The issue is almost certainly in atRandom:
Running
30 timesRepeat: [ | a |
a:= (2 raisedTo: 57) atRandom.
Transcript show: a ; show: ' ' ; show: a even ; cr ].
Gives me 30 falses.
The odds of that are less than one in a billion (assuming uniformly
distributed integers).
This doesn't happen for 2^56 or lower, and does for all 2^n, n>= 57.
My guess is that it's either a hardware issue or something about Random.
I'm not clever enough to understand PRNGs, so I'll leave it others to work
out what the answer is, although I suspect that for more than 56 bits you
need a PRNG that uses LargeIntegers and not Floats.
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