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In addition to this, here is an url dedicated to
the illumination/clarification of the medical issues regarding DU:
There was also an enlightening live radio interview
in Seattle area early this week with the director of the umrc. ( a personal
friend) and a less informed w.h.o. doctor. MD/S.P.I.N.
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Sunday, January 19, 2003 11:08
AM
Subject: FW: [globalnews] US Use of
Depleted Uranium in Iraq, Kuwait, andelsewhere a horrendous warcrime
Merla, here�s a copy of his
address:
-------------------------------------
The San Francisco Times
"When all the news is not
fit to print
Dr. Doug Rokke's address on Depleted
Uranium
Vieques Libre - http://www.viequeslibre.org
The
following is a copy of the Address given by Dr. Doug Rokke, former head of the
Pentagon's Depleted Uranium Project, at the National Vietnam and Gulf War
Veterans Coalition 17th Annual Leadership Breakfast, at the U.S. Senate Caucus
Room on November 10, 2000. Adrian Cronauer was Master of
Ceremonies.
Distinguished Members of Congress, Coalition Leaders,
Fellow Warriors, and Guests-- It is a distinct honor to address you today.
During the Gulf War I was the U.S. Army health physicist assigned to 12th
Preventive Medicine AM theater command staff and the 3rd U.S. Army Medical
Command headquarters. I was recalled to active duty 20 years after serving in
Vietnam, from my research job with the University of Illinois Physics
Department and sent to the Gulf to ensure that all military and civilian
personnel were prepared for the anticipated nuclear, biological, chemical, and
environmental exposures. I also was assigned to two equally vital special
operations teams: Bauers Raiders and the Depleted Uranium Assessment
team.
The preparations for war take many forms. Infantry soldiers learn
and practice their combat skills, truck drivers practice maneuvering their
rigs to make sure they can deliver supplies, and medical personnel prepare to
treat the expected combat casualties. Ideally, preparations are driven by
intelligence reports. However as the recent bombing of the U.S.S. Cole shows
commanders may ignore intelligence information and not protect either their
personnel or equipment. Prior to the start of Operation Desert Storm military
intelligence reports and threats issued by President Saddam Hussein suggested
that nuclear, biological, and chemical warfare and environmental hazards
(NBC-E) would be employed to win battles.
As we prepared for the battle
in the Deserts of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Iraq, medical and combat unit
commanders realized that medical personnel must be able to provide emergency
medical care to conserve the fighting strength in an NBC-E environment. This
required an assessment of medical capabilities. Four deficiencies were
identified. First, an assessment of existing emergency medical response
capabilities in the staging areas located within Saudi Arabia revealed the
need to respond to medical emergencies resulting from combat to disease and
non-battle injuries (DNBI). Second, an assessment of medical personnel
arriving in Southwest Asia verified that most of them did not have the
knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to provide medical care for the
expected nuclear, biological, chemical, and environmental (NBC-E) casualties
much less the conventional weapons casualties. Third, the we verified that
that most operations personnel needed a NBC-E defense refresher course that
was specifically designed for verified threats. Fourth, we needed to design
and construct decontamination facilities, prepare standard decontamination
procedures, and train personnel to provide immediate personnel and equipment
decontamination. Consequently, Bauer's Raiders, the 3d U.S. Army Medical
Command theater NBC-E special operations planning and teaching team was
formed. Each team member had prior combat experience and was a qualified
medical and NBC-E instructor. This team also designed and supervised the
construction of the NBC decontamination facilities and provided operations
assistance throughout the echelons above corps, corps, and coalition forces.
Since 1991 numerous Department of Defense reports have stated that medical and
tactical commanders were unaware of the probable NBC-E exposures and never
told about the medical and environmental consequences of these exposures. THAT
IS A LIE! They were told! They were warned! Immediate and long-term medical
care was recommended. The threats, health and environmental consequences, and
medical care recommendations were provided in written messages and during
courses such as the 3rd U.S. Army Medical Command & ARCENT Medical
Management of Chemical and Biological Casualties, the NBC-E defense refresher
course, the Combat lifesaver course, and the Decontamination procedures course
which we taught to over 1200 military personnel in the theater between
December 1990 and February 1991. I gave the classified threat briefing
specifically identifying the anticipated NBC-E exposures, taught the NBC-E
defense refresher course, the combat lifesaver course, and decontamination
procedures course. Thus I can confirm that commanders knew what to expect and
how to be prepared!!! Another important fact is that although Department of
Defense officials have stated over and over that the vital chemical and
biological logs were misplaced or lost, U.S. Government Accounting Office
representatives and the Pulitzer prize winning author Seymour Hersch have
verified that these logs were ordered destroyed in Florida during December
1996 while Congressional committees were conducting hearings on potential
exposures.
As the DU assessment team health physicist and medic I was
responsible for planning and implementing DU (uranium 238) contaminated
equipment and terrain clean up and for providing medical care recommendations
for exposed personnel. As we surveyed the battlefield it became obvious that
we had serious equipment, terrain, and medical problems requiring immediate
action. Although, effects of uranium exposure have been identified the effects
from combat exposure during ODS were unknown. We had over 100 friendly fire
U.S. casualties and several hundred others with verified exposures because of
their U.S. Department of Defense assigned duties. We also observed what is
known as "Tours Are Us". This event was numerous individuals visiting and
climbing all over contaminated and destroyed equipment and terrain without
wearing any protection. I immediately contacted unit and the theater medical
command staff to recommend medical care for all exposed individuals.
Consequently, the theater occupational health physician wrote and then
distributed immediate medical screening and care guidelines on June 13, 1991.
As verified by GAO officials, it was ignored then and still is today. Upon our
return to the United States our team continued to recommend immediate medical
care for DU exposures. I described DU hazards and exposures and once more
recommended immediate medical care during an Occupational Medicine conference
held during February 1992 at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The
Government Accounting Office based on reports issued recommendations for
medical care, environmental remediation, and training during January 1993. On
June 8, 1993, the Deputy Secretary of Defense ordered then Secretary of the
Army Togo West to quote "complete medical testing of personnel exposed to DU
contamination during the Persian Gulf War". During August 1993, then Brigadier
General Eric Shinseki signed the order on behalf of the Army. This order, in
most cases, is still disobeyed without any accountability. A Headquarters,
Department of the Army memorandum dated October 14, 1993 specified DU
exposures that required medical screening and care. Although these directives
and Army regulations require medical screening care for those exposed to
uranium contamination, representatives of the Department of Defense and
Veterans affairs continue to deny or delay medical screening and care. Today,
affected individuals include military personnel from all nations that were
involved, civilian non-combatants; and even residents of Vieques, Puerto Rico;
Okinawa; Tennessee, Kentucky, Kosovo, Serbia, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. The
wartime and now peacetime decision that you could just shoot solid rods of
uranium 238 (DU) anywhere without providing medical care for all exposed
persons and without cleaning it up is a crime against God and the citizens of
the world. Recently, the U.S. Navy willfully used DU munitions during
peacetime exercises on the Puerto Rican Island of Vieques in violation of laws
and regulations. Still there is no accountability for these actions that
spread radioactive waste that causes indiscriminate harm to all that are
exposed for 4.5 billion years unless contamination is cleaned up. I ASK: WOULD
ANY OF YOU WANT HUNDREDS IF NOT THOUSANDS OF RODS OF SOLID URANIUM WEIGHING UP
TO 10 POUNDS EACH LYING IN YOUR BACKYARD? Of course not, so why should it be
anywhere? Depleted uranium was only one of the verified exposures which also
included chemical warfare agents, biological warfare agents, pesticides,
industrial chemicals, endemic diseases, sand (El Eskan disease), food borne
illnesses, water borne illness, organic and inorganic byproduct compounds from
oil well fires, airborne particulates, asbestos, cleaning compounds, low level
radioactive materials, and then the deliberate immunizations and drugs
designed to protect individuals from verified threats. Many exposures were
caused by our deliberate actions. We knew where Iraqi chemical and biological
chemicals were stored so as General Schwarzkopf wrote in his autobiography It
Doesnt Take a Hero, we decided to blow them up with artillery rounds and
aerial bombardment. Consequently chemical, biological, and radiological
warfare materials were released. We had specifically discussed this
anticipated consequence and that medical care would be required for any
exposures. Consequently, with these releases, thousands of chemical agent
alarms were going off all the time all over the battlefield documenting
exposures. A couple of weeks ago, DOD officials announced that they were
modifying the exposure list again. It seems peculiar that 10 years after the
fact and ten years after alarms went off that the exposure list is modified
once more based on DOD analysis. Why cant the assumption be made if an
individual was near an alarm that went off that they were exposed? Yet, today,
DOD officials still claim the alarms were all false alarms. If the alarms are
ineffective who is responsible and why are they still in use? Because the
logbooks were lost according to DOD officials, so there is no record of who
was exposed based on alarm activation reports. Thus official denials continue
to conflict with reality. And yet we wonder why confidence in DOD leadership
has eroded! During the battle as enemy industrial and agricultural facilities,
schools, businesses, and hospitals were destroyed individuals were exposed to
released hazardous materials. Then as we prepared for battle, conducted
battle, and cleaned up after the battle we exposed our soldiers to more
hazardous materials. For example, after the completion of the ground war, a
senior logistics officer and I were sent into Iraq by LTG Franks to clean up
the 7th Corps hazardous waste dump. It was total mess with observable
releases and spills resulting in additional adverse health and environmental
effects. We also decided based on the verified threats to immunize our troops
against a whole host of diseases and biological warfare toxins such as anthrax
and botulism. If immunizations been maintained rather than giving individuals
4 or 5 or even more simultaneous immunizations we could have reduced adverse
effects on the immune system. But we did not; we gave individuals numerous
shots at the same time and then did not keep track of what was given or what
adverse reactions occurred. We messed up immune systems before deployment.
Basically, after we declared war we had to immunize everyone. As I
administered hundreds of anthrax and botulinum shots in Saudi Arabia, I could
only wonder why we were ordered not to record any information. Once more, our
actions to protect individuals against a verified threat ignored common sense.
Today we know that the anthrax manufacturing process was never inspected and
approved by the FDA before 1993 and today the FDA still has not approved the
facility.
We also know that there are adverse short term and probably
long-term effects. The anthrax vaccine that we administered was licensed for
prevention of cutaneous and not respiratory anthrax. Then just within the last
month, Department of Defense officials finally admitted after continued
denials that an illegal adjuvant, squalene was used instead of alum in some
vaccine batches. Consequently, we probably reduced the ability of the immune
system to fight off the multitude of exposures that
occurred.
Pesticides proved to be yet one more problem. Although,
pesticides were ordered from official Department of Defense sources, they did
not arrive in sufficient quantities so we were required to buy them on the
open market to control a verified threat. Consequently, who knows what we
actually used and what adverse effects could be related to their
use?
The confirmed nerve agent threat resulted in the use of PB, which
is actually a reversible bond nerve agent, in an attempt to reduce the effects
of chemical warfare nerve agents such as Sarin, VX, Soman, Novachuks, and
Multiple 7. PB can be compared to spraying gumdrops with Raid or Black Flag
and then eating them. We expected adverse reactions from consumption of PB
because it is a carbamate pesticide compound. Therefore, we made sure that NBC
operations and medical personnel knew of potential adverse effects. Again, we
knew there would be health effects and yet commanders decided to ignore our
warnings and force individuals to eat PB tablets. As part of our discussions
we also identified and warned about the anticipated interactions between
pesticides, nerve agents, and drugs such as PB (pyridiostigmine bromide /
mestinon). Official Department of Army medical records confirm that over 50 %
of the individuals who took the PB got sick with nerve agent effects. OH WELL,
ANOTHER ANTICIPATED ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT TO IGNORE.
Food and water
problems were all over. We could not ensure that Saudi government supplied
food preparation and serving personnel met even basic U.S. public health
requirements. We saw too many food borne health problems which once more
caused adverse health problems. Severe diarrhea was observed in troops eating
at the mess hall located in the tent camp just off of King Abdul Azziz
Airfield in Riyadh during December of 1990.
I was one of the
casualties. We traced the problems to contaminated food. Similar problems
occurred all over the theater of operations through at least May 1991. At one
time during April we had so many at KKMC that were sick and because we did not
have the medical supplies required to treat them, we just let them ride it out
without medical care. THAT WAS WRONG!!!!!!! We do not even know if some type
of biological agent was introduced via sabotage into our food supply or if
troops crossed contaminated areas. WE DO KNOW THAT FOOD WAS PURCHASED AND
SERVED THAT HAD BEEN GROWN IN NIGHT SOIL WHICH IS UNTREATED SEWAGE. We
established strict rinsing and cleaning requirements during food
preparation.
However, without complete control of food preparation
personnel, we do not know if these guidelines were followed. Water borne
problems occurred during bathing, drinking, food preparation, and
decontamination. Rashes were observed in troops taking baths at Eskan Village
and so we had to order no baths or use of chlorine to sanitize the bath water.
This created a problem for female hygiene efforts. Even with use of chlorine
to sanitize the water before use, rashes abound! The Star Lighter showers
which used water from a box which was open to the air also caused problems,
especially when water mixed with oil well combustion byproducts or other
contaminants was used for bathing and washing clothes. We reported skin
irritation upon taking a shower at King Kahlid Military City (KKMC) and other
areas. Uniforms and clothes must be kept clean, yet my own DU team had to use
the Star Lighters to clean our clothes while we took showers. So more
contamination was spread on the ground. We did not have alternative choices to
wash our contaminated clothes. The Service and Supply (S & S) Bath unit
would not let us near their equipment and rightfully so for safety. I wonder
how we will keep uniforms and equipment clean in the future?
The
burning of the oil wells as Iraqi forces retreated was an excellent tactical
operation. Health and environmental problems started immediately. Members of
our unit were dispatched to conduct an initial assessment of potential risks.
It was obvious that incomplete combustion of inorganic and organic compounds
was occurring and that these were being released into the air and onto terrain
causing immediate respiratory and skin problems. The released mixture was so
thick that we used sticks to scrap the junk out of our nose, ears, and mouth.
We reported immediate splitting headaches, breathing problems and burning
skin. Official on-site medical command reports said that exposures were
causing immediate adverse health problems. Consequently, we, by unanimous
agreement, prepared, issued, and distributed the medical command directive
that no one should be exposed to any oil well fire byproducts without
respiratory and skin protection. We tried, yet, history proves that this
directive was disregarded and now we suspect that the observed illnesses are
caused in part by oil well fire byproduct exposures. Today, the full list of
byproducts has been published and any first year environmental chemistry or
other student studying hazardous materials would agree that you should NEVER
expose anyone to even one of these pollutants much less the entire
combination. Once again, hazards were recognized, warnings were issued, and
recommendations ignored.
As we provided emergency medical care we wrote
reports identifying respiratory problems, rashes, diarrhea, neurological, bone
muscle injury, immediate problems from PB use, and immediate problems from oil
well byproduct exposures. These medical problems were annotated into
individual medical records as they occurred. Although, medical records did
exist before individuals and units were redeployed the records disappeared. OH
WELL.. IF THERE IS NOT ANY DIAGNOSED EVIDENCE OF ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS.....
THERE IS NOT ANY PROBLEM. Medical personnel who performed the redeployment
physicals deliberately ignored reported problems and denied that any exposures
occurred. I tried to get my verified exposures listed but they said none
occurred and refused to list the exposures or treat my respiratory and rash
problems. Once we returned to the U.S. the observed health concerns forced the
U.S. Department of Defense to initiate the Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation
Program (CSEPP). I went through the program during which serious medical
problems were found that my VA physicians now know were caused by wartime
exposures. YET, DESPITE MY BEST EFFORTS THE CSEPP PROGRAM PHYSICIANS REFUSED
TO PROVIDE THE MEDICAL TESTS REQUIRED TO VERIFY KNOWN EXPOSURES. HOWEVER, EVEN
THE DIAGNOSED PROBLEMS THAT THEY DID VERIFY WERE NEVER PLACED IN MY OFFICIAL
MILITARY MEDICAL FILE. My medical reports. along with hundreds of others, were
separated, locked up in a special room at Noble Army Hospital, Fort McClellan,
Alabama, until I was told they were there and I was finally able with
intervention to obtain these secret files during the fall of 1997. They were
sent to me in the mail. I then had my Army Reserve Command Chief Nurse review
the medical evidence and insert them into my official military medical file.
Yet, it is worse. As we completed the Depleted Uranium Burn Test at the
Department of Energy Nevada Test Site in November 1994, DOE medics performed a
radio-bioassay on me that found 5000 times the permissible level of uranium in
my body. THEN THEY NEVER TOLD ME FOR 2.5 YEARS. AGAIN A DELIBERATE ACTION TO
DENY MEDICAL CARE BY PREVENTING CORRELATION OF EXPOSURES TO ADVERSE HEALTH
EFFECTS!!!
I am painting a picture that shows we knew about the
threats, warned commanders about the threats, recommended medical care that
was and is still ignored, and that our leadership has abandoned the troops for
political purposes. Yet, it gets worse. While preparing to conduct our command
level briefings and courses two senior Army medical officers came from
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland to make sure we limited our information to
commanders and medical personnel. IN OTHER WORDS: DO NOT TELL THEM-----THEY
WILL NOT KNOW--- AND WE WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE.
These two senior
officers went to my unit commander and told him to force me to stop making
sure the commanders and troops knew about the hazards and were ready to
respond to the anticipated exposures and consequence health and environmental
problems. AFTER THAT FAILED THEY WENT TO THE 3RD U.S. ARMY MEDICAL COMMAND
STAFF TO FORCE US TO STOP AND THAT FAILED! There were and still are dedicated
professionals who care! Yet despite our best efforts- the exposures occurred
and today individuals are sick and medical care was and still is denied!!
Exposures will continue because despite our efforts environmental remediation
has been delayed or not completed.
To paraphrase 1950s television
program title; "I WAS THERE!" We knew, We warned. We were ignored. Today we
are still ignored. TODAY, TOO MANY INDIVIDUALS AROUND THE WORLD ARE SUFFERING
AND DYING BECAUSE OF OUR DELIBERATE ACTIONS. IN SIMPLE WORDS: THE BATTLEFIELD
WAS A TOXIC SOUP TO WHICH ALL CIVILIANS AND MILITARY WERE EXPOSED. Reported,
observed, and verified medical problems include: Respiratory problems, rashes,
cancer, dental problems, eye problems, muscle weakness, neurological problems,
birth defects, sexual dysfunction, kidney problems, memory problems, pain,
cardiac problems, blood problems, thyroid problems, liver problems, and immune
system failures.
Although, OFFICIAL denials continue when you see the
same health problems over and over again in individuals from around the world
then we must acknowledge a cause and effect relationship and accept
responsibility to provide medical care.
Today, many of us; including
scientists, physicians, pastors, and others; who decided to speak up about
what occurred, why it occurred, what should have been done years ago, and what
should be done now have lost jobs, experienced retaliation, and been
threatened by Department of Defense, Department of the Army, and Department of
Veterans Affairs officials. The direct and indirect threats, warnings, and
attacks also have been directed to our family members to bring pressure on us
to stop demanding accountability. This is all about liability! Therefore the
truth must be suppressed! If what happened is acknowledged, then specific
individuals within our government and other governments will be required to
accept responsibility for the consequences of deliberate actions. The health
and environmental problems are not limited to Iraq or surrounding areas.
Similar adverse health and environmental effects have been identified within
and around U.S. military installations or Department of Energy facilities in
Alabama, Washington, California, Alaska, Tennessee, Korea, Panama, Germany,
Philippines, Maryland, Nevada, Florida, California, and especially surrounding
the U.S. Navy range on the Vieques, Puerto Rico. I recently had the father of
a warrior stationed in California come up to me while I was eating supper in a
restaurant outside Chicago to ask for help in obtaining medical care for his
family who was sick from exposures.
Another dangerous location is
Calhoun County (Fort McClellan) Alabama. Extensive PCB contamination mixed
with contamination from DOD activities and the potential release of nerve and
mustard agents during weapons incineration without any effective emergency
response threatens the residents and the environment. DOD and Army
representatives have told the residents of Calhoun County to just close their
doors and windows and hold their breath in the event of releases. OH MY
GOD!!!!! Recently, Denver Colorado residents were faced with the discovery of
a bomb containing the nerve agent Sarin in a garbage dump. Somehow, Army
officials had lost it!!! Then in a new press report dated November 1, 200 the
Army admitted that their may be more lost Sarin bombs lying around the Rocky
Mountain facility. NO WONDER VERY FEW INDIVIDUALS TRUST DOD LEADERS.
No
matter where I go, I encounter individuals or families members seeking help. I
receive telephones call day and night. Individuals approach members of my
family asking for help. Physicians and scientists attending an international
conference this past weekend at Manchester, England described, discussed, and
carefully verified the serious adverse health problems from chemical,
biological, and radiological materials releases.
The cancer rates,
birth defects, neurological problems, respiratory problems, rashes, kidney
problems, and many other medical problems seem to be increasing throughout
Iraq, Kuwait, Serbia, Korea, England, France, Australia, Canada, Japan, the
U.S. and the Vieques, Puerto Rico. Basically the OFFICIAL denial of exposures
and consequent adverse health and environmental effects has been ongoing for
years. The dilemma is that we made decisions based on verified threats and the
tactical situation which were correct at that time but then since 1991 DOD and
VA officials have ignored the consequences of these decisions and refuse to
accept responsibility for current adverse health and environmental effects.
The evidence exists and is increasing so we must acknowledge the adverse
health and environmental effects of our actions. So what are our national
obligations?
Two hundred and 24 years ago, the Minutemen of
Massachusetts responded to a call to arms and our Nation was born. Now, ten
years after the Gulf War and the abandonment of our nations military
personnel and their families; recruiting and retention to fill our military
forces with dedicated men and women is failing because Warriors have been
denied earned medical care and too many are living on food stamps!!! Our
nation is at risk!
I and others have sent numerous messages to the
Honorable Dr. Bernard Rostker, Deputy Secretary of Defense, who was not there,
whose staff was not there, and whose staff still ignores the warnings and
recommendations those of us who were there for political and economic reasons.
It is painfully obvious that DOD and VA officials have no intention of
accepting responsibility for what has happened! The reason is very simple! If
they acknowledge what happened to our nations heroes and accept
responsibility for medical care and environmental remediation then these same
officials must acknowledge the consequences of our actions on non-combatants
and enemy forces around the world. We suggested that Dr. Rostker, Secretary of
Defense Cohen, or the President Clinton state that: During the Gulf War
essential decisions to protect our warriors and win the war were made based on
the tactical situation and verified threats.
Today, we know that those
decisions and our deliberate actions have resulted in serious adverse health
and environmental consequences. We can no longer ignore the consequences of
our deliberate actions. We apologize to our warriors, our warrior's families,
and the citizens of the world. We resolve to provide medical care or medical
care recommendations and complete environmental remediation.
ALTHOUGH,
WE HAVE OFFERED THIS SOLUTION MANY TIMES IT IS IGNORED! We owe the combat
veterans of our nation the medical care they earned! We must provide all
WARRIORS with education and training to ensure combat readiness and prevent a
repeat of what has occurred. We must provide military personnel with all of
the operational equipment they need to complete their assigned
missions.
We must hold those officials who have willfully harmed our
nations heroes accountable for their deliberate actions. We must force a stop
to the retaliation against those warriors who try to tell the truth and who
epitomize our nations ideals expressed so eloquently by General Douglas
MacArthur's three immortal words: DUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY
We have the
ultimate obligation as leaders of the world to provide medical care or medical
care recommendations to all that are sick. Finally we have an obligation to
complete environmental remediation of contamination caused by our deliberate
actions throughout the United States and the rest or the world! I want to
recite a poem that I wrote in memory of SFC John Sitton, a Vietnam and Gulf
War Veteran, who answered his nations call during two wars. He was my friend!
He is a true American hero because he set up and ran the 3rd U.S. Army's
medical evacuation radio communications system during the Gulf War. It is
ironic that the warrior who saved so many lives died abandoned on the
battlefield of political denials.
...
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: WE
HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO DO WHAT IS RIGHT FOR GOD, OUR WARRIORS, AND THE CITIZENS
OF THE WORLD! I will never quit until all individuals are cared for and
environmental remediation is completed. I was ordered to complete that mission
as a soldier and I will succeed even in the face of adversity! Today, I ask
you to help. UNLIKE ANOTHER WARRIOR, I AM ONE SOLDIER WHO WILL NOT JUST FADE
AWAY.
Discuss
Last update: Wednesday, November 15, 2000
at 10:12:16 AM.
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---------
"When I despair, I
remember that all through history the way of truth and
love has always won.
There have been tyrants and murderers and for a time
they seem invincible
but in the end, they always fall -- think of it,
*always*."
-
Mohandas Gandhi
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