On 2018-Sep-21, at 1:03 PM, Noel Chiappa via cctalk wrote:
> Oh, one thing I forgot to include:
>
>> a lot of the incoming power in that 30V AC has to be thrown away, in
>> producing +5V.
>
> So, if my understanding is correct, the 'switching' H744 really isn't much
> better than a classic linear supply. It still wastes a very large amount of
> the input power, and it still has a massively heavy transformer in it. Yes?
No, it's much better than a linear supply.
With the given 20-30VAC input (do I have that right?) - lets take a
conservative 25VDC after rectification and filter - if input to a linear
regulator producing 25A @ 5V,
that's a loss of (25-5)V * 25A = 500W, to produce a usable 125W.
That heatsink isn't sinking 500W and DEC wouldn't be producing a supply that
inefficient.
A glance at the schematic (as Eric provided the ref to) you might think it's
just a linear regulator: AC input, rectification, cap filters, pass
transistors, filter choke, with a 723 IC regulator controlling it, all the
standard elements are there.
But it's not: L1 is the bucking inductor - it's not just a filter choke.
Diode D5 provides the current path for L1 to supply energy to the load when the
source is switched off.
The subtle thing about designs like this is where does the switching
oscillation come from?, as there is no obvious oscillator present.
I think what's going on is:
- Q1/R4 are sensing current from the source via voltage drop across R4.
- As that current goes up Q1 starts to conduct, eventually tripping SCR
Q7 hard on.
- This raises the voltage at E1.4, the error amp sense input.
- This fools the regulator into thinking it's seeing way too high an
output voltage so it hard shuts down the Q5-4-3-2 chain,
disconnecting the source from L1 and the output, and shutting off
the source current.
E1.4 is now back to sensing the output voltage via the V-SENSE
feedback.
- With source current off, L1 now starts supplying energy to the load
through D5, as it's magnetic field starts to collapse rather than build.
As that energy peters out and the output voltage droops, E1.4 via
the V-SENSE line now sees too low an output voltage and turns
Q5-4-3-2 back on so the source can supply current, and energy into
L1 and the load.
- repeat. Hence oscillation.
There is still a sizeable 60Hz transformer (step down to 20-30VAC) because the
switching is taking place after the transformer rather than straight off the
mains, this allows the switcher design to be simpler and get away with using
much lower voltage semiconductors.
The transformer is nonetheless much smaller than it would be in a straight
linear regulator design because the secondary current it has to supply is
several factors lower than for a comparable linear reg.
> So I wonder what exactly the advantage was in going to the switching approach?
Improved power efficiency.
Improved material economics.
> Yes, it keeps the output voltage steadier then a pure linear supply could -
> but I'll bet there are analog approaches that can do the same. (They'd need
> something that can produce a steady reference voltage, but the switching
> approach needs, and has, the same thing.)
In addition to reference stability, the basic error factor in a regulator is
the loop gain of the error amplifier, and applies to both linear and switching
regs.
Neither produces a perfect output, it just reduces the the variation by some
factor (the gain factor).
If you think about it, if the output were perfectly stable how would the
regulator know to provide correction?
> Maybe the main output transistors
> are happier being full-on or full-off, or something like that?
Yes, that is one of the benefits of switching regulator over a linear
regulator. It keeps the in-regulator losses to a minimum.
