others have given you answers for each case. but no one has clarified an important misconception you seem to have. say has nothing to do with the results you are seeing. it is all about context in expressions. if you don't understand context, then you can't code perl well as context is all over the place. for arrays, scalar vs list context is key. interpolating an array is actually described in perldoc perldata and is different than just context. in none of those cases does using say matter. you can get the same results by assigning the expressions (in the same way you did with say) and then printing them. so learn to isolate an expression from the function you are using. this is a classic newbie problem. another common example is when newbies call the here doc << operator a part of print since it seems to be used often with print. you assumed these were all different issues with say and it wasn't.
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