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The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new b241eb6  ARROW-1839/ARROW-1871: [C++/Python] Add Decimal Parquet 
Read/Write Tests
b241eb6 is described below

commit b241eb699b6151d9b1c8809528be4c80cce26c7e
Author: Phillip Cloud <cpcl...@gmail.com>
AuthorDate: Mon Dec 4 22:39:44 2017 -0500

    ARROW-1839/ARROW-1871: [C++/Python] Add Decimal Parquet Read/Write Tests
    
    Author: Phillip Cloud <cpcl...@gmail.com>
    Author: Wes McKinney <wes.mckin...@twosigma.com>
    
    Closes #1335 from cpcloud/ARROW-1839 and squashes the following commits:
    
    496ec796 [Wes McKinney] Make RescaleDecimal instead an instance method of 
Decimal128
    878d9a1d [Phillip Cloud] Fix namespace
    816ff42a [Phillip Cloud] Use IsPyInteger
    41c447fb [Wes McKinney] Add missing license header
    3b91e550 [Wes McKinney] Rename Rescale to RescaleDecimal
    accc653d [Wes McKinney] Make AppendItem methods non-virtual for CRTP 
inlining
    bbc14cf4 [Phillip Cloud] int64_t for looping
    b6f8592f [Phillip Cloud] Generate a column for different scales
    afe4396a [Phillip Cloud] docstring
    ade030e5 [Phillip Cloud] Clarify randdecimal contract
    752e905b [Phillip Cloud] Use Python C API instead of string parsing
    115fbc96 [Phillip Cloud] Remove iostream include
    1f6339d8 [Phillip Cloud] Clean up testing
    a4b1d6bb [Phillip Cloud] Add randdecimal to util
    07c356ac [Phillip Cloud] Remove inference from python objects
    c7637f19 [Phillip Cloud] Refactor test
    dba8a0d9 [Phillip Cloud] Add docs
    4296b5c9 [Phillip Cloud] Infer the scale by looking at every Python decimal 
object
    98e319af [Phillip Cloud] Remove debugging
    2d02b44f [Phillip Cloud] More style fixes
    f235ef42 [Phillip Cloud] Style fixes
    97c0a6b5 [Phillip Cloud] Make sure we assign to our out variable
    d4a32361 [Phillip Cloud] Move rescaling to decimal.h/cc
    891137fd [Phillip Cloud] Formatting
    deea4711 [Phillip Cloud] Refactor rescaling functionality
    108e8914 [Phillip Cloud] Format
    c28e2c17 [Phillip Cloud] Remove test
    cbb2ed76 [Phillip Cloud] Rewrite infer precision and scale from python
    7a2de887 [Phillip Cloud] Add rescaling
    b2ad3b7f [Phillip Cloud] Rename
    e0d6080a [Phillip Cloud] Formatting
    fc5412a3 [Phillip Cloud] Checkpoint [ci skip]
    cf3a5a26 [Phillip Cloud] Test multiple precisions and scales
    853fced9 [Phillip Cloud] Make the parquet read/write from python test more 
robust
    ff6eccf8 [Phillip Cloud] Add c++ formatting test for small number and small 
scale/precision
    cd38abd4 [Phillip Cloud] Add test util
    45eafe73 [Phillip Cloud] Add better test
    d7a0aab4 [Phillip Cloud] Make sure we do not override the inferred type
    eff7d2b5 [Phillip Cloud] Use array syntax
    801626b4 [Phillip Cloud] Use FormatValue
    e519c25f [Phillip Cloud] Add Decimal parquet tests
---
 cpp/src/arrow/python/arrow_to_pandas.cc | 20 ++-----
 cpp/src/arrow/python/builtin_convert.cc | 76 ++++++++++++---------------
 cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.cc         | 77 +++++++++++++++++++++++----
 cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.h          | 11 +++-
 cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy-internal.h   |  4 +-
 cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy_to_arrow.cc  | 35 +++++++++----
 cpp/src/arrow/python/python-test.cc     | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++--------
 cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal-test.cc      |  9 ++++
 cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.cc           | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.h            |  3 ++
 python/pyarrow/tests/test_parquet.py    | 44 +++++++++++++++-
 python/pyarrow/tests/util.py            | 93 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 12 files changed, 411 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/arrow_to_pandas.cc 
b/cpp/src/arrow/python/arrow_to_pandas.cc
index 096bbd5..b1825cb 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/arrow_to_pandas.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/arrow_to_pandas.cc
@@ -620,13 +620,6 @@ static Status ConvertTimes(PandasOptions options, const 
ChunkedArray& data,
   return Status::OK();
 }
 
-static Status RawDecimalToString(const uint8_t* bytes, int scale, std::string* 
result) {
-  DCHECK_NE(result, nullptr);
-  Decimal128 decimal(bytes);
-  *result = decimal.ToString(scale);
-  return Status::OK();
-}
-
 static Status ConvertDecimals(PandasOptions options, const ChunkedArray& data,
                               PyObject** out_values) {
   PyAcquireGIL lock;
@@ -637,19 +630,14 @@ static Status ConvertDecimals(PandasOptions options, 
const ChunkedArray& data,
   PyObject* Decimal = Decimal_ref.obj();
 
   for (int c = 0; c < data.num_chunks(); c++) {
-    auto* arr(static_cast<arrow::Decimal128Array*>(data.chunk(c).get()));
-    auto type(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<arrow::Decimal128Type>(arr->type()));
-    const int scale = type->scale();
+    const auto& arr(static_cast<const 
arrow::Decimal128Array&>(*data.chunk(c).get()));
 
-    for (int64_t i = 0; i < arr->length(); ++i) {
-      if (arr->IsNull(i)) {
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i < arr.length(); ++i) {
+      if (arr.IsNull(i)) {
         Py_INCREF(Py_None);
         *out_values++ = Py_None;
       } else {
-        const uint8_t* raw_value = arr->GetValue(i);
-        std::string decimal_string;
-        RETURN_NOT_OK(RawDecimalToString(raw_value, scale, &decimal_string));
-        *out_values++ = internal::DecimalFromString(Decimal, decimal_string);
+        *out_values++ = internal::DecimalFromString(Decimal, 
arr.FormatValue(i));
         RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
       }
     }
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/builtin_convert.cc 
b/cpp/src/arrow/python/builtin_convert.cc
index c716c47..08cbae7 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/builtin_convert.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/builtin_convert.cc
@@ -37,14 +37,6 @@
 namespace arrow {
 namespace py {
 
-static inline bool IsPyInteger(PyObject* obj) {
-#if PYARROW_IS_PY2
-  return PyLong_Check(obj) || PyInt_Check(obj);
-#else
-  return PyLong_Check(obj);
-#endif
-}
-
 Status InvalidConversion(PyObject* obj, const std::string& expected_types,
                          std::ostream* out) {
   OwnedRef type(PyObject_Type(obj));
@@ -91,7 +83,7 @@ class ScalarVisitor {
       ++bool_count_;
     } else if (PyFloat_Check(obj)) {
       ++float_count_;
-    } else if (IsPyInteger(obj)) {
+    } else if (internal::IsPyInteger(obj)) {
       ++int_count_;
     } else if (PyDate_CheckExact(obj)) {
       ++date_count_;
@@ -390,28 +382,26 @@ class TypedConverterVisitor : public 
TypedConverter<BuilderType> {
     }
     return Status::OK();
   }
-
-  virtual Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) = 0;
 };
 
 class NullConverter : public TypedConverterVisitor<NullBuilder, NullConverter> 
{
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     return Status::Invalid("NullConverter: passed non-None value");
   }
 };
 
 class BoolConverter : public TypedConverterVisitor<BooleanBuilder, 
BoolConverter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     return typed_builder_->Append(item.obj() == Py_True);
   }
 };
 
 class Int8Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<Int8Builder, Int8Converter> 
{
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    int64_t val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
 
     if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(val > std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max() ||
                             val < std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min())) {
@@ -426,8 +416,8 @@ class Int8Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<Int8Builder, Int8Converter> {
 
 class Int16Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<Int16Builder, 
Int16Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    int64_t val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
 
     if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(val > std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max() ||
                             val < std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min())) {
@@ -442,8 +432,8 @@ class Int16Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<Int16Builder, Int16Converter
 
 class Int32Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<Int32Builder, 
Int32Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    int64_t val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
 
     if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(val > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() ||
                             val < std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min())) {
@@ -458,8 +448,8 @@ class Int32Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<Int32Builder, Int32Converter
 
 class Int64Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<Int64Builder, 
Int64Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    int64_t val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
     RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
     return typed_builder_->Append(val);
   }
@@ -467,8 +457,8 @@ class Int64Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<Int64Builder, Int64Converter
 
 class UInt8Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<UInt8Builder, 
UInt8Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    uint64_t val = static_cast<uint64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<uint64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
 
     if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(val > std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max())) {
       return Status::Invalid(
@@ -482,8 +472,8 @@ class UInt8Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<UInt8Builder, UInt8Converter
 
 class UInt16Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<UInt16Builder, 
UInt16Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    uint64_t val = static_cast<uint64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<uint64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
 
     if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(val > std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())) {
       return Status::Invalid(
@@ -497,8 +487,8 @@ class UInt16Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<UInt16Builder, UInt16Conver
 
 class UInt32Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<UInt32Builder, 
UInt32Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    uint64_t val = static_cast<uint64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<uint64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
 
     if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(val > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())) {
       return Status::Invalid(
@@ -512,8 +502,8 @@ class UInt32Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<UInt32Builder, UInt32Conver
 
 class UInt64Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<UInt64Builder, 
UInt64Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
-    int64_t val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+    const auto val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
     RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
     return typed_builder_->Append(val);
   }
@@ -521,13 +511,13 @@ class UInt64Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<UInt64Builder, UInt64Conver
 
 class Date32Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<Date32Builder, 
Date32Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     int32_t t;
     if (PyDate_Check(item.obj())) {
       auto pydate = reinterpret_cast<PyDateTime_Date*>(item.obj());
       t = static_cast<int32_t>(PyDate_to_s(pydate));
     } else {
-      int64_t casted_val = static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
+      const auto casted_val = 
static_cast<int64_t>(PyLong_AsLongLong(item.obj()));
       RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
       if (casted_val > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
         return Status::Invalid("Integer as date32 larger than INT32_MAX");
@@ -540,7 +530,7 @@ class Date32Converter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<Date32Builder, Date32Conver
 
 class Date64Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<Date64Builder, 
Date64Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     int64_t t;
     if (PyDate_Check(item.obj())) {
       auto pydate = reinterpret_cast<PyDateTime_Date*>(item.obj());
@@ -558,7 +548,7 @@ class TimestampConverter
  public:
   explicit TimestampConverter(TimeUnit::type unit) : unit_(unit) {}
 
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     int64_t t;
     if (PyDateTime_Check(item.obj())) {
       auto pydatetime = reinterpret_cast<PyDateTime_DateTime*>(item.obj());
@@ -590,7 +580,7 @@ class TimestampConverter
 
 class DoubleConverter : public TypedConverterVisitor<DoubleBuilder, 
DoubleConverter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     double val = PyFloat_AsDouble(item.obj());
     RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
     return typed_builder_->Append(val);
@@ -599,7 +589,7 @@ class DoubleConverter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<DoubleBuilder, DoubleConver
 
 class BytesConverter : public TypedConverterVisitor<BinaryBuilder, 
BytesConverter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     PyObject* bytes_obj;
     const char* bytes;
     Py_ssize_t length;
@@ -627,7 +617,7 @@ class BytesConverter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<BinaryBuilder, BytesConverte
 class FixedWidthBytesConverter
     : public TypedConverterVisitor<FixedSizeBinaryBuilder, 
FixedWidthBytesConverter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     PyObject* bytes_obj;
     OwnedRef tmp;
     Py_ssize_t expected_length =
@@ -654,7 +644,7 @@ class FixedWidthBytesConverter
 
 class UTF8Converter : public TypedConverterVisitor<StringBuilder, 
UTF8Converter> {
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     PyObject* bytes_obj;
     OwnedRef tmp;
     const char* bytes;
@@ -689,10 +679,10 @@ class ListConverter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<ListBuilder, ListConverter> {
  public:
   Status Init(ArrayBuilder* builder) override;
 
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) override {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     RETURN_NOT_OK(typed_builder_->Append());
     PyObject* item_obj = item.obj();
-    int64_t list_size = static_cast<int64_t>(PySequence_Size(item_obj));
+    const auto list_size = static_cast<int64_t>(PySequence_Size(item_obj));
     return value_converter_->AppendData(item_obj, list_size);
   }
 
@@ -703,13 +693,11 @@ class ListConverter : public 
TypedConverterVisitor<ListBuilder, ListConverter> {
 class DecimalConverter
     : public TypedConverterVisitor<arrow::Decimal128Builder, DecimalConverter> 
{
  public:
-  inline Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
+  Status AppendItem(const OwnedRef& item) {
     /// TODO(phillipc): Check for nan?
-    std::string string;
-    RETURN_NOT_OK(internal::PythonDecimalToString(item.obj(), &string));
-
     Decimal128 value;
-    RETURN_NOT_OK(Decimal128::FromString(string, &value));
+    const auto& type = static_cast<const 
DecimalType&>(*typed_builder_->type());
+    RETURN_NOT_OK(internal::DecimalFromPythonDecimal(item.obj(), type, 
&value));
     return typed_builder_->Append(value);
   }
 };
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.cc
index 708d991..494f929 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.cc
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@
 // specific language governing permissions and limitations
 // under the License.
 
-#include "arrow/python/helpers.h"
+#include <sstream>
+
 #include "arrow/python/common.h"
+#include "arrow/python/helpers.h"
 #include "arrow/util/decimal.h"
 #include "arrow/util/logging.h"
 
@@ -91,20 +93,33 @@ Status PythonDecimalToString(PyObject* python_decimal, 
std::string* out) {
   return Status::OK();
 }
 
-Status InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(PyObject* python_decimal, int* precision,
-                                     int* scale) {
-  // Call Python's str(decimal_object)
-  OwnedRef str_obj(PyObject_Str(python_decimal));
+Status InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(PyObject* python_decimal, int32_t* 
precision,
+                                     int32_t* scale) {
+  DCHECK_NE(python_decimal, NULLPTR);
+  DCHECK_NE(precision, NULLPTR);
+  DCHECK_NE(scale, NULLPTR);
+
+  OwnedRef as_tuple(PyObject_CallMethod(python_decimal, "as_tuple", "()"));
   RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
-  PyObjectStringify str(str_obj.obj());
+  DCHECK(PyTuple_Check(as_tuple.obj()));
 
-  const char* bytes = str.bytes;
-  DCHECK_NE(bytes, nullptr);
+  OwnedRef digits(PyObject_GetAttrString(as_tuple.obj(), "digits"));
+  RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
+  DCHECK(PyTuple_Check(digits.obj()));
 
-  auto size = str.size;
+  const auto num_digits = static_cast<int32_t>(PyTuple_Size(digits.obj()));
+  RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
 
-  std::string c_string(bytes, size);
-  return Decimal128::FromString(c_string, nullptr, precision, scale);
+  OwnedRef py_exponent(PyObject_GetAttrString(as_tuple.obj(), "exponent"));
+  RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
+  DCHECK(IsPyInteger(py_exponent.obj()));
+
+  const auto exponent = static_cast<int32_t>(PyLong_AsLong(py_exponent.obj()));
+  RETURN_IF_PYERROR();
+
+  *precision = num_digits;
+  *scale = -exponent;
+  return Status::OK();
 }
 
 PyObject* DecimalFromString(PyObject* decimal_constructor,
@@ -121,6 +136,46 @@ PyObject* DecimalFromString(PyObject* decimal_constructor,
                                string_size);
 }
 
+Status DecimalFromPythonDecimal(PyObject* python_decimal, const DecimalType& 
arrow_type,
+                                Decimal128* out) {
+  DCHECK_NE(python_decimal, NULLPTR);
+  DCHECK_NE(out, NULLPTR);
+
+  std::string string;
+  RETURN_NOT_OK(PythonDecimalToString(python_decimal, &string));
+
+  int32_t inferred_precision;
+  int32_t inferred_scale;
+
+  RETURN_NOT_OK(
+      Decimal128::FromString(string, out, &inferred_precision, 
&inferred_scale));
+
+  const int32_t precision = arrow_type.precision();
+  const int32_t scale = arrow_type.scale();
+
+  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(inferred_precision > precision)) {
+    std::stringstream buf;
+    buf << "Decimal type with precision " << inferred_precision
+        << " does not fit into precision inferred from first array element: "
+        << precision;
+    return Status::Invalid(buf.str());
+  }
+
+  if (scale != inferred_scale) {
+    DCHECK_NE(out, NULLPTR);
+    RETURN_NOT_OK(out->Rescale(inferred_scale, scale, out));
+  }
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
+bool IsPyInteger(PyObject* obj) {
+#if PYARROW_IS_PY2
+  return PyLong_Check(obj) || PyInt_Check(obj);
+#else
+  return PyLong_Check(obj);
+#endif
+}
+
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace py
 }  // namespace arrow
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.h b/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.h
index 719ed79..c82bdab 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/helpers.h
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 #include "arrow/util/visibility.h"
 
 namespace arrow {
+
+class Decimal128;
+
 namespace py {
 
 class OwnedRef;
@@ -44,11 +47,15 @@ Status ImportFromModule(const OwnedRef& module, const 
std::string& module_name,
 
 Status PythonDecimalToString(PyObject* python_decimal, std::string* out);
 
-Status InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(PyObject* python_decimal, int* precision 
= NULLPTR,
-                                     int* scale = NULLPTR);
+Status InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(PyObject* python_decimal,
+                                     int32_t* precision = NULLPTR,
+                                     int32_t* scale = NULLPTR);
 
 PyObject* DecimalFromString(PyObject* decimal_constructor,
                             const std::string& decimal_string);
+Status DecimalFromPythonDecimal(PyObject* python_decimal, const DecimalType& 
arrow_type,
+                                Decimal128* out);
+bool IsPyInteger(PyObject* obj);
 
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace py
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy-internal.h 
b/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy-internal.h
index db34d24..6c9c871 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy-internal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy-internal.h
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class Ndarray1DIndexer {
 
   bool is_strided() const { return stride_ == 1; }
 
-  T& operator[](size_type index) { return *(data_ + index * stride_); }
-  T& operator[](size_type index) const { return *(data_ + index * stride_); }
+  T& operator[](size_type index) { return data_[index * stride_]; }
+  T& operator[](size_type index) const { return data_[index * stride_]; }
 
  private:
   PyArrayObject* arr_;
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy_to_arrow.cc 
b/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy_to_arrow.cc
index 0b1124d..2316a79 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy_to_arrow.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/numpy_to_arrow.cc
@@ -682,24 +682,41 @@ Status NumPyConverter::ConvertDecimals() {
   Ndarray1DIndexer<PyObject*> objects(arr_);
   PyObject* object = objects[0];
 
-  int precision;
-  int scale;
+  if (type_ == NULLPTR) {
+    int32_t precision;
+    int32_t desired_scale;
 
-  RETURN_NOT_OK(internal::InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(object, &precision, 
&scale));
+    int32_t tmp_precision;
+    int32_t tmp_scale;
 
-  type_ = std::make_shared<Decimal128Type>(precision, scale);
+    RETURN_NOT_OK(
+        internal::InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(objects[0], &precision, 
&desired_scale));
+
+    for (int64_t i = 1; i < length_; ++i) {
+      RETURN_NOT_OK(internal::InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(objects[i], 
&tmp_precision,
+                                                            &tmp_scale));
+      precision = std::max(precision, tmp_precision);
+
+      if (std::abs(desired_scale) < std::abs(tmp_scale)) {
+        desired_scale = tmp_scale;
+      }
+    }
+
+    type_ = ::arrow::decimal(precision, desired_scale);
+  }
 
   Decimal128Builder builder(type_, pool_);
   RETURN_NOT_OK(builder.Resize(length_));
 
+  const auto& decimal_type = static_cast<const DecimalType&>(*type_);
+  PyObject* Decimal_type_object = Decimal.obj();
+
   for (int64_t i = 0; i < length_; ++i) {
     object = objects[i];
-    if (PyObject_IsInstance(object, Decimal.obj())) {
-      std::string string;
-      RETURN_NOT_OK(internal::PythonDecimalToString(object, &string));
 
+    if (PyObject_IsInstance(object, Decimal_type_object)) {
       Decimal128 value;
-      RETURN_NOT_OK(Decimal128::FromString(string, &value));
+      RETURN_NOT_OK(internal::DecimalFromPythonDecimal(object, decimal_type, 
&value));
       RETURN_NOT_OK(builder.Append(value));
     } else if (PandasObjectIsNull(object)) {
       RETURN_NOT_OK(builder.AppendNull());
@@ -724,7 +741,7 @@ Status NumPyConverter::ConvertTimes() {
   Time64Builder builder(::arrow::time64(TimeUnit::MICRO), pool_);
   RETURN_NOT_OK(builder.Resize(length_));
 
-  PyObject* obj;
+  PyObject* obj = NULLPTR;
   for (int64_t i = 0; i < length_; ++i) {
     obj = objects[i];
     if (PyTime_Check(obj)) {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/python/python-test.cc 
b/cpp/src/arrow/python/python-test.cc
index 3b7d7d8..d9919ee 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/python/python-test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/python/python-test.cc
@@ -35,34 +35,73 @@ namespace py {
 
 TEST(PyBuffer, InvalidInputObject) { PyBuffer buffer(Py_None); }
 
-TEST(DecimalTest, TestPythonDecimalToString) {
-  PyAcquireGIL lock;
+class DecimalTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  DecimalTest() : lock_(), decimal_module_(), decimal_constructor_() {
+    auto s = internal::ImportModule("decimal", &decimal_module_);
+    DCHECK(s.ok()) << s.message();
+    DCHECK_NE(decimal_module_.obj(), NULLPTR);
 
-  OwnedRef decimal;
-  OwnedRef Decimal;
-  ASSERT_OK(internal::ImportModule("decimal", &decimal));
-  ASSERT_NE(decimal.obj(), nullptr);
+    s = internal::ImportFromModule(decimal_module_, "Decimal", 
&decimal_constructor_);
+    DCHECK(s.ok()) << s.message();
 
-  ASSERT_OK(internal::ImportFromModule(decimal, "Decimal", &Decimal));
-  ASSERT_NE(Decimal.obj(), nullptr);
+    DCHECK_NE(decimal_constructor_.obj(), NULLPTR);
+  }
 
-  std::string decimal_string("-39402950693754869342983");
-  const char* format = "s#";
-  auto c_string = decimal_string.c_str();
-  ASSERT_NE(c_string, nullptr);
+  OwnedRef CreatePythonDecimal(const std::string& string_value) {
+    OwnedRef ref(internal::DecimalFromString(decimal_constructor_.obj(), 
string_value));
+    return ref;
+  }
 
-  auto c_string_size = decimal_string.size();
-  ASSERT_GT(c_string_size, 0);
-  OwnedRef pydecimal(PyObject_CallFunction(Decimal.obj(), 
const_cast<char*>(format),
-                                           c_string, c_string_size));
-  ASSERT_NE(pydecimal.obj(), nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(PyErr_Occurred(), nullptr);
+ private:
+  PyAcquireGIL lock_;
+  OwnedRef decimal_module_;
+  OwnedRef decimal_constructor_;
+};
 
-  PyObject* python_object = pydecimal.obj();
-  ASSERT_NE(python_object, nullptr);
+TEST_F(DecimalTest, TestPythonDecimalToString) {
+  std::string decimal_string("-39402950693754869342983");
+
+  OwnedRef python_object = this->CreatePythonDecimal(decimal_string);
+  ASSERT_NE(python_object.obj(), nullptr);
 
   std::string string_result;
-  ASSERT_OK(internal::PythonDecimalToString(python_object, &string_result));
+  ASSERT_OK(internal::PythonDecimalToString(python_object.obj(), 
&string_result));
+}
+
+TEST_F(DecimalTest, TestInferPrecisionAndScale) {
+  std::string decimal_string("-394029506937548693.42983");
+  OwnedRef python_decimal(this->CreatePythonDecimal(decimal_string));
+
+  int32_t precision;
+  int32_t scale;
+
+  ASSERT_OK(
+      internal::InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(python_decimal.obj(), 
&precision, &scale));
+
+  const auto expected_precision =
+      static_cast<int32_t>(decimal_string.size() - 2);  // 1 for -, 1 for .
+  const int32_t expected_scale = 5;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_precision, precision);
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_scale, scale);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DecimalTest, TestInferPrecisionAndNegativeScale) {
+  std::string decimal_string("-3.94042983E+10");
+  OwnedRef python_decimal(this->CreatePythonDecimal(decimal_string));
+
+  int32_t precision;
+  int32_t scale;
+
+  ASSERT_OK(
+      internal::InferDecimalPrecisionAndScale(python_decimal.obj(), 
&precision, &scale));
+
+  const auto expected_precision = 9;
+  const int32_t expected_scale = -2;
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_precision, precision);
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected_scale, scale);
 }
 
 TEST(PandasConversionTest, TestObjectBlockWriteFails) {
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal-test.cc 
b/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal-test.cc
index 0d0c08c..e440674 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal-test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal-test.cc
@@ -366,4 +366,13 @@ TEST(Decimal128ParseTest, WithExponentAndNullptrScale) {
   ASSERT_EQ(expected_value, value);
 }
 
+TEST(Decimal128Test, TestSmallNumberFormat) {
+  Decimal128 value("0.2");
+  std::string expected("0.2");
+
+  const int32_t scale = 1;
+  std::string result = value.ToString(scale);
+  ASSERT_EQ(expected, result);
+}
+
 }  // namespace arrow
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.cc
index 447cae5..e999854 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.cc
@@ -813,4 +813,68 @@ Decimal128 operator%(const Decimal128& left, const 
Decimal128& right) {
   return remainder;
 }
 
+static const Decimal128 ScaleMultipliers[] = {
+    Decimal128(1),
+    Decimal128(10),
+    Decimal128(100),
+    Decimal128(1000),
+    Decimal128(10000),
+    Decimal128(100000),
+    Decimal128(1000000),
+    Decimal128(10000000),
+    Decimal128(100000000),
+    Decimal128(1000000000),
+    Decimal128(10000000000),
+    Decimal128(100000000000),
+    Decimal128(1000000000000),
+    Decimal128(10000000000000),
+    Decimal128(100000000000000),
+    Decimal128(1000000000000000),
+    Decimal128(10000000000000000),
+    Decimal128(100000000000000000),
+    Decimal128(1000000000000000000),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("1000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("1000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("1000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("1000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("1000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("1000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("10000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
+    Decimal128("100000000000000000000000000000000000000")};
+
+Status Decimal128::Rescale(int32_t original_scale, int32_t new_scale,
+                           Decimal128* out) const {
+  DCHECK_NE(out, NULLPTR);
+  DCHECK_NE(original_scale, new_scale);
+  const int32_t delta_scale = original_scale - new_scale;
+  const int32_t abs_delta_scale = std::abs(delta_scale);
+  DCHECK_GE(abs_delta_scale, 1);
+  DCHECK_LE(abs_delta_scale, 38);
+
+  const Decimal128 scale_multiplier = ScaleMultipliers[abs_delta_scale];
+  const Decimal128 result = *this * scale_multiplier;
+
+  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(result < *this)) {
+    std::stringstream buf;
+    buf << "Rescaling decimal value from original scale " << original_scale
+        << " to new scale " << new_scale << " would cause overflow";
+    return Status::Invalid(buf.str());
+  }
+
+  *out = result;
+  return Status::OK();
+}
+
 }  // namespace arrow
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.h
index a0423e9..1594090 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/decimal.h
@@ -126,6 +126,9 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT Decimal128 {
   static Status FromString(const std::string& s, Decimal128* out,
                            int* precision = NULLPTR, int* scale = NULLPTR);
 
+  /// \brief Convert Decimal128 from one scale to another
+  Status Rescale(int32_t original_scale, int32_t new_scale, Decimal128* out) 
const;
+
  private:
   int64_t high_bits_;
   uint64_t low_bits_;
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_parquet.py 
b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_parquet.py
index 9004fc0..d17d89e 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_parquet.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_parquet.py
@@ -16,13 +16,17 @@
 # under the License.
 
 from os.path import join as pjoin
+
 import datetime
+import decimal
 import io
-import os
 import json
+import os
+
 import pytest
 
 from pyarrow.compat import guid, u, BytesIO, unichar, frombytes
+from pyarrow.tests import util
 from pyarrow.filesystem import LocalFileSystem
 import pyarrow as pa
 from .pandas_examples import dataframe_with_arrays, dataframe_with_lists
@@ -1564,3 +1568,41 @@ carat        cut  color  clarity  depth  table  price    
 x     y     z
     t = _read_table(path)
     result = t.to_pandas()
     tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('precision', range(1, 39))
+def test_decimal_roundtrip(tmpdir, precision):
+    num_values = 10
+
+    columns = {}
+
+    for scale in range(0, precision + 1):
+        with util.random_seed(0):
+            random_decimal_values = [
+                util.randdecimal(precision, scale) for _ in range(num_values)
+            ]
+        column_name = 'dec_precision_{:d}_scale_{:d}'.format(precision, scale)
+        columns[column_name] = random_decimal_values
+
+    expected = pd.DataFrame(columns)
+    filename = tmpdir.join('decimals.parquet')
+    string_filename = str(filename)
+    t = pa.Table.from_pandas(expected)
+    _write_table(t, string_filename)
+    result_table = _read_table(string_filename)
+    result = result_table.to_pandas()
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.xfail(
+    raises=pa.ArrowException, reason='Parquet does not support negative scale'
+)
+def test_decimal_roundtrip_negative_scale(tmpdir):
+    expected = pd.DataFrame({'decimal_num': [decimal.Decimal('1.23E4')]})
+    filename = tmpdir.join('decimals.parquet')
+    string_filename = str(filename)
+    t = pa.Table.from_pandas(expected)
+    _write_table(t, string_filename)
+    result_table = _read_table(string_filename)
+    result = result_table.to_pandas()
+    tm.assert_frame_equal(result, expected)
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/util.py b/python/pyarrow/tests/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3ba900
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pyarrow/tests/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+"""
+Utility functions for testing
+"""
+
+import decimal
+import random
+import contextlib
+
+
+def randsign():
+    """Randomly choose either 1 or -1.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    sign : int
+    """
+    return random.choice((-1, 1))
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def random_seed(seed):
+    """Set the random seed inside of a context manager.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    seed : int
+        The seed to set
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    This function is useful when you want to set a random seed but not affect
+    the random state of other functions using the random module.
+    """
+    original_state = random.getstate()
+    random.seed(seed)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        random.setstate(original_state)
+
+
+def randdecimal(precision, scale):
+    """Generate a random decimal value with specified precision and scale.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    precision : int
+        The maximum number of digits to generate. Must be an integer between 1
+        and 38 inclusive.
+    scale : int
+        The maximum number of digits following the decimal point.  Must be an
+        integer greater than or equal to 0.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    decimal_value : decimal.Decimal
+        A random decimal.Decimal object with the specifed precision and scale.
+    """
+    assert 1 <= precision <= 38, 'precision must be between 1 and 38 inclusive'
+    if scale < 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'randdecimal does not yet support generating decimals with '
+            'negative scale'
+        )
+    max_whole_value = 10 ** (precision - scale) - 1
+    whole = random.randint(-max_whole_value, max_whole_value)
+
+    if not scale:
+        return decimal.Decimal(whole)
+
+    max_fractional_value = 10 ** scale - 1
+    fractional = random.randint(0, max_fractional_value)
+
+    return decimal.Decimal(
+        '{}.{}'.format(whole, str(fractional).rjust(scale, '0'))
+    )

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