I had continued to try and figure it out after I sent the email.  I did figure 
out a way to make it work.

FROM expenditures e, people p
WHERE e.approved_by = people.id (+)

In Oracle, the + does the outer join.  And it worked well, but it wasn't 
explicit.  I don't know sql well enough to read that alter and go, "oh, I'm 
doing an outer join there".  I wanted explicit and that's what your code gave 
me.  Interestingly, it happens in the FROM rather than the WHERE cause of the 
ON.

thank you.

> Yes it will be an LEFT or RIGHT outer join.  The direction determines  
> which table you want ALL records from.  So if the expense table is on 
> the left of the join use expense LEFT OUTER JOIN people on aField = 
> bField.  If yo want it on the right then it would be people RIGHT OTER 
> 
> JOIN expense on aField = bField.

Thank you too for the explanation.  It was helpful.

And the concatenation worked great too.

daniel 

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