I have one file name that uses Unicode character U+318DF, which is in the tertiary pane, more precisely CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H.
touch 𱣟 ls returns: ''$'\360\261\243\237' Extension H was introduced in Unicode 15.0 in 2022. I also notice that this bug occurs with any character with Extension I (introduced in 2023). Extension G seems to works okay.
