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class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">3.4.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id4">3.4.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">3.3.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id6">3.3.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id7">3.2.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id8">3.1.7</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id9">3.1.6</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id10">3.1.5</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id11">3.1.4</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id12">3.1.3</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id13">3.1.2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id14">3.1.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id15">3.1.0</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id16">3.0.5</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id17">3.0.4</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id18">3.0.3</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id19">3.0.2</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#id20">3.0.1</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#versioning">Versioning</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../configuration/index.html">Configuring Cassandra</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../operating/index.html">Operating Cassandra</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tools/index.html">Cassandra Tools</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../troubleshooting/index.html">Troubleshooting</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../development/index.html">Cassandra Development</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../faq/index.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../bugs.html">Reporting Bugs and Contributing</a></li> +<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contactus.html">Contact us</a></li> +</ul> + + + + </div><!--/.nav-collapse --> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="col-md-8"> + <div class="content doc-content"> + <div class="container"> + + <div class="section" id="changes"> +<h1>Changes<a class="headerlink" href="#changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> +<p>The following describes the changes in each version of CQL.</p> +<div class="section" id="id1"> +<h2>3.4.3<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GROUP</span> <span class="pre">BY</span></code> (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-10707";>CASSANDRA-10707</a>).</li> +<li>Adds a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DEFAULT</span> <span class="pre">UNSET</span></code> option for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span> <span class="pre">JSON</span></code> to ignore omitted columns (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-11424";>CASSANDRA-11424</a>).</li> +<li>Allows <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">null</span></code> as a legal value for TTL on insert and update. It will be treated as equivalent to</li> +</ul> +<p>inserting a 0 (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12216";>CASSANDRA-12216</a>).</p> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id2"> +<h2>3.4.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>If a table has a non zero <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code>, then explicitly specifying a TTL of 0 in an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> or +<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statement will result in the new writes not having any expiration (that is, an explicit TTL of 0 cancels +the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code>). This wasn’t the case before and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">default_time_to_live</span></code> was applied even though a +TTL had been explicitly set.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ADD</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code> now allow multiple columns to be added/removed.</li> +<li>New <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PER</span> <span class="pre">PARTITION</span> <span class="pre">LIMIT</span></code> option for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statements (see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-7017)">CASSANDRA-7017</a>.</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined functions</span></a> can now instantiate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UDTValue</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TupleValue</span></code> instances via the +new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UDFContext</span></code> interface (see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-10818)">CASSANDRA-10818</a>.</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined types</span></a> may now be stored in a non-frozen form, allowing individual fields to be updated and +deleted in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> statements and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements, respectively. (<a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-7423)">CASSANDRA-7423</a>).</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id3"> +<h2>3.4.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Adds <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CAST</span></code> functions.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id4"> +<h2>3.4.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Support for <a class="reference internal" href="mvs.html#materialized-views"><span class="std std-ref">materialized views</span></a>.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> support for inequality expressions and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> restrictions on any primary key columns.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> restrictions on any primary key columns.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id5"> +<h2>3.3.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>The syntax <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span> <span class="pre">X</span></code> is now accepted as an alias for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TRUNCATE</span> <span class="pre">X</span></code>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id6"> +<h2>3.3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined functions and aggregates</span></a> are now supported.</li> +<li>Allows double-dollar enclosed strings literals as an alternative to single-quote enclosed strings.</li> +<li>Introduces Roles to supersede user based authentication and access control</li> +<li>New <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">date</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">time</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tinyint</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">smallint</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">data types</span></a> have been added.</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="json.html#cql-json"><span class="std std-ref">JSON support</span></a> has been added</li> +<li>Adds new time conversion functions and deprecate <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dateOf</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unixTimestampOf</span></code>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id7"> +<h2>3.2.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id7" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#udts"><span class="std std-ref">User-defined types</span></a> supported.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now supports indexing collection columns, including indexing the keys of map collections through the +<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">keys()</span></code> function</li> +<li>Indexes on collections may be queried using the new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CONTAINS</span> <span class="pre">KEY</span></code> operators</li> +<li><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#tuples"><span class="std std-ref">Tuple types</span></a> were added to hold fixed-length sets of typed positional fields.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now supports optionally specifying a keyspace.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id8"> +<h2>3.1.7<a class="headerlink" href="#id8" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statements now support selecting multiple rows in a single partition using an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> clause on combinations +of clustering columns.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> syntax is now supported by <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">USER</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DROP</span> <span class="pre">USER</span></code> statements, +respectively.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id9"> +<h2>3.1.6<a class="headerlink" href="#id9" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>A new <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">uuid()</span></code> method has been added.</li> +<li>Support for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE</span> <span class="pre">...</span> <span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> syntax.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id10"> +<h2>3.1.5<a class="headerlink" href="#id10" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>It is now possible to group clustering columns in a relation, see <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#where-clause"><span class="std std-ref">WHERE</span></a> clauses.</li> +<li>Added support for <a class="reference internal" href="ddl.html#static-columns"><span class="std std-ref">static columns</span></a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id11"> +<h2>3.1.4<a class="headerlink" href="#id11" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CREATE</span> <span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now allows specifying options when creating CUSTOM indexes.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id12"> +<h2>3.1.3<a class="headerlink" href="#id12" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Millisecond precision formats have been added to the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#timestamps"><span class="std std-ref">timestamp</span></a> parser.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id13"> +<h2>3.1.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id13" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NaN</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Infinity</span></code> has been added as valid float constants. They are now reserved keywords. In the unlikely case +you we using them as a column identifier (or keyspace/table one), you will now need to double quote them.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id14"> +<h2>3.1.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id14" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement now allows listing the partition keys (using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DISTINCT</span></code> modifier). See <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4536";>CASSANDRA-4536</a>.</li> +<li>The syntax <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">c</span> <span class="pre">IN</span> <span class="pre">?</span></code> is now supported in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHERE</span></code> clauses. In that case, the value expected for the bind variable +will be a list of whatever type <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">c</span></code> is.</li> +<li>It is now possible to use named bind variables (using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">:name</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">?</span></code>).</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id15"> +<h2>3.1.0<a class="headerlink" href="#id15" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ALTER</span> <span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code> option added.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code> statement now supports aliases in select clause. Aliases in WHERE and ORDER BY clauses are not supported.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CREATE</span></code> statements for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">KEYSPACE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TABLE</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INDEX</span></code> now supports an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> condition. +Similarly, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DROP</span></code> statements support a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> condition.</li> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSERT</span></code> statements optionally supports a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span> <span class="pre">NOT</span> <span class="pre">EXISTS</span></code> condition and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code> supports <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IF</span></code> conditions.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id16"> +<h2>3.0.5<a class="headerlink" href="#id16" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SELECT</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">UPDATE</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE</span></code> statements now allow empty <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> relations (see <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-5626)">CASSANDRA-5626</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id17"> +<h2>3.0.4<a class="headerlink" href="#id17" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Updated the syntax for custom <a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#secondary-indexes"><span class="std std-ref">secondary indexes</span></a>.</li> +<li>Non-equal condition on the partition key are now never supported, even for ordering partitioner as this was not +correct (the order was <strong>not</strong> the one of the type of the partition key). Instead, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">token</span></code> method should always +be used for range queries on the partition key (see <a class="reference internal" href="dml.html#where-clause"><span class="std std-ref">WHERE clauses</span></a>).</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id18"> +<h2>3.0.3<a class="headerlink" href="#id18" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Support for custom <a class="reference internal" href="indexes.html#secondary-indexes"><span class="std std-ref">secondary indexes</span></a> has been added.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id19"> +<h2>3.0.2<a class="headerlink" href="#id19" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Type validation for the <a class="reference internal" href="definitions.html#constants"><span class="std std-ref">constants</span></a> has been fixed. For instance, the implementation used to allow +<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'2'</span></code> as a valid value for an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">int</span></code> column (interpreting it has the equivalent of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2</span></code>), or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">42</span></code> as a valid +<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">blob</span></code> value (in which case <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">42</span></code> was interpreted as an hexadecimal representation of the blob). This is no longer +the case, type validation of constants is now more strict. See the <a class="reference internal" href="types.html#data-types"><span class="std std-ref">data types</span></a> section for details +on which constant is allowed for which type.</li> +<li>The type validation fixed of the previous point has lead to the introduction of blobs constants to allow the input of +blobs. Do note that while the input of blobs as strings constant is still supported by this version (to allow smoother +transition to blob constant), it is now deprecated and will be removed by a future version. If you were using strings +as blobs, you should thus update your client code ASAP to switch blob constants.</li> +<li>A number of functions to convert native types to blobs have also been introduced. Furthermore the token function is +now also allowed in select clauses. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#cql-functions"><span class="std std-ref">section on functions</span></a> for details.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="id20"> +<h2>3.0.1<a class="headerlink" href="#id20" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<ul class="simple"> +<li>Date strings (and timestamps) are no longer accepted as valid <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code> values. Doing so was a bug in the sense +that date string are not valid <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code>, and it was thus resulting in <a class="reference external" href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4936";>confusing behaviors</a>. However, the following new methods have been added to help +working with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeuuid</span></code>: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">now</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">minTimeuuid</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">maxTimeuuid</span></code> , +<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dateOf</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">unixTimestampOf</span></code>.</li> +<li>Float constants now support the exponent notation. In other words, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">4.2E10</span></code> is now a valid floating point value.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="section" id="versioning"> +<h2>Versioning<a class="headerlink" href="#versioning" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> +<p>Versioning of the CQL language adheres to the <a class="reference external" href="http://semver.org";>Semantic Versioning</a> guidelines. Versions take the +form X.Y.Z where X, Y, and Z are integer values representing major, minor, and patch level respectively. There is no +correlation between Cassandra release versions and the CQL language version.</p> +<table border="1" class="docutils"> +<colgroup> +<col width="8%" /> +<col width="92%" /> +</colgroup> +<thead valign="bottom"> +<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">version</th> +<th class="head">description</th> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody valign="top"> +<tr class="row-even"><td>Major</td> +<td>The major version <em>must</em> be bumped when backward incompatible changes are introduced. This should rarely +occur.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="row-odd"><td>Minor</td> +<td>Minor version increments occur when new, but backward compatible, functionality is introduced.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="row-even"><td>Patch</td> +<td>The patch version is incremented when bugs are fixed.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + + + <div class="doc-prev-next-links" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation"> + + <a href="../configuration/index.html" class="btn btn-default pull-right " role="button" title="Configuring Cassandra" accesskey="n">Next <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-circle-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> + + + <a href="appendices.html" class="btn btn-default" role="button" title="Appendices" accesskey="p"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-circle-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></span> Previous</a> + + </div> + + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div class="col-md-2"> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + <footer> + <div class="container"> + <div class="col-md-4 social-blk"> + <span class="social"> + <a href="https://twitter.com/cassandra"; + class="twitter-follow-button" + data-show-count="false" data-size="large">Follow @cassandra</a> + <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script> + <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?button_hashtag=cassandra"; + class="twitter-hashtag-button" + data-size="large" + data-related="ApacheCassandra">Tweet #cassandra</a> + <script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)?'http':'https';if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src=p+'://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js';fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document, 'script', 'twitter-wjs');</script> + </span> + </div> + + <div class="col-md-8 trademark"> + <p>© 2016 <a href="http://apache.org";>The Apache Software Foundation</a>. + Apache, the Apache feather logo, and Apache Cassandra are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. + <p> + </div> + </div><!-- /.container --> +</footer> + +<!-- Javascript. 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