Thanks for reporting this bug; it is a regression introduced when we separated records from vectors. I installed the attached patch into the emacs-26 branch.

>From 78c883cc1c30ab82732eac02fb07bb747436854a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Eggert <egg...@cs.ucla.edu>
Date: Wed, 19 Dec 2018 13:42:21 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] cl-make-random-state was not copying its arg

Problem reported by Xu Chunyang (Bug#33731).
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el (cl-make-random-state):
Use copy-sequence, not copy-tree, so that the record is copied.
* test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el:
(cl-extra-test-cl-make-random-state): New test.
---
 lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el            | 2 +-
 test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el | 5 +++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el
index 36b65f97b0..c38b4957fc 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ cl-make-random-state
 If STATE is t, return a new state object seeded from the time of day."
   (unless state (setq state cl--random-state))
   (if (cl-random-state-p state)
-      (copy-tree state t)
+      (copy-sequence state)
     (cl--make-random-state (if (integerp state) state (cl--random-time)))))
 
 ;; Implementation limits.
diff --git a/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el b/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el
index baad8eb8e6..fe59703530 100644
--- a/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra-tests.el
@@ -94,4 +94,9 @@
     (should (equal (list lst3 (cdr lst3) (cddr lst3))
                    (cl-maplist fn3 lst lst2 lst3)))))
 
+(ert-deftest cl-extra-test-cl-make-random-state ()
+  (let ((s (cl-make-random-state)))
+    ;; Test for Bug#33731.
+    (should-not (eq s (cl-make-random-state s)))))
+
 ;;; cl-extra-tests.el ends here
-- 
2.19.2

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