What is the output of printf("%d") What will happen if I say
delete this Difference between "C structure" and "C++ structure".
Diffrence between a "assignment operator" and a "copy constructor" Copy
constructor copies a existing object to a non existing object, which you are
going to create. Assignment operation can happen between two existing objects..
What is function overloading and operator overloading? Function
overloading: C++ enables several functions of the same name to be defined, as
long as these functions have different sets of parameters (at least as far as
their types are concerned). This capability is called function overloading.
When an overloaded function is called, the C++ compiler selects the proper
function by examining the number, types and order of the arguments in the call.
Function overloading is commonly used to create several functions of the same
name that perform similar tasks but on different data types.
Operator overloading allows existing C++ operators to be redefined so that
they work on objects of user-defined classes. Overloaded operators are
syntactic sugar for equivalent function calls. They form a pleasant facade that
doesn't add anything fundamental to the language (but they can improve
understandability and reduce maintenance costs).
Explain the need for "Virtual Destructor". If an object (with a
non-virtual destructor) is destroyed explicitly by applying the delete operator
to a base-class pointer to the object, the base-class destructor function
(matching the pointer type) is called on the object. There is a simple solution
to this problem declare a virtual base-class destructor. This makes all
derived-class destructors virtual even though they dont have the same name as
the base-class destructor. Now, if the object in the hierarchy is destroyed
explicitly by applying the delete operator to a base-class pointer to a
derived-class object, the destructor for the appropriate class is called.
Can we have "Virtual Constructors"? A constructor can't be virtual
What are the different types of polymorphism? What are Virtual
Functions? How to implement virtual functions in "C" A virtual function
allows derived classes to replace the implementation provided by the base
class. The compiler makes sure the replacement is always called whenever the
object in question is actually of the derived class, even if the object is
accessed by a base pointer rather than a derived pointer. This allows
algorithms in the base class to be replaced in the derived class, even if users
don't know about the derived class. CoolInterview.com
What are the different types of Storage classes? Difference between
realloc() and free()? The free subroutine frees a block of memory
previously allocated by the malloc subroutine. Undefined results occur if the
Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null
value, no action will occur.
The realloc subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by
the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter
and returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer
parameter must have been created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc
subroutines and not been deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines.
Undefined results occur if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer.
What are the types of STL containers?. 1. Sequential (linear storage)
2. Associative (for fast lookups)
3. Adaptors (to provide different interfaces to various collections)
Difference between "vector" and "array"? An array is a data structure
that allows storage of a sequence of values. The values are stored in a
contiguous block of memory. Arrays allow fast random access to particular
elements. If the number of elements is indefinite or if insertions are required
a linked list may be a more appropriate data structure.
Examples: int idnumbers[100];
This declares an array of 100 integers named idnumbers
Vector is a container class from the C++ standard library. As is true for an
array, it can hold objects of various types. Vector will also resize, shrink or
grow, as elements are added. The standard library provides access to vectors
via iterators, or subscripting. Iterators are classes that are abstractions of
pointers. They provide access to vectors using pointer-like syntax but have
other useful methods as well. The use of vectors and iterators is preferred to
arrays and pointers. Common bugs involving accessing past the bounds of an
array are avoided. Additionally, the C++ standard library includes generic
algorithms that can be applied to vectors and to other container classes.
How to write a program such that it will delete itself after exectution?
Can we generate a C++ source code from the binary file? What are
inline functions? The idea behind inline functions is to insert the code of
a called function at the point where the function is called. If done carefully,
this can improve the application's performance in exchange for increased
compile time and possibly (but not always) an increase in the size of the
generated binary executables. What is "strstream" ? How to write
Multithreaded applications using C++? Explain "passing by value",
"passing by pointer" and "passing by reference" Write any small program
that will compile in "C" but not in "C++" Have you heard of "mutable"
keyword? What is a "RTTI"? Runtime type identification (RTTI)
lets you find the dynamic type of an object when you have only a pointer or a
reference to the base type. RTTI is the official way in
standard C++ to discover the type of an object and to convert the type of a
pointer or reference (that is, dynamic typing). The need came from practical
experience with C++. RTTI replaces many homegrown versions with a solid,
consistent approach. CoolInterview.com
Is there something that I can do in C and not in C++? Why
preincrement operator is faster than postincrement? What is the
difference between "calloc" and "malloc"? What will happen if I
allocate memory using "new" and free it using "free" or allocate sing "calloc"
and free it using "delete"? What is Memory Alignment? Explain
working of printf. Difference between "printf" and "sprintf".
What is "map" in STL? When shall I use Multiple Inheritance What
are the techniques you use for debugging? How to reduce a final size of
executable? Give 2 examples of a code optimization. What are
the advantages of inheritance?
It permits code reusability.
Reusability saves time in program development.
It encourages the reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software, thus
reducing problem after a system becomes functional.
What is the difference between declaration and definition? The
declaration tells the compiler that at some later point we plan to present the
definition of this declaration.
E.g.: void stars () //function declaration
The definition contains the actual implementation
E.g.: void stars () // declarator
{
for(int j=10; j>=0; j--) //function body
cout<<*;
cout<<endl;
}
What is template ? Templates allow to create generic functions that
admit any data type as parameters and return value without having to overload
the function with all the possible data types. Until certain point they fulfill
the functionality of a macro. Its prototype is any of the two following ones:
template function_declaration; template function_declaration; The only
difference between both prototypes is the use of keyword class or typename, its
use is indistinct since both expressions have exactly the same meaning and
behave exactly the same way.
What is the difference between class and structure? Structure:
Initially (in C) a structure was used to bundle different type of data types
together to perform a particular functionality. But C++ extended the structure
to contain functions also. The major difference is that all declarations inside
a structure are by default public.
Class: Class is a successor of Structure. By default all the members inside
the class are private.
What is encapsulation? Packaging an objects variables within its
methods is called encapsulation What is an Object? Object is a software
bundle of variables and related methods. Objects have state and behavior.
What is public, protected, private? Ø Public, protected and private are
three access specifiers in C++.
Ø Public data members and member functions are accessible outside the class.
Ø Protected data members and member functions are only available to derived
classes.
Ø Private data members and member functions cant be accessed outside the
class. However there is an exception can be using friend classes. What is
namespace? Namespaces allow us to group a set of global classes, objects
and/or functions under a name. To say it somehow, they serve to split the
global scope in sub-scopes known as namespaces. The form to use namespaces is:
namespace identifier { namespace-body } Where identifier is any valid
identifier and namespace-body is the set of classes, objects and functions that
are included within the namespace. For example: namespace general { int a, b; }
In this case, a and b are normal variables integrated within the general
namespace. In order to access to these variables from outside the namespace we
have to use the scope operator ::. For example, to access the previous
variables we would have to put: general::a general::b The functionality of
namespaces is specially useful in case that there is a possibility that a
global object or function can have the same name than another one, causing a
redefinition error.
What do you mean by inheritance? Inheritance is the process of
creating new classes, called derived classes, from existing classes or base
classes. The derived class inherits all the capabilities of the base class, but
can add embellishments and refinements of its own.
What is virtual class and friend class? Friend classes are used when
two or more classes are designed to work together and need access to each
other's implementation in ways that the rest of the world shouldn't be allowed
to have. In other words, they help keep private things private. For instance,
it may be desirable for class DatabaseCursor to have more privilege to the
internals of class Database than main() has.
What is the difference between an object and a class? Classes and
objects are separate but related concepts. Every object belongs to a class and
every class contains one or more related objects.
Ø A Class is static. All of the attributes of a class are fixed before,
during, and after the execution of a program. The attributes of a class don't
change.
Ø The class to which an object belongs is also (usually) static. If a
particular object belongs to a certain class at the time that it is created
then it almost certainly will still belong to that class right up until the
time that it is destroyed.
Ø An Object on the other hand has a limited lifespan. Objects are created and
eventually destroyed. Also during that lifetime, the attributes of the object
may undergo significant change. CoolInterview.com
What is friend function? As the name suggests, the function acts as a
friend to a class. As a friend of a class, it can access its private and
protected members. A friend function is not a member of the class. But it must
be listed in the class definition.
What is a scope resolution operator? A scope resolution operator (::),
can be used to define the member functions of a class outside the class.
What is polymorphism? Explain with an example? "Poly" means "many" and
"morph" means "form". Polymorphism is the ability of an object (or reference)
to assume (be replaced by) or become many different forms of object. Example:
function overloading, function overriding, virtual functions. Another example
can be a plus + sign, used for adding two integers or for using it to
concatenate two strings.
mukesh_iit04 <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: I need bunch of questions of
c/data structures.plz share ideas.
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