Allison wrote;
>I envy the chance to restore a LGP-30 or for that fact play with one.
>Many of the things I remember
>mid sixties on are now gone or were rare then. Like small desk sized drum
>computers using transistors or first generation IC (RTL and RDTL).
I so regret not having rescued an old computer that I played with through all
four years of high school.
The machine was made by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (aka 3M
Corporation). Today, there seems to be no record that 3M ever was in the
computer business. But...it was. The system was designed expressly for
process control. Kind of makes sense for 3M to develop a system like this,
since most of the manufacturing they did needed process controls, and at the
time, computers were getting to into that role in place of electromechanical
systems.
The system was given to our high school by the local Natural Gas public utility
that used the system from the mid-1960's through the early-1970's for
monitoring and controlling gas flow in pipelines. It was replaced by more
modern computer, a PDP-11 of some variety, IIRC.
This 3M machine was a dual processor system, with two identical CPUs that could
communicate to each other through a common register located in an I/O rack. The
original process control software was designed so that both CPUs would operate
in tandem, each doing a different part of the job. One CPU mainly did all of
the I/O interfacing and data normalization, and the other CPU did the number
crunching and processing for the process control, feeding results back to the
I/O CPU to control the physical stuff, and generating reports on an IBM
typebar-type output typewriter. Operator interaction with the process control
system was through a Teletype 33-ASR terminal.
The CPUs were transistorized. I recall that the cards were arranged in a U
fashion looking at the CPU chassis from the top, some power supply circuitry
and relays at the top of the U, the circuit cards making up the sides and
bottom of the U, and the drum memory module in the middle.. Each CPU was
something like 12RU height, and were in a small desk-high standard 19"
equipment rack, with the CPUs stacked one above the other.
The CPUs were 24-bit word machines, with an 8K-word magnetic drum as main
memory. Instructions had five bits for the opcode, and two address fields,
one for operand location (drum address in block/track/sector format) or in the
case of some instructions a short constant number), and also a next instruction
address (again in block/track/sector format).
The I/O rack had the interprocessor communication register, along with
registers for reading the time from a transistorized Parabam real-time clock
(HH:MM:SS) in 24-hour time (The clock had those wonderful projection-type
incandescent displays to show the current time), a Teletype current-loop
interface at 110 baud, an interface for communication the IBM wide-carriage
output typewriter (which we never we able to get working), and a whole slew of
relay outputs, contact closure inputs, digital to analog converters with line
drivers, and comparators with counters connected that could act as
software-driven analog to digital converters, event counters, etc. One last
output interface was a register that was write-only that could enable or
disable an old Mallory Sonalert that would generate an ear-splitting shriek
when turned on. There were also two banks of decimal thumbwheel switches, one
with three digits, and another with 8 digits, that could be read from the CPU
4-bits at a time through an I/O register.
When I got to high school in 1974, the drum in one of the CPUs had suffered a
bearing failure and crashed hard. The instructor of the computing curriculum
looked into seeing if the drum could be repaired, but it would have been
prohibitively expensive, so the drum was removed from this CPU and used as a
prop for illustrating different types of memory technology to his students.
The other CPU ran fine through my years of high school, and I learned a great
deal about programming at the machine level from the old 3M (I for the life of
me can't remember the model number of the machine).
I fondly remember writing an "alarm clock" program where a time in HHMMSS form
could be wheeled into the low six digits of the eight-digit thumbwheel
register, and when the time there matched the time on the Parabam clock, it'd
fire off the Sonalert, and print an arbitrary message on the teletype
repeatedly until the program was halted by dialing a stop code read from the
three digit thumbwheel switch bank when the program was started. Once the
program was started, I'd scramble the three digit thumbwheels, so no one but me
would know the code to stop the program. You might think that you could just
press the "STOP" button on the console...but there was a Plexiglas cover with a
small padlock lock on it that covered the console controls...and I had a key).
So, I'd set a time during one of the 1st year computer classes, start the
program, and lock the cover over the console. In the middle of the class, the
Sonalert would go off, and the teletype would rattle out "HELP, HELP!! I'M
TRAPPED IN HERE!!! LET ME OUT!!!" with Control-G (ring the Teletype bell)
interspersed amongst the characters). It would cause just a bit of a fuss.
After watching the chaos for a few moments, I would calmly walk in and dial the
code to stop the program.
Needless to say, after I did this a few times, I was kindly asked by the
computer instructor not to do that anymore. It was great fun while it lasted.
The machine had no index registers. So, indexing meant writing self-modifying
code. Never was bounds checking more important than when you were writing
self-modifying code.
The machine had a hardware loader, which would accept block/track/sector
addresses followed by a space, then the 8-digit octal representation of the
word to be placed at that drum address. The loader was initiated by pressing
a "LOAD" button on the console when the CPU was stopped. The loader was fast
enough to be able to take in programs from the tape reader on the 33-ASR
Teletype hooked up to the machine. There were four other controls on the
console not counting the main power switch. "STOP" (halted the machine),
"CLEAR" (initialized the program counter and two accumulators (A & B) to zero),
and "START", which started the CPU executing at the current program counter
location, which most of the time was 0/0/0 because you'd press CLEAR before
START, and have a jump at 0/0/0 to branch to your program. The STOP and START
buttons were lighted, so you could tell if the machine was running or halted.
The last control was a momentary toggle switch, that would single-step one
instruction when the machine was in STOP state. There were five neon lamp
indicators on the console that showed the current instruction opcode to be
executed. With such minimalistic controls, debugging was interesting, to say
the least.
When powered up, the machine would have both the START and STOP lights turned
off until the drum got up to speed and everything was synchronized, and then
the lamp in the stop key would light up to tell you the machine was ready.
The machine was completely bit-serial in nature, minimizing the number of flip
flops. I recall that the circuit boards in the machine were something like 5x7
inches (give or take), and were not densely packed with components. They were
fiberglass boards, with traces only on one side, and jumper wires on the
component side. I remember date codes on the transistors as being from the
1963 - 1964 timeframe. I recollect that there were something around 48
circuit boards in each CPU. We occasionally had to scrounge boards out of the
decommissioned second CPU to fix faults that developed in the running
machine...it was musical board swapping to troubleshoot because we didn't have
any schematics or service documentation for the machine. The machine was
quite slow, even if you wrote the code to use instruction timing to optimize
placement of instructions and operands on the drum to minimize latency. I
recall writing a program that I optimized as best as I possibly could, and the
machine couldn't output to the Teletype at its full rated speed when typing out
text from an arbitrarily located text buffer. It'd do about 9 characters per
second. The machine had interrupt capability, but most of the interrupt
processing logic was in the I/O rack, and something was amiss with the logic,
and we were never able to get it to work properly. So, alll I/O was CPU
polling, which explains part of why the I/O was slow.
I managed to write a minimal DEC FOCAL interpreter for the machine. IIt was
really slow, but it worked. The floating point math routines were the most
difficult. I had learned FOCAL on a DEC PDP 8 (straight 8) in a class I took
when I was in 8th grade, and it seemed simple enough that I could make it work
on the 3M machine. I had thought about trying to do BASIC for the machine, but
I decided on FOCAL because it was a lot less complex. Glad I chose FOCAL,
because It barely fit, even in somewhat minimalized form, on the 8K drum. It
was very slow having to pack/unpack three ASCII characters into 24-bit words,
but to make everything fit, I had to do it. And, with only two registers
(accumulator A and B), and the interprocessor communication 24-bit register
that was accessible through I/O instructions, it was quite a challenge.
Anyway, I graduated in 1977. I went back during the 1979 school year to
visit, and the whole place had changed. The amazing computer curriculum
teacher was gone, promoted to somewhere in the district administration, and
some younger new guy was there whom I took a pretty immediate dislike to. This
was his first year teaching at the school, and the first thing he did was call
a scrap dealer to come take away the 3M machine, along with another old machine
that was donated to the school...hardly a computer, more like an accounting
machine, made by SCM, called a 7816 Typetronic. They were both gone, and I was
really angry that they had gone off to scrap. Also, the IMSAI 8080
microcomputer that a small group of students including myself had built from
kit form as a high school project during the end of Junior and first part of
Senior year in high school was nowhere to be seen. In their place were a
number of shiny new Apple II computers. These, to me, seemed mere toys
compared to the "real" computer that had gone off to scrap. Had I known this
was going to happen, I would have somehow come up with a way to rescue the 3M
machine (it wasn't small, nor lightweight) to some kind of safe storage until I
would have the resources to restore them. Fortunately, through pure luck, I
did manage to find that old IMSAI that we built....and it is in my collection
today, and works great. A story for another time.
So, even though I was born a bit late to have been "in the prime time" of the
earlier computers, I did get the rare experience for a person my age of working
with a machine that used magnetic drum memory as primary memory, and I wouldn't
trade what I learned from that old beast for anything.
Rick Bensene
