Graham Davies wrote:
David Brown wrote:
In fact, the compiler will *always* do *exactly*
what your program code asks ...
Although the general thrust of your argument is correct, this statement
may not be true, depending on how the reader interprets "what your
program code asks". The language definition requires the compiler to
produce code which *has the same final effect* as what you have written,
but in the interests of optimization, it is permitted to deviate from
doing each and every thing you have asked it to do. It is thinking that
the compiler must do exactly what you have asked that leads people to
omit the volatile keyword in the first place.
That's really what I meant - as far as it is possible to observe your
system, the code generated by the compiler does exactly what your
program asks. But I think you've explained it better than I did - my
wording was open to misinterpretation.
The volatile keyword tells the compiler that things happen to or are
caused by a variable that would otherwise be unknown to the compiler
when it translates a unit of code. This is an indication that the
compiler cannot evaluate the final effect of access to that variable
during the translation. Therefore, it translates each access exactly as
it is written. In fact, then, you can only be sure that "the compiler
will *always* do *exactly* what your program code asks" if your
variables are volatile.
My point was that the compiler is actually doing exactly what you ask it
even if it "optimises out" code or data. Using "volatile" does not
change whether the compiler generates code that "does exactly what your
program asks for" (since the compiler will always generate such code) -
rather, it changes the meaning of your source code. You get different
generated code because you asked for different code, not because you
asked the compiler to view it differently or optimise differently.
As I said above, I'm not sure I was very clear in my post - your
explanation here should help others.
You are right that fiddling with optimization flags is not required to
have the same effect and is not the way to fix the problem. I think the
important thing here is to read the manual for your compiler as this
won't be specified by the language standard.
Absolutely - you can't know your compiler and target too well in
embedded programming.
Someone pointed out to me that this sort of discussion is somewhat
off-topic for this mailing list. I hope it is helpful to some people,
however - newcomers to avr-gcc often have trouble with things like
"volatile", because avr-gcc has much more advanced optimisations than
most other avr compilers.
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