[budaya_tionghua] Chinese Emperors

[ANDREAS MIHARDJA]

Huang Di, The Yellow Emperor 
The Chinese people often refer to themselves as the descendants of Huang Di, the Yellow Emperor, a part-real, part-legendary personage who is credited with founding the Chinese nation around 4,000 BC. He is known as the Yellow Emperor for his imperial colour, chosen for the tones of the yellow earth. Many extravagant tales have grown up around him. A collection of legends written down in the Warring States period (475-221 BC) gives the following account. 
Huang Di lived in a magnificent palace in the Kunlun Mountains in the west, with a heavenly door keeper who had the face of a man, the body of a tiger and nine tails. The Kunlun Mountains were full of rare birds and animals and exotic flowers and plants, and Huang Di had a pet bird that helped take care of his clothes and personal effects.
To Huang Di was attributed the invention of the cart, the boat and the south-pointing chariot- a chariot with a gear mechanism that enabled a pointer to always indicate south no matter which way the cart turned. Huang Di is said to have taken one with him in battle. He is credited with the laws of astronomy and drawing up the first calendar used by the Chinese people. His supposed conversations on diagnosis and treatment with the physician Qi Bo are contained in China's first medical book, Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Medicine).
Lei Zu, Huang Di's wife, is said to have taught the people to raise silkworms and weave beautiful silk fabrics. Apparently, encouragement of the initiative of talented persons was a thing as much desired then as it is now, for the Warring States account mentions that this was one of Huang Di's strong points. As a result, a whole list of men are credited with inventions. Cang Jie of pictographs; Ling Lun, the twelve tone musical scale; Li Shou, various measuring instruments; and the craftsman Fang Bo who actually built the south-pointing chariot. These things all did come into existence four or five thousand years ago, so in this way the Yellow Emperor has become the symbol of the culture of the Chinese nation and representative of its talents. A pavilion on cypress-covered Mount Qiaoshan in Huangling
 county on the road north from Xi'an is Shananxi province marks the place said to be his grave. There ceremonies have been performed honouring him as the founder of the Chinese nation. A theory has been advanced that Huang Di may represent a real leader of a tribal confederation of the Yangshao Neolithic culture.
A story which may originate in a memory of tribal wars between Huang Di and Chi You is related in the Taiping Yulan compiled by Li Feng and others between 977 and 981. (Chi You is described therein as a god, and in other sources as leader of tribe). He had 72 brothers (81 by some accounts), all of them with ferocious visages such as a head of bronze and forehead of iron, a human face and the body of an animal. He was skilled at making weapons and casting bronze, and his arrows, axes and spears were unparalleled. He took his men to Shangdong and attacked the tribe of Yan Di, driving him into Huang Di's territory around Zhuolu in northwestern Hebei province. The latter was angered and went battle with Chi You.
He was no rival for Chi You and at first suffered several defeats. Chi You conjured up a thick fog which blurred the vision of the Yellow Emperor's men. Luckily the south-pointing chariot helped them know their way. Huang Di also had his men make bugles. There were in Chi You's army many spirits, but they were afraid of the sound of a certain kind of dragon. So the Yellow Emperor had his men make instruments out of animal horns which duplicated this sound and the demons were paralysed with fear.
Chi You called on a god of wind and rain and blew up a tempest, but Huang Di brought out his daughter who emanated an enormous amount of heat and dried up the storm. Before Chi You's brothers could recover from their surprise Huang Di's forces defeated them.
The last and decisive battle was fought at Zhuolu. Chi You had gone for help to the Kuafu, a clan of giants in the north (its ancestor was Kuafu who raced with the sun and died of thirst ) and they drove Huang Di back 50 li. But, using strategy learned from the Goddess of the Ninth Heaven, Huang Di finally defeated them. Chi You retreated until he reached what is today's Shanxi, where he was captured by Huang Di's men and beheaded. To make sure the head would not reunite with the body, Huang Di sent it to be buried a thousand li away. The place where Chi You was beheaded came to be called Xiexian (xie, to sever, and xian, county) and is still known as that today. Nearby there is a salt lake with water of a reddish colour, tinted, people say, by Chi You's blood.
After the defeat of Chi You, Huang Di became leader of all the tribes on the central plains. He ruled an area stretching east to the sea, west to today’s Gansu province, south to the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and north into today’s Shanxi and Hebei provinces. Legend has it that he lived to be 110 years old and then a dragon came and took him back to Heaven where he belonged.King Hian <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

Nio Tek Ceng :Kalau saya pribadi sih percaya kalau Beliau2 pernah ada didunia ini.Saya pernah denger katanya HuangDi ada makamnya. Ini salah satuconthnya saya paste-kan dariwww.cits.net/travel/consultancy/city.jsp?cityid=39&nn=1.--deleted--
 
KH:
Memang di propinsi Shaanxi ada Huangdiling (黃帝陵) yang dipercaya sbg makam Huangdi. Tiap tahun diadakan upacara besar di Huangdiling.
Tetapi, saya tidak tahu apakah benar Huangdi dimakamkan di makam tersebut.
-------------------------------------
NTC:
Terus saya juga pernah dengar ShaoHan yang berkuasa sebelum ZhuanXu??Siapa yang disebut dengan nama YanDi??Tapi kenapa ya koq ShaoHan, ZhuanXu dan DiKu jarang disebut2??Makam Zhou Wang ada dimana?? Saya malah nggak tau!Mohon petunjuknya!!Kamsia...
 
KH:
Kita mengenal yang disebut Sanhuang Wudi (三皇五帝) [=tiga raja/kaisar dan lima raja].
 
Ada beberapa versi mengenai siapa yang termasuk Sanhuang Wudi ini. Yang paling sering ditulis adalah:
Sanhuang:
1. Fuxi 伏羲
2. Nvwa 女媧 
3. Shennong/Yandi 神農/炎帝
Wudi:
1. Huangdi 黃帝2. Zhuanxu 顓頊3. Diku 帝嚳4. Tangyao/Yao 唐堯/堯5. Yushun/Shun 虞舜/舜
 
Yang berkuasa sebelum Zhuanxu adalah Shaohao, bukan Shaohan.
Shaohao lebih jarang disebut, karena ada perbedaan versi siapa yang termasuk dalam Wudi.
Pada versi Sanhuang Wudi yang lain, Sanhuang adalah Fuxi, Yandi, dan Huangdi. Wudi adalah Shaohao, Zhuanxu, Diku, Yao, dan Shun.
 
Sebenarnya raja yang ada lebih dari 8 orang. Berikut adalah urutan raja yang lebih lengkap (menurut mitologi):
 
 1. Pangu (盤古) [mahluk purba yang menjadi alam semesta]
 2. Tianhuang (人皇) [raja langit]
 3. Dihuang (人皇) [raja bumi]
 4. Renhuang (人皇) [raja manusia]
 5. Youchao (有巢) [yang bersarang]
 6. Suiren (遂人) [manusia api]
 7. Fuxi (伏羲)[pencipta bagua]
 8. Nvwa (女媧) [adik/istri Fuxi, juga sebagai pencipta manusia]
 9. Shennong/Yandi (神農/炎帝) [dewa petani]
 7. Huangdi (黃帝) [kaisar kuning]
 8. Xiaohao (anak Huangdi)
 9. Zhuanxu (顓頊)[cucu Huangdi]
10. Diku (帝嚳) [cucu Xiaohao]
11. Dizhi (帝摯) [anak Diku]
12. Yao (å ¯)
13. Shun (舜)
 
Orang Tionghoa adalah percampuran pengikut Huangdi dan Yandi, karena itu mereka menyebut diri mereka sebagai Yan-Huang zisun [炎黃子孫] (keturunan Yandi dan Huangdi)
 
Shang Zhouwang/Yin Zhouwang (商紂王/殷紂王) adalah kaisar terakhir dinasti Shang/Yin (商/æ®·).
 
salam,
KH
 
Stevan Raharjo <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:

> Rinto Jiang:>> Fu Xi, Nu Wa dan Shen Nong seharusnya berkuasa bersama2, masanya adalah> antara 3000 SM sampai 2700 SM. Ini makanya kebudayaan Tionghuadikatakan> telah berumur 5000 tahun, karena dihitung mulai dari 3000 SM sampai2000 M.>> Huang Di mulai berkuasa pada tahun 2697 SM, ini juga sebab mengapa ada> yang mengatakan kalau tahun kalender Imlek (Tionghua) sekarang (tahun> 2005) tidak seharusnya 2556, melainkan adalah 4072, karena kalender ini> diciptakan oleh Huang Di, bukan oleh Konfusius.>> Urutannya sbb:>> 1. Huang Di> 2. Zhuan Xu, cucu Huang Di> 3. Di Ku, cicit Huang Di> 4. Yao> 5. Shun>> Kelima raja ini berkuasa antara kurun tahun 2697 SM - 2033 SM.>> Setelah Shun, Yu mendirikan Dinasti Xia, dinasti pertama dalam
 sejarah> Tiongkok pada tahun 2033 SM.>> Fu Xi, Nu Wa dan Shen Nong adalah penguasa mitologi, artinya mungkinada> mungkin tidak ada. Jadi, tidak ada makamnya.>> Kelima raja adalah penguasa semi-mitologi, artinya ada orangnya, namun> biografi mereka berupa mitologi. Sampai sekarang belum ada makam> ditemukan atas nama mereka. Saya kira, kalaupun ada sudah mustahil bisa> tercari. Makam raja terkuno di Tiongkok yang pernah ditemukan adalah> makam Raja Zhou dari Dinasti Shang, yang memerintah tahun 1076 SM -1046 SM.Nio Tek Ceng :Kalau saya pribadi sih percaya kalau Beliau2 pernah ada didunia ini.Saya pernah denger katanya HuangDi ada makamnya. Ini salah satuconthnya saya paste-kan dariwww.cits.net/travel/consultancy/city.jsp?cityid=39&nn=1.The Huangdi TombRelated as the cemetery of Xuanyuan Huangdi, the ancestor of theChinese people, Huangdi Tomb is
 situated on the top of Mount Qiaonorth of county seat of Huangling. Huangdi was a great chieftain atthe end of the Chinese primeval period, also the ancestor to createthe civilization of the Chinese people. He used jade as his weapon,and made boats, vehicles, bows and arrows. His wife, Luozu, couldraise silkworms, and his history official, Cangji, created charactershis subject, Danao, created the Ganzhi calendar, and his musicofficial, Linglun, made music instruments. Huangdi was also recordedin the history books for punishing the evil and unifying the Chinesepeople for the first time. (saya juga belum pernah kesana)Terus saya juga pernah dengar ShaoHan yang berkuasa sebelum ZhuanXu??Siapa yang disebut dengan nama YanDi??Tapi kenapa ya koq ShaoHan, ZhuanXu dan DiKu jarang disebut2??Makam Zhou Wang ada dimana?? Saya malah nggak tau!Mohon petunjuknya!!Kamsia...


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