xiedeyantu commented on code in PR #5147:
URL: https://github.com/apache/calcite/pull/5147#discussion_r3716822892


##########
core/src/test/resources/sql/row-equality.iq:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+# row-equality.iq - Tests for equality of ROW values at runtime
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+# The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+!use scott
+!set outputformat mysql
+
+# Test cases for https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CALCITE-7678
+# [CALCITE-7678] Runtime equality for ROW values produces incorrect results
+#
+# Calcite has one ROW type, compared everywhere with the standard's row
+# semantics: "(a, b)" and "ROW(a, b)" have the same representation, and a
+# CREATE TYPE structured type uses the same RelRecordType as a ROW
+# expression.
+#
+# Each query below carries a comment recording its status on PostgreSQL 14.
+# Note that Postgres does NOT implement the standard SQL semantics for nested 
ROW comparisons.
+
+#####################################################################
+# GROUP BY
+
+# GROUP BY a flat ROW value.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT r, COUNT(*) AS c
+FROM (SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+      FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (1, 'a'), (2, 'b')) AS v(x, y)) AS t
+GROUP BY r
+ORDER BY c;
++--------+---+
+| R      | C |
++--------+---+
+| {2, b} | 1 |
+| {1, a} | 2 |
++--------+---+
+(2 rows)
+
+!ok
+
+# GROUP BY a ROW value with a NULL field: grouping uses not-distinct
+# semantics, so the two ROW(2, NULL) values belong to the same group.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT r, COUNT(*) AS c
+FROM (SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+      FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, NULL), (2, NULL)) AS v(x, y)) AS t
+GROUP BY r
+ORDER BY c;
++-----------+---+
+| R         | C |
++-----------+---+
+| {1, a}    | 1 |
+| {2, null} | 2 |
++-----------+---+
+(2 rows)
+
+!ok
+
+# GROUP BY a nested ROW value.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT r, COUNT(*) AS c
+FROM (SELECT ROW(ROW(x, y), z) AS r
+      FROM (VALUES (1, 'a', 10), (1, 'a', 10), (2, 'b', 20)) AS v(x, y, z)) AS 
t
+GROUP BY r
+ORDER BY c;
++--------------+---+
+| R            | C |
++--------------+---+
+| {{2, b}, 20} | 1 |
+| {{1, a}, 10} | 2 |
++--------------+---+
+(2 rows)
+
+!ok
+
+#####################################################################
+# DISTINCT
+
+# SELECT DISTINCT over ROW values, including ones with a NULL field.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT DISTINCT r
+FROM (SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+      FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (1, 'a'), (2, NULL), (2, NULL)) AS v(x, y)) AS t
+ORDER BY r;
++-----------+
+| R         |
++-----------+
+| {1, a}    |
+| {2, null} |
++-----------+
+(2 rows)
+
+!ok
+
+#####################################################################
+# Set operations
+
+# UNION removes duplicate ROW values, including ones with a NULL field.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, NULL)) AS v(x, y)
+UNION
+SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+FROM (VALUES (2, NULL)) AS w(x, y)
+ORDER BY r;
++-----------+
+| R         |
++-----------+
+| {1, a}    |
+| {2, null} |
++-----------+
+(2 rows)
+
+!ok
+
+# INTERSECT over ROW values.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b')) AS v(x, y)
+INTERSECT
+SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+FROM (VALUES (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')) AS w(x, y);
++--------+
+| R      |
++--------+
+| {2, b} |
++--------+
+(1 row)
+
+!ok
+
+# EXCEPT over ROW values.
+# Validated on PostgreSQL 14: same result.
+SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (2, 'b')) AS v(x, y)
+EXCEPT
+SELECT ROW(x, y) AS r
+FROM (VALUES (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')) AS w(x, y);
++--------+
+| R      |
++--------+
+| {1, a} |
++--------+
+(1 row)
+
+!ok
+
+#####################################################################
+# JOIN on ROW values, strict equality

Review Comment:
   Thanks for adding that context—this description is super clear now!



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