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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3620?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel
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Dominic Williams updated CASSANDRA-3620:
----------------------------------------
Description:
Here is a proposal for an improved system for handling distributed deletes.
h2. The Problem
There are various issues with repair:
* Repair is expensive anyway
* Repair jobs are often made more expensive than they should be by other issues
(nodes dropping requests, hinted handoff not working, downtime etc)
* Repair processes can often fail and need restarting, for example in cloud
environments where network issues make a node disappear
from the ring for a brief moment
* When you fail to run repair within GCSeconds, either because you are dumb or
because of issues with Cassandra, data written to a node that did not receive a
copy of a delete operation (because for example it was down) can reappear
* If you cannot run repair and have to increase GCSeconds to prevent deleted
data reappearing, in some cases the growing tombstone overhead can
significantly degrade performance
Because of the foregoing, in high throughput environments it can be very
difficult to make repair a cron job. It can be preferable to keep a terminal
open and run repair jobs one by one, making sure they succeed and keeping and
eye on overall load to reduce system impact. This isn't desirable, and problems
are exacerbated when there are lots of column families in a database or it is
necessary to run a column family with a low GCSeconds to reduce tombstone load
(because there are many write/deletes to that column family). The database
owner must run repair within the GCSeconds window, or increase GCSeconds, to
avoid potentially losing delete operations.
Running repair to deal with missing writes isn't so important, since QUORUM
reads will always receive data successfully written with QUORUM.
It would be much better if there was no ongoing requirement to run repair to
ensure deletes aren't lost, and no GCSeconds window. Ideally repair would be an
optional maintenance utility used in special cases, or to ensure ONE reads get
consistent data.
h2. "Reaper Model" Proposal
# Tombstones do not expire, and there is no GCSeconds
# Tombstones have associated ACK lists, which record the replicas that have
acknowledged them
# Tombstones are only deleted (or marked for compaction) when they have been
acknowledged by all replicas
# When a tombstone is deleted, it is added to a fast "relic" index of MD5
hashes of cf-key-name[-subName]-ackList. The relic index makes it possible for
a reaper to acknowledge a tombstone after it is deleted
# Background "reaper" threads constantly stream ACK requests to other nodes,
and stream back ACK responses back to requests they have received (throttling
their usage of CPU and bandwidth so as not to affect performance)
# If a reaper receives a request to ACK a tombstone that does not exist, it
creates the tombstone and adds an ACK for the requestor, and replies with an
ACK
NOTES
* The existence of entries in the relic index do not affect normal query
performance
* If a node goes down, and comes up after a configurable relic entry timeout,
the worst that can happen is that a tombstone that hasn't received all its
acknowledgements is re-created across the replicas when the reaper requests
their acknowledgements (which is no big deal since this does not corrupt data)
* Since early removal of entries in the relic index does not cause corruption,
it can be kept small, or even kept in memory
* Simple to implement and predictable
h3. Planned Benefits
* Operations are finely grained (reaper interruption is not an issue)
* The labour & administration overhead associated with running repair can be
removed
* Reapers can utilize "spare" cycles and run constantly in background to
prevent the load spikes and performance issues associated with repair
* There will no longer be the threat of corruption if repair can't be run for
some reason (for example because of a new adopter's lack of Cassandra
expertise, a cron script failing, or Cassandra bugs preventing repair being run
etc)
* Deleting tombstones earlier, thereby reducing the number involved in query
processing, will often dramatically improve performance
was:
Here is a proposal for an improved system for handling distributed deletes.
h2. The Problem
There are various issues with repair:
* Repair is expensive anyway
* Repair jobs are often made more expensive than they should be by other issues
(nodes dropping requests, hinted handoff not working, downtime etc)
* Repair processes can often fail and need restarting, for example in cloud
environments where network issues make a node disappear
from the ring for a brief moment
* When you fail to run repair within GCSeconds, either because you are dumb or
because of issues with Cassandra, deleted data can reappear
* If you cannot run repair and have to increase GCSeconds to prevent deleted
data reappearing, in some cases the growing tombstone overhead can
significantly degrade performance
Because of the foregoing, in high throughput environments it can be very
difficult to make repair a cron job. It can be preferable to keep a terminal
open and run repair jobs one by one, making sure they succeed and keeping and
eye on overall load to reduce system impact. This isn't desirable, and the
problem is made worse when there are lots of column families in a database or
it is necessary to run a column family with a low GCSeconds to reduce tombstone
load. The database owner must run repair within the GCSeconds window, or
increase GCSeconds, to avoid losing delete operations.
Running repair to deal with missing writes isn't so important, since QUORUM
reads will always receive data successfully written with QUORUM.
It would be much better if there was no ongoing requirement to run repair to
avoid data loss (or rather the potential for data to reappear), and no
GCSeconds window. Ideally repair would be an optional maintenance utility used
in special cases, or to ensure ONE reads get consistent data.
h2. "Reaper Model" Proposal
# Tombstones do not expire, and there is no GCSeconds
# Tombstones have associated ACK lists, which record the replicas that have
acknowledged them
# Tombstones are only deleted (or marked for compaction) when they have been
acknowledged by all replicas
# When a tombstone is deleted, it is added to a fast "relic" index of MD5
hashes of cf-key-name[-subName]-ackList. The relic index makes it possible for
a reaper to acknowledge a tombstone after it is deleted
# Background "reaper" threads constantly stream ACK requests to other nodes,
and stream back ACK responses back to requests they have received (throttling
their usage of CPU and bandwidth so as not to affect performance)
# If a reaper receives a request to ACK a tombstone that does not exist, it
creates the tombstone and adds an ACK for the requestor, and replies with an
ACK
NOTES
* The existence of entries in the relic index do not affect normal query
performance
* If a node goes down, and comes up after a configurable relic entry timeout,
the worst that can happen is that a tombstone that hasn't received all its
acknowledgements is re-created across the replicas when the reaper requests
their acknowledgements (which is no big deal since this does not corrupt data)
* Since early removal of entries in the relic index does not cause data loss,
it can be kept small, or even kept in memory
* Simple to implement and predictable
h3. Planned Benefits
* Operations are finely grained (reaper interruption is not an issue)
* The labour & administration overhead associated with running repair can be
removed
* Reapers can utilize "spare" cycles and run constantly in background to
prevent the load spikes and performance issues associated with repair
* There will no longer be the threat of data loss if repair can't be run for
some reason (for example because of a new adopter's lack of Cassandra
expertise, a cron script failing, or Cassandra bugs preventing repair being run
etc)
* Deleting tombstones earlier, thereby reducing the number involved in query
processing, will often dramatically improve performance
> Proposal for distributed deletes - use "Reaper Model" rather than GCSeconds
> and scheduled repairs
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> Key: CASSANDRA-3620
> URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3620
> Project: Cassandra
> Issue Type: Improvement
> Components: Core
> Affects Versions: 1.0.5
> Reporter: Dominic Williams
> Labels: GCSeconds,, deletes,, distributed_deletes,,
> merkle_trees, repair,
> Fix For: 1.1
>
> Original Estimate: 504h
> Remaining Estimate: 504h
>
> Here is a proposal for an improved system for handling distributed deletes.
> h2. The Problem
> There are various issues with repair:
> * Repair is expensive anyway
> * Repair jobs are often made more expensive than they should be by other
> issues (nodes dropping requests, hinted handoff not working, downtime etc)
> * Repair processes can often fail and need restarting, for example in cloud
> environments where network issues make a node disappear
> from the ring for a brief moment
> * When you fail to run repair within GCSeconds, either because you are dumb
> or because of issues with Cassandra, data written to a node that did not
> receive a copy of a delete operation (because for example it was down) can
> reappear
> * If you cannot run repair and have to increase GCSeconds to prevent deleted
> data reappearing, in some cases the growing tombstone overhead can
> significantly degrade performance
> Because of the foregoing, in high throughput environments it can be very
> difficult to make repair a cron job. It can be preferable to keep a terminal
> open and run repair jobs one by one, making sure they succeed and keeping and
> eye on overall load to reduce system impact. This isn't desirable, and
> problems are exacerbated when there are lots of column families in a database
> or it is necessary to run a column family with a low GCSeconds to reduce
> tombstone load (because there are many write/deletes to that column family).
> The database owner must run repair within the GCSeconds window, or increase
> GCSeconds, to avoid potentially losing delete operations.
> Running repair to deal with missing writes isn't so important, since QUORUM
> reads will always receive data successfully written with QUORUM.
> It would be much better if there was no ongoing requirement to run repair to
> ensure deletes aren't lost, and no GCSeconds window. Ideally repair would be
> an optional maintenance utility used in special cases, or to ensure ONE reads
> get consistent data.
> h2. "Reaper Model" Proposal
> # Tombstones do not expire, and there is no GCSeconds
> # Tombstones have associated ACK lists, which record the replicas that have
> acknowledged them
> # Tombstones are only deleted (or marked for compaction) when they have been
> acknowledged by all replicas
> # When a tombstone is deleted, it is added to a fast "relic" index of MD5
> hashes of cf-key-name[-subName]-ackList. The relic index makes it possible
> for a reaper to acknowledge a tombstone after it is deleted
> # Background "reaper" threads constantly stream ACK requests to other nodes,
> and stream back ACK responses back to requests they have received (throttling
> their usage of CPU and bandwidth so as not to affect performance)
> # If a reaper receives a request to ACK a tombstone that does not exist, it
> creates the tombstone and adds an ACK for the requestor, and replies with an
> ACK
> NOTES
> * The existence of entries in the relic index do not affect normal query
> performance
> * If a node goes down, and comes up after a configurable relic entry timeout,
> the worst that can happen is that a tombstone that hasn't received all its
> acknowledgements is re-created across the replicas when the reaper requests
> their acknowledgements (which is no big deal since this does not corrupt data)
> * Since early removal of entries in the relic index does not cause
> corruption, it can be kept small, or even kept in memory
> * Simple to implement and predictable
> h3. Planned Benefits
> * Operations are finely grained (reaper interruption is not an issue)
> * The labour & administration overhead associated with running repair can be
> removed
> * Reapers can utilize "spare" cycles and run constantly in background to
> prevent the load spikes and performance issues associated with repair
> * There will no longer be the threat of corruption if repair can't be run for
> some reason (for example because of a new adopter's lack of Cassandra
> expertise, a cron script failing, or Cassandra bugs preventing repair being
> run etc)
> * Deleting tombstones earlier, thereby reducing the number involved in query
> processing, will often dramatically improve performance
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