Repository: commons-numbers
Updated Branches:
  refs/heads/master d195a7bbb -> e4c21beac


http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
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diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 147ff5b..0000000
--- 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombination.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,341 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-/**
- * Computes linear combinations accurately.
- * This method computes the sum of the products
- * <code>a<sub>i</sub> b<sub>i</sub></code> to high accuracy.
- * It does so by using specific multiplication and addition algorithms to
- * preserve accuracy and reduce cancellation effects.
- *
- * It is based on the 2005 paper
- * <a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.1547";>
- * Accurate Sum and Dot Product</a> by Takeshi Ogita, Siegfried M. Rump,
- * and Shin'ichi Oishi published in <em>SIAM J. Sci. Comput</em>.
- */
-public class LinearCombination {
-    /*
-     * Caveat:
-     *
-     * The code below is split in many additions/subtractions that may
-     * appear redundant. However, they should NOT be simplified, as they
-     * do use IEEE754 floating point arithmetic rounding properties.
-     * The variables naming conventions are that xyzHigh contains the most 
significant
-     * bits of xyz and xyzLow contains its least significant bits. So 
theoretically
-     * xyz is the sum xyzHigh + xyzLow, but in many cases below, this sum 
cannot
-     * be represented in only one double precision number so we preserve two 
numbers
-     * to hold it as long as we can, combining the high and low order bits 
together
-     * only at the end, after cancellation may have occurred on high order bits
-     */
-
-    /**
-     * @param a Factors.
-     * @param b Factors.
-     * @return \( \Sum_i a_i b_i \).
-     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the sizes of the arrays are 
different.
-     */
-    public static double value(double[] a,
-                               double[] b) {
-        if (a.length != b.length) {
-            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Dimension mismatch: " + 
a.length + " != " + b.length);
-        }
-
-        final int len = a.length;
-
-        if (len == 1) {
-            // Revert to scalar multiplication.
-            return a[0] * b[0];
-        }
-
-        final double[] prodHigh = new double[len];
-        double prodLowSum = 0;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            final double ai    = a[i];
-            final double aHigh = highPart(ai);
-            final double aLow  = ai - aHigh;
-
-            final double bi    = b[i];
-            final double bHigh = highPart(bi);
-            final double bLow  = bi - bHigh;
-            prodHigh[i] = ai * bi;
-            final double prodLow = prodLow(aLow, bLow, prodHigh[i], aHigh, 
bHigh);
-            prodLowSum += prodLow;
-        }
-
-
-        final double prodHighCur = prodHigh[0];
-        double prodHighNext = prodHigh[1];
-        double sHighPrev = prodHighCur + prodHighNext;
-        double sPrime = sHighPrev - prodHighNext;
-        double sLowSum = (prodHighNext - (sHighPrev - sPrime)) + (prodHighCur 
- sPrime);
-
-        final int lenMinusOne = len - 1;
-        for (int i = 1; i < lenMinusOne; i++) {
-            prodHighNext = prodHigh[i + 1];
-            final double sHighCur = sHighPrev + prodHighNext;
-            sPrime = sHighCur - prodHighNext;
-            sLowSum += (prodHighNext - (sHighCur - sPrime)) + (sHighPrev - 
sPrime);
-            sHighPrev = sHighCur;
-        }
-
-        double result = sHighPrev + (prodLowSum + sLowSum);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were 
NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle 
this
-            result = 0;
-            for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-                result += a[i] * b[i];
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
-     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
-     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
-     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
-     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 \)
-     *
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, 
double)
-     * @see #value(double[], double[])
-     */
-    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
-                               double a2, double b2) {
-        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
-        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
-        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
-        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
-        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
-        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, 
b1High);
-
-        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
-        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
-        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
-        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
-        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
-        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, 
b2High);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
-        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
-        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
-        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + 
(prod1High - s12Prime);
-
-        // final rounding, s12 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
-        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
-        double result = s12High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + s12Low);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were 
NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle 
this
-            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
-     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
-     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
-     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
-     * @param a3 First factor of the third term.
-     * @param b3 Second factor of the third term.
-     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 \)
-     *
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double, double, 
double)
-     * @see #value(double[], double[])
-     */
-    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
-                               double a2, double b2,
-                               double a3, double b3) {
-        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
-        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
-        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
-        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
-        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
-        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, 
b1High);
-
-        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
-        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
-        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
-        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
-        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
-        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, 
b2High);
-
-        // split a3 and b3 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a3High     = highPart(a3);
-        final double a3Low      = a3 - a3High;
-        final double b3High     = highPart(b3);
-        final double b3Low      = b3 - b3High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a3 * b3
-        final double prod3High  = a3 * b3;
-        final double prod3Low   = prodLow(a3Low, b3Low, prod3High, a3High, 
b3High);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
-        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
-        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
-        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + 
(prod1High - s12Prime);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3
-        final double s123High   = s12High + prod3High;
-        final double s123Prime  = s123High - prod3High;
-        final double s123Low    = (prod3High - (s123High - s123Prime)) + 
(s12High - s123Prime);
-
-        // final rounding, s123 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
-        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
-        double result = s123High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + prod3Low + s12Low + 
s123Low);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were 
NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle 
this
-            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param a1 First factor of the first term.
-     * @param b1 Second factor of the first term.
-     * @param a2 First factor of the second term.
-     * @param b2 Second factor of the second term.
-     * @param a3 First factor of the third term.
-     * @param b3 Second factor of the third term.
-     * @param a4 First factor of the fourth term.
-     * @param b4 Second factor of the fourth term.
-     * @return \( a_1 b_1 + a_2 b_2 + a_3 b_3 + a_4 b_4 \)
-     *
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double, double, double, double, double, double)
-     * @see #value(double[], double[])
-     */
-    public static double value(double a1, double b1,
-                               double a2, double b2,
-                               double a3, double b3,
-                               double a4, double b4) {
-        // split a1 and b1 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a1High     = highPart(a1);
-        final double a1Low      = a1 - a1High;
-        final double b1High     = highPart(b1);
-        final double b1Low      = b1 - b1High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a1 * b1
-        final double prod1High  = a1 * b1;
-        final double prod1Low   = prodLow(a1Low, b1Low, prod1High, a1High, 
b1High);
-
-        // split a2 and b2 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a2High     = highPart(a2);
-        final double a2Low      = a2 - a2High;
-        final double b2High     = highPart(b2);
-        final double b2Low      = b2 - b2High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a2 * b2
-        final double prod2High  = a2 * b2;
-        final double prod2Low   = prodLow(a2Low, b2Low, prod2High, a2High, 
b2High);
-
-        // split a3 and b3 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a3High     = highPart(a3);
-        final double a3Low      = a3 - a3High;
-        final double b3High     = highPart(b3);
-        final double b3Low      = b3 - b3High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a3 * b3
-        final double prod3High  = a3 * b3;
-        final double prod3Low   = prodLow(a3Low, b3Low, prod3High, a3High, 
b3High);
-
-        // split a4 and b4 as one 26 bits number and one 27 bits number
-        final double a4High     = highPart(a4);
-        final double a4Low      = a4 - a4High;
-        final double b4High     = highPart(b4);
-        final double b4Low      = b4 - b4High;
-
-        // accurate multiplication a4 * b4
-        final double prod4High  = a4 * b4;
-        final double prod4Low   = prodLow(a4Low, b4Low, prod4High, a4High, 
b4High);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2
-        final double s12High    = prod1High + prod2High;
-        final double s12Prime   = s12High - prod2High;
-        final double s12Low     = (prod2High - (s12High - s12Prime)) + 
(prod1High - s12Prime);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3
-        final double s123High   = s12High + prod3High;
-        final double s123Prime  = s123High - prod3High;
-        final double s123Low    = (prod3High - (s123High - s123Prime)) + 
(s12High - s123Prime);
-
-        // accurate addition a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3 + a4 * b4
-        final double s1234High  = s123High + prod4High;
-        final double s1234Prime = s1234High - prod4High;
-        final double s1234Low   = (prod4High - (s1234High - s1234Prime)) + 
(s123High - s1234Prime);
-
-        // final rounding, s1234 may have suffered many cancellations, we try
-        // to recover some bits from the extra words we have saved up to now
-        double result = s1234High + (prod1Low + prod2Low + prod3Low + prod4Low 
+ s12Low + s123Low + s1234Low);
-
-        if (Double.isNaN(result)) {
-            // either we have split infinite numbers or some coefficients were 
NaNs,
-            // just rely on the naive implementation and let IEEE754 handle 
this
-            result = a1 * b1 + a2 * b2 + a3 * b3 + a4 * b4;
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param value Value.
-     * @return the high part of the value.
-     */
-    private static double highPart(double value) {
-        return Double.longBitsToDouble(Double.doubleToRawLongBits(value) & 
((-1L) << 27));
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param aLow Low part of first factor.
-     * @param bLow Low part of second factor.
-     * @param prodHigh Product of the factors.
-     * @param aHigh High part of first factor.
-     * @param bHigh High part of second factor.
-     * @return <code>aLow * bLow - (((prodHigh - aHigh * bHigh) - aLow * 
bHigh) - aHigh * bLow)</code>
-     */
-    private static double prodLow(double aLow,
-                                  double bLow,
-                                  double prodHigh,
-                                  double aHigh,
-                                  double bHigh) {
-        return aLow * bLow - (((prodHigh - aHigh * bHigh) - aLow * bHigh) - 
aHigh * bLow);
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d077bc..0000000
--- 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNorm.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
- * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
- * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
- * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
- * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-/**
- * Computes the Cartesian norm (2-norm), handling both overflow and underflow.
- * Translation of the <a href="http://www.netlib.org/minpack";>minpack</a>
- * "enorm" subroutine.
- */
-public class SafeNorm {
-    /** Constant. */
-    private static final double R_DWARF = 3.834e-20;
-    /** Constant. */
-    private static final double R_GIANT = 1.304e+19;
-
-    /**
-     * @param v Cartesian coordinates.
-     * @return the 2-norm of the vector.
-     */
-    public static double value(double[] v) {
-        double s1 = 0;
-        double s2 = 0;
-        double s3 = 0;
-        double x1max = 0;
-        double x3max = 0;
-        double floatn = v.length;
-        double agiant = R_GIANT / floatn;
-        for (int i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
-            double xabs = Math.abs(v[i]);
-            if (xabs < R_DWARF || xabs > agiant) {
-                if (xabs > R_DWARF) {
-                    if (xabs > x1max) {
-                        double r = x1max / xabs;
-                        s1 = 1 + s1 * r * r;
-                        x1max = xabs;
-                    } else {
-                        double r = xabs / x1max;
-                        s1 += r * r;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    if (xabs > x3max) {
-                        double r = x3max / xabs;
-                        s3 = 1 + s3 * r * r;
-                        x3max = xabs;
-                    } else {
-                        if (xabs != 0) {
-                            double r = xabs / x3max;
-                            s3 += r * r;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                s2 += xabs * xabs;
-            }
-        }
-        double norm;
-        if (s1 != 0) {
-            norm = x1max * Math.sqrt(s1 + (s2 / x1max) / x1max);
-        } else {
-            if (s2 == 0) {
-                norm = x3max * Math.sqrt(s3);
-            } else {
-                if (s2 >= x3max) {
-                    norm = Math.sqrt(s2 * (1 + (x3max / s2) * (x3max * s3)));
-                } else {
-                    norm = Math.sqrt(x3max * ((s2 / x3max) + (x3max * s3)));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return norm;
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
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diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 63eeca0..0000000
--- 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/CosAngleTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
- * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
- * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
- * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
- * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
- * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-/**
- * Test cases for the {@link CosAngle} class.
- */
-public class CosAngleTest {
-    @Test
-    public void testCosAngle2D() {
-        double expected;
-
-        final double[] v1 = { 1, 0 };
-        expected = 1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v1), 0d);
-
-        final double[] v2 = { 0, 1 };
-        expected = 0;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 0d);
-
-        final double[] v3 = { 7, 7 };
-        expected = Math.sqrt(2) / 2;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v3), 1e-15);
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v3, v2), 1e-15);
-
-        final double[] v4 = { -5, 0 };
-        expected = -1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v4), 0);
-
-        final double[] v5 = { -100, 100 };
-        expected = 0;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v3, v5), 0);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCosAngle3D() {
-        double expected;
-
-        final double[] v1 = { 1, 1, 0 };
-        expected = 1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v1), 1e-15);
-
-        final double[] v2 = { 1, 1, 1 };
-        expected = Math.sqrt(2) / Math.sqrt(3);
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 1e-15);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testCosAngleExtreme() {
-        double expected;
-
-        final double tiny = 1e-200;
-        final double[] v1 = { tiny, tiny };
-        final double big = 1e200;
-        final double[] v2 = { -big, -big };
-        expected = -1;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v2), 1e-15);
-
-        final double[] v3 = { big, -big };
-        expected = 0;
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, CosAngle.value(v1, v3), 1e-15);
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index d8a00c9..0000000
--- 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/LinearCombinationTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
- * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
- * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
- * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
- * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
- * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider;
-import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource;
-import org.apache.commons.numbers.fraction.BigFraction;
-    
-/**
- * Test cases for the {@link LinearCombination} class.
- */
-public class LinearCombinationTest {
-    // MATH-1005
-    @Test
-    public void testSingleElementArray() {
-        final double[] a = { 1.23456789 };
-        final double[] b = { 98765432.1 };
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(a[0] * b[0], LinearCombination.value(a, b), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testTwoSums() { 
-        final BigFraction[] aF = new BigFraction[] {
-            new BigFraction(-1321008684645961L, 268435456L),
-            new BigFraction(-5774608829631843L, 268435456L),
-            new BigFraction(-7645843051051357L, 8589934592L)
-        };
-        final BigFraction[] bF = new BigFraction[] {
-            new BigFraction(-5712344449280879L, 2097152L),
-            new BigFraction(-4550117129121957L, 2097152L),
-            new BigFraction(8846951984510141L, 131072L)
-        };
-
-        final int len = aF.length;
-        final double[] a = new double[len];
-        final double[] b = new double[len];
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-            a[i] = aF[i].getNumerator().doubleValue() / 
aF[i].getDenominator().doubleValue();
-            b[i] = bF[i].getNumerator().doubleValue() / 
bF[i].getDenominator().doubleValue();
-        }
-
-        // Ensure "array" and "inline" implementations give the same result.
-        final double abSumInline = LinearCombination.value(a[0], b[0],
-                                                           a[1], b[1],
-                                                           a[2], b[2]);
-        final double abSumArray = LinearCombination.value(a, b);
-        Assert.assertEquals(abSumInline, abSumArray, 0);
-
-        // Compare with arbitrary precision computation.
-        BigFraction result = BigFraction.ZERO;
-        for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) {
-            result = result.add(aF[i].multiply(bF[i]));
-        }
-        final double expected = result.doubleValue();
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, abSumInline, 1e-15);
-
-        final double naive = a[0] * b[0] + a[1] * b[1] + a[2] * b[2];
-        Assert.assertTrue(Math.abs(naive - abSumInline) > 1.5);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testArrayVsInline() {
-        final UniformRandomProvider rng = 
RandomSource.create(RandomSource.XOR_SHIFT_1024_S);
-
-        double sInline;
-        double sArray;
-        final double scale = 1e17;
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
-            final double u1 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double u2 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double u3 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double u4 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v1 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v2 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v3 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-            final double v4 = scale * rng.nextDouble();
-
-            // One sum.
-            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2);
-            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2 },
-                                             new double[] { v1, v2 });
-            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
-
-            // Two sums.
-            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3);
-            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2, u3 },
-                                             new double[] { v1, v2, v3 });
-            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
-
-            // Three sums.
-            sInline = LinearCombination.value(u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3, u4, v4);
-            sArray = LinearCombination.value(new double[] { u1, u2, u3, u4 },
-                                             new double[] { v1, v2, v3, v4 });
-            Assert.assertEquals(sInline, sArray, 0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testHuge() {
-        int scale = 971;
-        final double[] a = new double[] {
-            -1321008684645961.0 / 268435456.0,
-            -5774608829631843.0 / 268435456.0,
-            -7645843051051357.0 / 8589934592.0
-        };
-        final double[] b = new double[] {
-            -5712344449280879.0 / 2097152.0,
-            -4550117129121957.0 / 2097152.0,
-            8846951984510141.0 / 131072.0
-        };
-
-        final int len = a.length;
-        final double[] scaledA = new double[len];
-        final double[] scaledB = new double[len];
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-            scaledA[i] = Math.scalb(a[i], -scale);
-            scaledB[i] = Math.scalb(b[i], scale);
-        }
-        final double abSumInline = LinearCombination.value(scaledA[0], 
scaledB[0],
-                                                           scaledA[1], 
scaledB[1],
-                                                           scaledA[2], 
scaledB[2]);
-        final double abSumArray = LinearCombination.value(scaledA, scaledB);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(abSumInline, abSumArray, 0);
-        Assert.assertEquals(-1.8551294182586248737720779899, abSumInline, 
1e-15);
-
-        final double naive = scaledA[0] * scaledB[0] + scaledA[1] * scaledB[1] 
+ scaledA[2] * scaledB[2];
-        Assert.assertTrue(Math.abs(naive - abSumInline) > 1.5);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testInfinite() {
-        final double[][] a = new double[][] {
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
-        };
-        final double[][] b = new double[][] {
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, 4 },
-            { 1, -2, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 4 },
-            { 1, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 3, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY },
-            { Double.NaN, -2, 3, 4 }
-        };
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
-                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(6,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
-                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1],
-                                                    a[0][2], b[0][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(22,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[0][0], b[0][0],
-                                                    a[0][1], b[0][1],
-                                                    a[0][2], b[0][2],
-                                                    a[0][3], b[0][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(22, LinearCombination.value(a[0], b[0]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
-                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
-                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1],
-                                                    a[1][2], b[1][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[1][0], b[1][0],
-                                                    a[1][1], b[1][1],
-                                                    a[1][2], b[1][2],
-                                                    a[1][3], b[1][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 
LinearCombination.value(a[1], b[1]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
-                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
-                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1],
-                                                    a[2][2], b[2][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[2][0], b[2][0],
-                                                    a[2][1], b[2][1],
-                                                    a[2][2], b[2][2],
-                                                    a[2][3], b[2][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 
LinearCombination.value(a[2], b[2]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
-                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
-                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1],
-                                                    a[3][2], b[3][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[3][0], b[3][0],
-                                                    a[3][1], b[3][1],
-                                                    a[3][2], b[3][2],
-                                                    a[3][3], b[3][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, 
LinearCombination.value(a[3], b[3]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
-                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
-                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1],
-                                                    a[4][2], b[4][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[4][0], b[4][0],
-                                                    a[4][1], b[4][1],
-                                                    a[4][2], b[4][2],
-                                                    a[4][3], b[4][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 
LinearCombination.value(a[4], b[4]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(-3,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
-                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
-                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1],
-                                                    a[5][2], b[5][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[5][0], b[5][0],
-                                                    a[5][1], b[5][1],
-                                                    a[5][2], b[5][2],
-                                                    a[5][3], b[5][3]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, 
LinearCombination.value(a[5], b[5]), 1e-10);
-
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
-                                                    a[6][1], b[6][1]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertEquals(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-                            LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], b[6][0],
-                                                    a[6][1], b[6][1],
-                                                    a[6][2], b[6][2]),
-                            1e-10);
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[6][0], 
b[6][0],
-                                                               a[6][1], 
b[6][1],
-                                                               a[6][2], 
b[6][2],
-                                                               a[6][3], 
b[6][3])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[6], b[6])));
-
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], 
b[7][0],
-                                                               a[7][1], 
b[7][1])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], 
b[7][0],
-                                                               a[7][1], 
b[7][1],
-                                                               a[7][2], 
b[7][2])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7][0], 
b[7][0],
-                                                               a[7][1], 
b[7][1],
-                                                               a[7][2], 
b[7][2],
-                                                               a[7][3], 
b[7][3])));
-        Assert.assertTrue(Double.isNaN(LinearCombination.value(a[7], b[7])));
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
 
b/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c4e9bc..0000000
--- 
a/commons-numbers-core/src/test/java/org/apache/commons/numbers/core/SafeNormTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
- * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this
- * work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF
- * licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
- * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law
- * or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is
- * distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
- * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
- * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
- */
-package org.apache.commons.numbers.core;
-
-import org.junit.Assert;
-import org.junit.Test;
-
-/**
- * Test cases for the {@link SafeNorm} class.
- */
-public class SafeNormTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testTiny() {
-        final double s = 1e-320;
-        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s };
-        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(2) * s, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testBig() {
-        final double s = 1e300;
-        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s };
-        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(2) * s, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testOne3D() {
-        final double s = 1;
-        final double[] v = new double[] { s, s, s };
-        Assert.assertEquals(Math.sqrt(3), SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnit3D() {
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 1, 0, 0 }), 0d);
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 0, 1, 0 }), 0d);
-        Assert.assertEquals(1, SafeNorm.value(new double[] { 0, 0, 1 }), 0d);
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testSimple() {
-        final double[] v = new double[] { -0.9, 8.7, -6.5, -4.3, -2.1, 0, 1.2, 
3.4, -5.6, 7.8, 9.0 };
-        double n = 0;
-        for (int i = 0; i < v.length; i++) {
-            n += v[i] * v[i];
-        }
-        final double expected = Math.sqrt(n);
-        Assert.assertEquals(expected, SafeNorm.value(v), 0d);
-    }
-}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/commons-numbers/blob/e4c21bea/pom.xml
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/pom.xml b/pom.xml
index 248a42f..7f18506 100644
--- a/pom.xml
+++ b/pom.xml
@@ -600,6 +600,7 @@
     <module>commons-numbers-angle</module>
     <module>commons-numbers-gamma</module>
     <module>commons-numbers-combinatorics</module>
+    <module>commons-numbers-arrays</module>
   </modules>
 
 </project>

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