Because of 17.6.5.2 [res.on.headers]/p3, I do not believe we should make 
<cstddef> dependent upon (include) <cstdint> or <stdint.h>.  Therefore 
<cstddef> should not reference the typedef uintmax_t.  That being said, we 
could certainly include the aliased type for uintmax_t on any platform we wish 
to target.  On Apple platforms this would be unsigned long long, and for 
archaic reasons, also unsigned long.

While investigating your question, I think I've uncovered an ancient bug in 
libc++.  The defaulted alignment argument for aligned storage is supposed to be:

> The value of default-alignment shall be the most stringent alignment 
> requirement for any C++ object type whose size is no greater than Len (3.9).

If you output the value of __find_max_align<__all_types, _Len>::value for many 
values of _Len on OS X, you get:

std::__default_align<1>::value = 1
std::__default_align<2>::value = 2
std::__default_align<3>::value = 2
std::__default_align<4>::value = 4
std::__default_align<5>::value = 4
std::__default_align<6>::value = 4
std::__default_align<7>::value = 4
std::__default_align<8>::value = 8
std::__default_align<9>::value = 8
std::__default_align<10>::value = 8
std::__default_align<11>::value = 8
std::__default_align<12>::value = 8
std::__default_align<13>::value = 8
std::__default_align<14>::value = 8
std::__default_align<15>::value = 8
std::__default_align<16>::value = 16
std::__default_align<17>::value = 16
std::__default_align<18>::value = 16
std::__default_align<19>::value = 16
std::__default_align<20>::value = 16
std::__default_align<21>::value = 16
std::__default_align<22>::value = 16
std::__default_align<23>::value = 16
std::__default_align<24>::value = 16
std::__default_align<25>::value = 16
std::__default_align<26>::value = 16
std::__default_align<27>::value = 16
std::__default_align<28>::value = 16
std::__default_align<29>::value = 16
std::__default_align<30>::value = 16
std::__default_align<31>::value = 16
std::__default_align<32>::value = 16
std::__default_align<33>::value = 16
...

I.e. The default alignement for an object 17 bytes big is 16.

However on reflection, I believe this is incorrect. I believe it should look 
like:

std::__default_align<1>::value = 1
std::__default_align<2>::value = 2
std::__default_align<3>::value = 1
std::__default_align<4>::value = 4
std::__default_align<5>::value = 1
std::__default_align<6>::value = 2
std::__default_align<7>::value = 1
std::__default_align<8>::value = 8
std::__default_align<9>::value = 1
std::__default_align<10>::value = 2
std::__default_align<11>::value = 1
std::__default_align<12>::value = 4
std::__default_align<13>::value = 1
std::__default_align<14>::value = 2
std::__default_align<15>::value = 1
std::__default_align<16>::value = 16
std::__default_align<17>::value = 1
std::__default_align<18>::value = 2
std::__default_align<19>::value = 1
std::__default_align<20>::value = 4
std::__default_align<21>::value = 1
std::__default_align<22>::value = 2
std::__default_align<23>::value = 1
std::__default_align<24>::value = 8
std::__default_align<25>::value = 1
std::__default_align<26>::value = 2
std::__default_align<27>::value = 1
std::__default_align<28>::value = 4
std::__default_align<29>::value = 1
std::__default_align<30>::value = 2
std::__default_align<31>::value = 1
std::__default_align<32>::value = 16
std::__default_align<33>::value = 1
...

In terms of a formula, I believe the default alignment should be computed by:

  default_alignment(Len) = min(1 << ctz(Len), alignof(max_align_t));

Do others agree there is a bug here, and that this is the correct fix?  If so, 
I will prepare another patch to address this.  And I think this new patch will 
somewhat simplify the current solution for computing max_align_t in the absence 
of __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__.  Simplification is good, it will lead to slightly 
faster compile times.

Thanks,
Howard

On Feb 10, 2014, at 2:38 AM, Kal <[email protected]> wrote:

> Hi Howard,
> Your solution looks neat. Wouldn't it make sense to also include
> 'uintmax_t' in the type_list? Also for the aligned_storage use case,
> seems like you should also be including 'float'?
> -Kal
> 
> Am 09.02.14 20:50, schrieb Howard Hinnant:
>> On Feb 9, 2014, at 12:03 PM, Marshall Clow <[email protected]> wrote:
>> 
>>> On the CFE-dev list, Kal reported:
>>> 
>>>> Running libc++ 3.4 rc1 "testit" on 32-bit Linux fails for test:
>>>> 
>>>> test/language.support/support.types/max_align_t.pass.cpp
>>>> 
>>>> max_align_t is typedef'd to "long double" type in <cstddef>. But...
>>>> 
>>>> alignment_of(long double)=4, sizeof(long double)=12
>>>> alignment_of(long long)=8, sizeof(long long)=8
>>> and last night, in r201037, David Majnemer added support for a macro 
>>> __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__.
>>> 
>>> This patch changes the definition of max_align_t when that macro is present.
>>> 
>>> Note: The actual definition of max_align_t is:
>>> • The type max_align_t is a POD type whose alignment requirement is at 
>>> least as great as that of every scalar type, and whose alignment 
>>> requirement is supported in every context.
>>> 
>>> — Marshall
>>> 
>>> <max_align.patch>
>> Thanks Kal and Marshall!
>> 
>> I think this is a good patch.  However I have a counter-proposal that is a 
>> bit more ambitious:
>> 
>> This patch moves the private __find_max_align utility from <type_traits> to 
>> <cstddef> (<type_traits> includes <cstddef>).  This utility creates a list 
>> of likely types, and their alignments, and then given a sizeof, it selects 
>> an appropriate alignment.  This is used in the implementation of 
>> std::aligned_storage_t for the defaulted alignment parameter.
>> 
>> The purpose of moving this utility is to fall back on it in case we can't 
>> find max_align_t in <stddef.h>, and in case __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__ is not 
>> already defined by the compiler (or I supposed by <__config> for some 
>> platform).  This is simply done by getting the alignment for a ridiculously 
>> large type, say sizeof == 1Kb:
>> 
>> #ifndef __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__
>> #define __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__ (__find_max_align<__all_types, 1024>::value)
>> #endif
>> 
>> On OSX / iOS, __find_max_align<__all_types, 1024>::value == 16.  If some 
>> platform needs to add a type to the type list __all_types, that is easily 
>> done.  But this facility has been used in aligned_storage for years, and no 
>> one has yet had any problems with it.
>> 
>> Features:
>> 
>> 1. If <__config> defines _LIBCPP_C_HAS_MAX_ALIGN_T, then max_align_t is 
>> grabbed from the global namespace / <stddef.h>.  Currently no platform in 
>> <__config> defines _LIBCPP_C_HAS_MAX_ALIGN_T.  C11 introduces max_align_t in 
>> <stddef.h>.  I expect that eventually all platforms will migrate to this 
>> option.
>> 
>> 2. If _LIBCPP_C_HAS_MAX_ALIGN_T is not defined, but __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__ 
>> is defined, then max_align_t is created as proposed by Marshall.  As 
>> Marshall noted, Kal has just added __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__ to the 
>> tip-of-trunk clang.
>> 
>> 3. If neither _LIBCPP_C_HAS_MAX_ALIGN_T nor __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__ is 
>> defined, then __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__ is defined as 
>> (__find_max_align<__all_types, 1024>::value), and then again max_align_t is 
>> created as proposed by Marshall.  This latter step is I believe a better 
>> default than what we originally had:  long double.
>> 
>> All of the code dealing with alignment is pretty ancient in libc++, and it 
>> was overdue for an update.  Along the way I've modernized and simplified 
>> aligned_storage.  And there's a drive-by fix of a C++03 bug in 
>> common_type<int> pointed out by Marshall.  And another drive-by fix of a 
>> C++03 warning in 
>> test/utilities/meta/meta.unary/meta.unary.prop/is_assignable.pass.cpp.
>> 
>> I've tested with Apple's clang-500.0.68 (which lacks 
>> __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__), in C++03 and C++11, and with tip-of-trunk clang 
>> (which has __ALIGNOF_MAX_ALIGN_T__) in C++03, C++11 and C++1y.  The branch 
>> which imports max_align_t from <stddef.h> has not been tested.  But this 
>> branch consists of only a single line of code:
>> 
>> using ::max_align_t;
>> 
>> Howard
> 


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