As I noted in a guest blog for the Finch Research Network last fall, the
story of Cassia Crossbills in Colorado is complicated by the fact that I
belatedly discovered a recording of Cassia that I had made in Silverthorne,
Colorado in March of 2012, pushing the first known occurrence of the
species in Colorado back by nine years.

https://finchnetwork.org/cassia-crossbills-in-colorado-the-mystery-deepens

What does that mean, exactly? Heck if I know. But I do think it's another
great reason why EVERY birder's first instinct upon hearing crossbills --
anywhere, anytime -- should be to pull out the phone and hit record.

Nathan Pieplow
Boulder

On Mon, Jun 19, 2023 at 4:08 PM David Lawrance <[email protected]>
wrote:

> Nearly Half of the Cassia Crossbill's Population Could Be Lost After
> Wildfire
> <https://www.audubon.org/news/nearly-half-cassia-crossbills-population-could-be-lost-after-wildfire>
> is a 2020 Audubon article about the Badger wildfire in the South Hills in
> the fall of 2020. Christian Nunes reported the first report of 3 birds in
> Colorado in Grand County not much later in July 2021. Not that any
> conclusions can be drawn from just that, it does suggest a reason to locate
> to new lodgepole-rich areas. That cassia crossbills never needed to migrate
> doesn't mean that they are incapable of it.
>
> David Lawrance
> Longmont CO
>
> On Sunday, June 18, 2023 at 4:36:39 PM UTC-6 Ted Floyd wrote:
>
>> Hey, all.
>>
>> Motivated by Diana Beatty's COBirds inquiry from earlier today, I quickly
>> generated a few eBird range maps. Check it out:
>>
>> [image: Cassia Crossbill 1900-2000 zoomed in.png]
>> *eBird records for Cassia crossbill, 1900–2020.*
>>
>> [image: Cassia Crossbill 2021-2023 zoomed in.png]
>> *eBird records for Cassia crossbill, 2021–2023.*
>>
>> Zooming out to show the entire Lower 48:
>>
>> [image: Cassia Crossbill 1900-2020 zoomed out.png]
>> *eBird records for Cassia crossbill, 1900–2020.*
>>
>> [image: Cassia Crossbill 2021-2023 zoomed out.png]
>> *eBird records for Cassia crossbill, 2021–2023.*
>>
>> It isn't too much of an exaggeration to say that much of what we "knew"
>> about the Cassia crossbill has been thrown out the window. The conventional
>> wisdom not even five years ago was that the species is restricted to just
>> two mountain ranges in Cassia and Twin Falls cos., sc. Idaho. But now we
>> understand that the Cassia crossbill occupies a larger swath of the
>> southern Rockies in c. Colo., encompassing at least Eagle, Pitkin, Park,
>> Summit, and Grand cos.
>>
>> What is it that sc. Idaho and c. Colo. have in common? Answer: lots of
>> lodgepole pine and almost no ponderosa pine. Cassia crossbills love
>> lodgepole pine. So far, so good. But you knew it wasn't going to be so
>> easy. Because what is it that *distinguishes* the mountains of sc. Idaho
>> from those of c. Colo.? Well, squirrels are absent from sc. Idaho's
>> mountains, yet prolific in the mountains of c. Colo.; good luck finding a
>> U.S. Forest Service road or campground in c. Colo. and *not* finding
>> buttloads of southwestern pine squirrels. (ICYMI: recent split, now 
>> *Tamiasciurus
>> fremonti*.) You can probably see where I'm going with this: The specific
>> epithet, *viz*., *sinesciurus*, of the Cassia crossbill means "without
>> squirrels" because our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of the
>> species critically depends on there being a landscape without squirrels.
>> But that interpretation tidily defenestrates in squirrel-infested c. Colo.
>>
>> I threw in a tease about ponderosa pine. Cassia crossbills don't seem to
>> care about ponderosa pines, but Colorado's widespread red crossbills, the
>> type 2, or, ahem, "ponderosa pine," red crossbills, supposedly do. And type
>> 2 red crossbills are the numerically dominant crossbills in the mountains
>> of c. Colo., cheerfully chowing down on lodgepole seeds, spruce seeds, fir
>> seeds, Douglas-fir seeds, Walmart™ and PerkyPet® seeds, and even
>> CDOT-proffered potash and magnesium chloride along state highways in the
>> region. But not ponderosa seeds because they're not even there. (Okay,
>> slight hyperbole. They're in people's yards in some places and, sparsely,
>> planted around resorts. Pondos in condos, lol. And a very few in the
>> nominal "wild." But ponderosa pines are, practically speaking at an
>> ecological level, absent there.)
>>
>> All of the preceding is a gratifying case study for the power of eBird to
>> advance and even substantially revise our understanding of bird biology.
>> All it takes is a modicum of care and discipline. Note: not necessarily
>> skill and experience; those are "nice to have," "icing on the cake." The
>> biggies for field ornithology are care and discipline. What's so great
>> about eBird here in Colo. is that records of Cassia crossbills, as well as
>> records of red crossbills at the level of the "type," now *require* audio
>> with diagnostic spectrograms. The word "diagnostic" needn't be scary.
>> Here's a pair of barely audible type 2 (ponderosa pine) red crossbills that
>> I recorded as they were receding fast in the drizzle high above the, er,
>> lodgepole pine forests of c. Gilpin Co. a couple days ago:
>>
>> https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/585935691
>>
>> It's really a piece-o'-crap recording. Don't bother trying to hear it.
>> That said, the spectrogram of the flight call, strongly descending with a
>> kink, or crook, around 4 kHz, is completely diagnostic for type 2. As Donna
>> Dittmann once said, "If I can do this [use technology], anybody can do
>> this." Well, the only birder more tech-averse than Donna is Yours Truly.
>>
>> A whole lot of us will be in c. Colo. in just about a month for the joint
>> meeting of Colorado Field Ornithologists (CFO) and Western Field
>> Ornithologists (WFO). Literally hundreds of birders will be within earshot
>> of crossbills almost continually. At the very least, we'll all be hearing
>> type 2 red crossbills. Type 5 red crossbills should be up there, too, and
>> perhaps type 3 and type 4 red crossbills, as well. Especially where there
>> are spruces near timberline, white-winged crossbills absolutely should be
>> looked for. And if the summer of 2023 proves to be anything like the
>> summers of 2021 and 2022, then we can be hopeful for encounters with Cassia
>> crossbills.
>>
>> BUT...
>>
>> AND...
>>
>> We need to document it all. Photos and especially videos of crossbills
>> feeding are exceedingly valuable. And what we're really after is as much
>> audio documentation as possible of flight calls. Cellphones are eminently
>> up to the task; just press the red button, it's that easy. Also, you can
>> extract audio from video made with even the most basic of digital cameras.
>> Best of all, you don't even need to know what you got. If you're not
>> certain (Floyd raises his hand, half the time he's out there...), just
>> upload your media as "Red Crossbill" or "Red/Cassia Crossbill" or
>> "crossbill sp."—those are all valid eBird "taxa," and it is an excellent
>> idea to use them when you're not sure—and an eBird reviewer or other expert
>> will swoop in and help you with the ID.
>>
>> In a little more than a month, we may know a lot more about crossbill
>> biology than we do right now. How cool is that! I hope somebody writes up
>> the analysis for CFO's journal *Colorado Birds* and for WFO's journal 
>> *Western
>> Birds*. Just take pictures, make videos, and record audio. Lots of it.
>> And, not to go all Leatherman on you, but try to ascertain what the
>> crossbills are eating.
>>
>> We can do this!
>>
>> Ted Floyd
>> Lafayette, Boulder Co.
>>
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