.1,” I would say: > > “As defined in Section 6.4.1.1." > > > 11) <!-- [rfced] May we rephrase this sentence for clarity? > > Original: > While this constitutes an exhaustive online attack, hence > as expensive as an online guessing attack from the client side, it > can be mitigated when the channel between client and server is > authenticated, e.g., using server-authenticated TLS. > > Perhaps: > While this constitutes an exhaustive online attack (as expensive > as a guessing attack from the client side), it can be mitigated when > the channel between client and server is authenticated, e.g., using > server-authenticated TLS. > --> > > > The new text is fine. > > > 12) <!-- [rfced] May we specify which entity is running an offline > dictionary > attack and rephrase the text for clarity? > > Original: > The authors > suggest implementing the OPRF phase as a threshold OPRF [TOPPSS], > effectively forcing an attacker to act online or to control at > least t key shares (among the total n), where t is the threshold > number of shares necessary to recombine the secret OPRF key, and > only then be able to run an offline dictionary attack. > > Perhaps: > The authors suggest implementing the OPRF phase as a threshold OPRF > [TOPPSS], effectively forcing an attacker to act online or control at > least t key shares (of the total n), where t is the threshold number > of shares necessary to recombine the secret OPRF key. Only then would > an attacker be able to run an offline dictionary attack. > --> > > > The new text is fine. > > > > 13) <!-- [rfced] Does the following text refer to Appendix B of this > document or > to an appendix in [JKX18]? Please review. > > Original: > * [JKX18] specified DH-OPRF (see Appendix B) to instantiate the OPRF > functionality in the protocol. > --> > > > It refers to appendix B of [JKX18]. > > > 14) <!-- [rfced] It does not appear that [JKX18] has a Figure 12; it > appears to go up to Figure 10. However, [JKX18Full] has a Figure 12. > Please review and let us know how this text should be updated. > > Original: > * The DH-OPRF and HMQV instantiation of OPAQUE in [JKX18], Figure 12 > uses a different transcript than that which is described in this > specification. > > Perhaps (if you intended Figure 12 in [JKX18Full]): > * The DH-OPRF and HMQV instantiation of OPAQUE as shown in Figure 12 > of [JKX18Full] uses a different transcript than that which is > described in this specification. > --> > > > The new text is correct — good find! > > > > 15) <!-- [rfced] References > > a) We note that the following reference is a version of the I-D > that was replaced by draft-irtf-cfrg-opaque, which became the > current document. Would it be helpful to the reader to make this > more clear in the text of the document? > > Current (Section 10.1): > The specification as written here differs from the original > cryptographic design in [JKX18] and the corresponding CFRG document > [Krawczyk20], both of which were used as input to the CFRG PAKE > competition. > > where in Section 12.2: > > [Krawczyk20] > Krawczyk, H., "The OPAQUE Asymmetric PAKE Protocol", Work > in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-krawczyk-cfrg-opaque- > 06, 19 June 2020, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/ > draft-krawczyk-cfrg-opaque-06>. > > > Yes, this is a good improvement. > > > b) It appears that [JKX18Full] and [JKX16] are different versions of the > same > paper. There are instances in the text where it seems like the text is > referring to info from [JKX18Full] but cited [JKX16]. Would it be simpler > if > only the full version of the paper [JKX18Full] is referenced? > > > Yes, let’s replace JKX18 with JKX18Full throughout the specification. > > > c) The original date for this reference was 2016. However, the date > provided > for the blog post is 27 July 2013. We have updated the reference to match > this > date. Please let us know if you prefer otherwise. > > Original: > [TripleDH] "Simplifying OTR deniability", > https://signal.org/blog/simplifying-otr-deniability , > 2016. > > Current: > [TripleDH] Marlinspike, M., "Simplifying OTR deniability", Signal > Blog, 27 July 2013, > <https://signal.org/blog/simplifying-otr-deniability>. > > > This is fine. > > > d) Please review the following reference. NIST FIPS 186-4 has been > withdrawn > and replaced by NIST FIPS 186-5. Would you like to update this reference to > use the most current version? > > Current: > [NISTCurves] > NIST, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", NIST FIPS 186-4, > DOI 10.6028/nist.fips.186-4, 2013, > <https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.186-4>. > > Perhaps: > [NISTCurves] > NIST, "Digital Signature Standard (DSS)", NIST FIPS 186-5, > DOI 10.6028/nist.fips.186-5, 2013, > <https://doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.186-5>. > > > Yes, please use the most current version. > > --> > > > 16) <!-- [rfced] FYI, we updated artwork to sourcecode throughout the > document, > excluding the artwork in Sections 3.2, 3.3, 5, and 6. Please confirm that > this is correct. > > > In addition, please consider whether the "type" attribute of any sourcecode > element should be set and/or has been set correctly. Currently, the type > value > is not set except for the sourcecode element in final appendix, where we > set > type="test-vector". > > > These all seem to render fine to me. > > > The current list of preferred values for "type" is available at > <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rpc/wiki/doku.php?id=sourcecode-types>. > If the current list does not contain an applicable type, feel free to > suggest additions for consideration. Note that it is also acceptable > to leave the "type" attribute not set. > --> > > > 17) <!-- [rfced] In the HTML and PDF outputs, the text enclosed in <tt> is > output in > fixed-width font. In the TXT output, there are no changes. > > We've included a list of terms enclosed in <tt> in this document. Some of > these terms appear both with and without <tt> tags. Please review to ensure > the usage of <tt> is correct and consistent and let us know if the output > is > acceptable or if any updates are needed. > > <tt>0x00</tt> > <tt>a</tt> > <tt>AuthClientFinalize</tt> > <tt>AuthClientStart</tt> > <tt>AuthRequest</tt> > <tt>AuthResponse</tt> > <tt>AuthServerFinalize</tt> > <tt>AuthServerRespond</tt> > <tt>auth_tag</tt> > <tt>blinded_element</tt> > <tt>blind</tt> > <tt>Blind()</tt> > <tt>b</tt> > <tt>buf</tt> > <tt>CleartextCredentials</tt> > <tt>ClientAkeState</tt> > <tt>ClientAuthenticationError</tt> > <tt>client_identity</tt> > <tt>client_private_key</tt> > <tt>client_public_key</tt> > <tt>client_state</tt> > <tt>ClientState</tt> > <tt>concat(0x01, 0x0203, 0x040506) = 0x010203040506</tt> > <tt>context</tt> > <tt>CreateCredentialRequest</tt> > <tt>CreateCredentialResponse</tt> > <tt>CreateRegistrationRequest</tt> > <tt>CreateRegistrationResponse</tt> > <tt>credential_identifier</tt> > <tt>CredentialRequest</tt> > <tt>CredentialResponse</tt> > <tt>DeriveDiffieHellmanKeyPair()</tt> > <tt>DeriveDiffieHellmanKeyPair</tt> > <tt>DeriveKeyPairError</tt> > <tt>element</tt> > <tt>envelope_nonce</tt> > <tt>EnvelopeRecoveryError</tt> > <tt>Envelope</tt> > <tt>evaluated_element</tt> > <tt>export_key</tt> > <tt>Extract()</tt> > <tt>FinalizeRegistrationRequest</tt> > <tt>GenerateKE1</tt> > <tt>GenerateKE2</tt> > <tt>GenerateKE3</tt> > <tt>Hash()</tt> > <tt>ikm</tt> > <tt>info</tt> > <tt>InvalidInputError</tt> > <tt>KE1</tt> > <tt>KE2</tt> > <tt>KE3</tt> > <tt>key</tt> > <tt>Km2</tt> > <tt>k</tt> > <tt>Label</tt> > <tt>L</tt> > <tt>MAC()</tt> > <tt>masked_response</tt> > <tt>masking_key</tt> > <tt>modeOPRF</tt> > <tt>msg</tt> > <tt>Nh</tt> > <tt>nil</tt> > <tt>Nm</tt> > <tt>Nn + Nm</tt> > <tt>Nn</tt> > <tt>Npk</tt> > <tt>Nseed = 32</tt> > <tt>Nseed</tt> > <tt>Nsk</tt> > <tt>n</tt> > <tt>Nx</tt> > <tt>oprf_output</tt> > <tt>oprf_seed</tt> > <tt>pk</tt> > <tt>preamble</tt> > <tt>prk</tt> > <tt>randomized_password</tt> > <tt>record.client_public_key</tt> > <tt>record.envelope</tt> > <tt>record.masking_key</tt> > <tt>record</tt> > <tt>RecoverCredentials</tt> > <tt>Recover</tt> > <tt>RegistrationRecord</tt> > <tt>RegistrationRequest</tt> > <tt>RegistrationResponse</tt> > <tt>salt</tt> > <tt>seed</tt> > <tt>ServerAkeState</tt> > <tt>ServerFinish</tt> > <tt>server_identity</tt> > <tt>server_private_key</tt> > <tt>server_public_key</tt> > <tt>server_state</tt> > <tt>ServerState</tt> > <tt>session_key</tt> > <tt>sk</tt> > <tt>Store</tt> > <tt>s</tt> > <tt>true</tt> > <tt>u</tt> > --> > > > For any term that uses fixed-width inconsistently, please make it use > fixed-width consistently (by always making it fixed-width). That is, if a > term x appears both with and without fixed-width font, please make it > always appear with fixed-width font. > > > > 18) <!-- [rfced] Terminology > > a) We note that the following terms are used as protocol names as well as > standalone terms. Is the differentiation intentional (such as the > difference > between an exchange and a protocol)? For example, we see that both AKE and > AKE protocol are used throughout the document. Please review the following > terms and let us know if any updates are needed for consistency. > > AKE vs. AKE protocol > > > Let’s use "AKE protocol” consistently throughout. > > aPAKE vs. aPAKE protocol > > > Let’s use “aPAKE protocol” consistently throughout. > > > b) We note that the following terms appear inconsistently throughout the > document. Please review each term carefully and let us know how we may > update > for consistency. Or, let us know if there are any particular patterns that > should be followed (e.g., capitalized element names) and provide us with a > list of terms that should adhere to that pattern. > > Envelope (capital E) vs. envelope (lowercase e) > Group (capital G) vs. group (lowercase g) > > > Please keep the capitalization of group as is. The difference is > intentional. > > For envelope, please change the following references (bolded below) to > capitalized “Envelope”: > > 4.1.1: An authentication tag protecting the contents of the *envelope*, > covering envelope_nonce andCleartextCredentials. > 4.1.3: Exceptions: - EnvelopeRecoveryError, the *envelope* fails to be > recovered. > > I think the remaining ones are fine, but if someone else (Kevin, Hugo, > Daniel) wants to check and provide further corrections, that’s fine with me. > > > --> > > > 19) <!-- [rfced] We note that there is inconsistent use of symbolic vs. > numeric > citation tags for RFCs (e.g., [PBKDF2] for RFC 8018 vs. [RFC5869] for RFC > 5869). Should this remain as is or be made consistent throughout the > document? > --> > > > Please make things consistent. > > > > 20) <!-- [rfced] The following lines extend beyond the margin. How may we > break > these lines so they fit within the 69-character limit? > > Section 4 (3 characters beyond the margin): > - server_public_key, the encoded server public key for the AKE protocol. > - server_public_key, the encoded server public key for the AKE protocol. > > > “for the AKE protocol” can be spilled over onto the following line. > > > Section 6.2.2 (2 characters beyond the margin): > def GenerateKE2(server_identity, server_private_key, server_public_key, > > > Please move parameters to the following line such that they are within the > character limit. For example, for this one, it should be: > > def GenerateKE2(server_identity, server_private_key, > server_public_key, record, credential_identifier, > oprf_seed, ke1, client_identity): > > > Section 6.2.3 (1 character beyond the margin): > AuthClientFinalize(cleartext_credentials, client_private_key, ke2) > > > This can be: > > (ke3, session_key) = > AuthClientFinalize(cleartext_credentials, > client_private_key, ke2) > > > Section 6.4.2.1 (3 characters beyond the margin): > def Preamble(client_identity, ke1, server_identity, credential_response, > > > Please move parameters as done above for GenerateKE2. > > > Section 6.4.3 (2 characters beyond the margin): > def AuthClientFinalize(cleartext_credentials, client_private_key, ke2): > > > Please move parameters as done above for GenerateKE2. > > --> > > > 21) <!-- [rfced] FYI - We have added expansions for abbreviations upon > first > use per Section 3.6 of RFC 7322 ("RFC Style Guide"). Please review each > expansion in the document carefully to ensure correctness. If there are > no objections, we will also eliminate instances where abbreviations are > expanded multiple times to limit repetition, e.g., authenticated key > exchange (AKE). > --> > > > This is fine. > > > > 22) <!-- [rfced] Please review the "Inclusive Language" portion of the > online > Style Guide < > https://www.rfc-editor.org/styleguide/part2/#inclusive_language> > and let us know if any changes are needed. Updates of this nature > typically > result in more precise language, which is helpful for readers. > > > In particular, please consider whether "tradition" should be updated for > clarity. While the NIST website > < > https://web.archive.org/web/20250214092458/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/nist-technical-series-publications-author-instructions#table1 > > > indicates that this term is potentially biased, it is also ambiguous. > "Tradition" is a subjective term, as it is not the same for everyone. > --> > > > Use of “traditional” is correct, but could be replaced with “typical.” > > Best, > Chris > > > > Thank you. > > RFC Editor/mc/ar > > > On Jun 26, 2025, rfc-edi...@rfc-editor.org wrote: > > *****IMPORTANT***** > > Updated 2025/06/26 > > RFC Author(s): > -------------- > > Instructions for Completing AUTH48 > > Your document has now entered AUTH48. Once it has been reviewed and > approved by you and all coauthors, it will be published as an RFC. > If an author is no longer available, there are several remedies > available as listed in the FAQ (https://www.rfc-editor.org/faq/). > > You and you coauthors are responsible for engaging other parties > (e.g., Contributors or Working Group) as necessary before providing > your approval. > > Planning your review > --------------------- > > Please review the following aspects of your document: > > * RFC Editor questions > > Please review and resolve any questions raised by the RFC Editor > that have been included in the XML file as comments marked as > follows: > > <!-- [rfced] ... --> > > These questions will also be sent in a subsequent email. > > * Changes submitted by coauthors > > Please ensure that you review any changes submitted by your > coauthors. 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Please use ‘REPLY ALL’, > as all the parties CCed on this message need to see your approval. > > > Files > ----- > > The files are available here: > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807.xml > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807.html > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807.pdf > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807.txt > > Diff file of the text: > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807-diff.html > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807-rfcdiff.html (side by side) > > Diff of the XML: > https://www.rfc-editor.org/authors/rfc9807-xmldiff1.html > > > Tracking progress > ----------------- > > The details of the AUTH48 status of your document are here: > https://www.rfc-editor.org/auth48/rfc9807 > > Please let us know if you have any questions. > > Thank you for your cooperation, > > RFC Editor > > -------------------------------------- > RFC9807 (draft-irtf-cfrg-opaque-18) > > Title : The OPAQUE Augmented Password-Authenticated Key > Exchange (aPAKE) Protocol > Author(s) : D. Bourdrez, H. Krawczyk, K. Lewi, C. A. Wood > > >
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