github-actions[bot] commented on code in PR #69032:
URL: https://github.com/apache/doris/pull/69032#discussion_r4545595996


##########
fe/fe-core/src/test/java/org/apache/doris/pluginapiversion/PluginApiVersionWiringTest.java:
##########
@@ -107,6 +107,18 @@ public void 
connectorPluginDeclaringAnotherMajorIsRefused() throws IOException {
                 "a plugin built against another major must not become a 
routable catalog type");
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void connectorPluginWithoutSpatialContractIsRefused() throws 
IOException {
+        ApiVersionGate gate = ApiVersionGate.forFamily("connector", 
ConnectorProvider.class);
+        Assertions.assertEquals(30, gate.getExpectedMajor());

Review Comment:
   [P2] Match the connector version assertion to API 31
   
   The connector POM now sets `connector.plugin.api.version` to `31.0`, which 
Maven filters into the SPI resource read by `ApiVersionGate.forFamily`. A 
correctly rebuilt FE therefore returns `31` here, so this new regression always 
fails before exercising plugin rejection. Update the assertion to 31 and use an 
API-30 probe/message to cover the immediate pre-spatial contract. This follows 
the source/resource wiring; no test was run during this review.



##########
be/src/exprs/function/geo/geography_calculation.cpp:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,1895 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+#include "exprs/function/geo/geography_calculation.h"
+
+#include <glog/logging.h>
+#include <s2/mutable_s2shape_index.h>
+#include <s2/s2boolean_operation.h>
+#include <s2/s2closest_edge_query.h>
+#include <s2/s2closest_point_query.h>
+#include <s2/s2contains_point_query.h>
+#include <s2/s2earth.h>
+#include <s2/s2edge_crossings.h>
+#include <s2/s2edge_distances.h>
+#include <s2/s2lax_polygon_shape.h>
+#include <s2/s2loop.h>
+#include <s2/s2loop_measures.h>
+#include <s2/s2point.h>
+#include <s2/s2point_index.h>
+#include <s2/s2point_vector_shape.h>
+#include <s2/s2pointutil.h>
+#include <s2/s2polygon.h>
+#include <s2/s2polyline.h>
+#include <s2/s2predicates.h>
+#include <s2/s2shape_measures.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <bit>
+#include <boost/iterator/iterator_facade.hpp>
+// Integer proofs and software-wide arithmetic need no quadmath wrappers. 
Boost's float128
+// numeric_limits specialization conflicts with libstdc++ 15 in the GCC 
performance build.
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 15
+#define BOOST_CSTDFLOAT_NO_LIBQUADMATH_SUPPORT
+#endif
+#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_bin_float.hpp>
+#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__) && __GNUC__ >= 15
+#undef BOOST_CSTDFLOAT_NO_LIBQUADMATH_SUPPORT
+#endif
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <map>
+#include <numbers>
+#include <optional>
+#include <set>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "core/assert_cast.h"
+#include "core/custom_allocator.h"
+#include "exprs/function/geo/geo_types.h"
+#include "exprs/function/geo/wkb_parse.h"
+
+namespace doris {
+
+// Apple ARM64 long double has binary64 precision/range. Keep native wide 
arithmetic
+// where available; software quad preserves the tiny residual products on 
narrower ABIs.
+using GeographyFloat =
+        std::conditional_t<std::numeric_limits<long double>::digits >= 64 &&
+                                   std::numeric_limits<long 
double>::min_exponent <= -4096,
+                           long double, 
boost::multiprecision::cpp_bin_float_quad>;
+static_assert(std::numeric_limits<GeographyFloat>::digits >= 64 &&
+              std::numeric_limits<GeographyFloat>::min_exponent <= -4096);
+
+template <typename Float>
+static Float geography_pi() {
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Float, long double>) {
+        return std::numbers::pi_v<long double>;
+    } else {
+        // Public software acos avoids float128 constant 
conversions/libquadmath on GCC.
+        static const Float pi = boost::multiprecision::acos(Float(-1));
+        return pi;
+    }
+}
+
+// Error-free TwoSum preserves tiny differences from a half-turn (e.g. -1e-15 
+ 180).
+static std::pair<double, double> geography_degree_sum(double a, double b) {
+    const double high = a + b;
+    const double offset = high - a;
+    return {high, (a - (high - offset)) + (b - offset)};
+}
+
+// Reduce the exact degree sum before converting to radians. In particular,
+// 180 + (-1e-300) must retain its small sine instead of becoming sin(pi).
+template <typename Float = GeographyFloat>
+static std::pair<Float, Float> geography_degree_sincos(double a, double b = 0, 
bool half = false) {
+    const auto [high, low] = geography_degree_sum(a, b);
+    int quadrant;
+    const Float reduced = [&] {
+        if constexpr (std::is_same_v<Float, long double>) {
+            return std::remquo(static_cast<Float>(high), half ? 180.0L : 
90.0L, &quadrant) +
+                   static_cast<Float>(low);
+        } else {
+            // high is binary64 and the periods are exact integers: its 
reduced remainder
+            // is representable in binary64. Add TwoSum's low residual only 
after widening.
+            return Float(std::remquo(high, half ? 180.0 : 90.0, &quadrant)) + 
Float(low);
+        }
+    }();
+    const Float radians = reduced * (geography_pi<Float>() / 180) / (half ? 2 
: 1);
+    using std::cos;
+    using std::sin;
+    const Float sine = sin(radians);
+    const Float cosine = cos(radians);
+    switch ((quadrant % 4 + 4) % 4) {
+    case 0:
+        return {sine, cosine};
+    case 1:
+        return {cosine, -sine};
+    case 2:
+        return {-sine, -cosine};
+    default:
+        return {-cosine, sine};
+    }
+}
+
+// Unlike cross(ToPoint(a), ToPoint(b)), these product identities do not 
subtract
+// rounded nearly opposite vectors. Longitude-midpoint coordinates give
+// (-sin(dLon/2)*sin(latA+latB), cos(dLon/2)*sin(latA-latB),
+//  cos(latA)*cos(latB)*sin(dLon)) for the oriented normal.
+template <typename Float = GeographyFloat>
+struct GeographyRawArc {
+    S2Point normal;
+    S2Point midpoint;
+
+    GeographyRawArc(const GeoCoordinate& a, const GeoCoordinate& b) {
+        const auto [sd, cd] = geography_degree_sincos<Float>(b.x, -a.x, true);
+        const auto [sm, cm] = geography_degree_sincos<Float>(a.x, b.x, true);
+        const auto rotate_unit = [&](Float x, Float y, Float z) {
+            using std::sqrt;
+            const Float norm = sqrt(x * x + y * y + z * z);
+            DCHECK_GT(norm, 0);
+            return S2Point(static_cast<double>((cm * x - sm * y) / norm),
+                           static_cast<double>((sm * x + cm * y) / norm),
+                           static_cast<double>(z / norm));
+        };
+        normal = rotate_unit(-sd * geography_degree_sincos<Float>(a.y, 
b.y).first,
+                             cd * geography_degree_sincos<Float>(a.y, 
-b.y).first,
+                             geography_degree_sincos<Float>(a.y).second *
+                                     
geography_degree_sincos<Float>(b.y).second *
+                                     geography_degree_sincos<Float>(b.x, 
-a.x).first);
+        const auto [sl, cl] = geography_degree_sincos<Float>(a.y, b.y, true);
+        const auto [st, ct] = geography_degree_sincos<Float>(b.y, -a.y, true);
+        midpoint = rotate_unit(cd * cl * ct, -sd * sl * st, sl * ct);
+    }
+};
+
+// Raw identity must survive ToPoint rounding: 58 and 58.00000000000001 degrees
+// produce the same S2Point, but only one is an endpoint of the original edge.
+struct GeographyVertex {
+    GeoCoordinate coordinate;
+    S2Point point;
+
+    GeographyVertex() : GeographyVertex({.x = 0, .y = 0}) {}
+    explicit GeographyVertex(GeoCoordinate value) : coordinate(value) {
+        if (std::abs(coordinate.y) == 90) {
+            coordinate.x = 0;
+            point = {0, 0, coordinate.y > 0 ? 1.0 : -1.0};
+        } else {
+            if (coordinate.x == 180) {
+                coordinate.x = -180;
+            }
+            point = S2LatLng::FromDegrees(coordinate.y, 
coordinate.x).ToPoint();
+        }
+    }
+    bool operator==(const GeographyVertex& other) const {
+        return coordinate.x == other.coordinate.x && coordinate.y == 
other.coordinate.y;
+    }
+    bool operator<(const GeographyVertex& other) const {
+        return std::pair {coordinate.x, coordinate.y} <
+               std::pair {other.coordinate.x, other.coordinate.y};
+    }
+};
+
+static bool geography_antipodal(const GeographyVertex& a, const 
GeographyVertex& b) {
+    return a.coordinate.y == -b.coordinate.y &&
+           (std::abs(a.coordinate.y) == 90 ||
+            geography_degree_sum(std::max(a.coordinate.x, b.coordinate.x),
+                                 -std::min(a.coordinate.x, b.coordinate.x)) ==
+                    std::pair {180.0, 0.0});
+}
+
+struct GeographyCoordinates {
+    GeoShapeType type = GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_ANY;
+    DorisVector<DorisVector<GeographyVertex>> sequences;
+    GeoParseStatus status;
+
+    explicit GeographyCoordinates(StringRef wkb) {
+        GeoCoordinateListList raw;
+        status = WkbParse::calculation_coordinates(wkb.data, wkb.size, &raw, 
&type);
+        if (status != GeoParseStatus::GEO_PARSE_OK) {
+            return;
+        }
+        for (const auto& sequence : raw.list) {
+            auto& vertices = sequences.emplace_back();
+            for (const auto& coordinate : sequence->list) {
+                vertices.emplace_back(coordinate);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+static bool geography_stable_points(const DorisVector<GeographyVertex>& 
sequence,
+                                    std::vector<S2Point>* points) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < sequence.size(); ++i) {
+        const auto& a = sequence[i];
+        const auto& b = sequence[i + 1];
+        // (0,0)->(180,0) has no unique arc and would normalize a zero raw 
normal.
+        if (geography_antipodal(a, b)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        points->push_back(a.point);
+        // Stabilize before S2 admission: rounded (30,58)->(-150,-58-e) can be
+        // exactly antipodal despite its unique raw arc passing through the 
south pole.
+        if (a.point.DotProd(b.point) < 0) {
+            points->push_back(GeographyRawArc(a.coordinate, 
b.coordinate).midpoint);
+        }
+    }
+    // A line's final vertex is real, including its closing edge; only rings 
remove it.
+    points->push_back(sequence.back().point);
+    points->erase(std::ranges::unique(*points).begin(), points->end());
+    return true;
+}
+
+static std::unique_ptr<GeoShape> decode_geography_line(const 
GeographyCoordinates& raw,
+                                                       StringRef value) {
+    std::vector<S2Point> points;
+    if (!geography_stable_points(raw.sequences.front(), &points)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (points.size() < 2) {
+        // Canonical pole aliases such as (0,90),(90,90) collapse to one 
calculation
+        // point. Preserve their prior admission; the old parser still rejects 
a
+        // truly duplicate-only line such as (1,1),(1,1).
+        GeoParseStatus status;
+        return GeoShape::from_wkb_bytes(value.data, value.size, status);
+    }
+    auto polyline = std::make_unique<S2Polyline>(points, S2Debug::DISABLE);
+    if (!polyline->IsValid()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return GeoLine::create_unique(std::move(polyline));
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<GeoShape> decode_geography_calculation_shape(StringRef value) {
+    GeographyCoordinates raw(value);
+    if (raw.status != GeoParseStatus::GEO_PARSE_OK) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    if (raw.type == GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_POINT) {
+        GeoParseStatus status;
+        return GeoShape::from_wkb_bytes(value.data, value.size, status);
+    }
+    if (raw.type == GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_LINE_STRING) {
+        return decode_geography_line(raw, value);
+    }
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<S2Loop>> loops;
+    std::vector<const S2Loop*> input_loops;
+    for (const auto& ring : raw.sequences) {
+        std::vector<S2Point> points;
+        // Validate holes against stable raw arcs, as with typed line 
admission.
+        if (!geography_stable_points(ring, &points)) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        // Validated WKB rings are closed; only polygon admission removes that 
endpoint.
+        DCHECK(points.front() == points.back());
+        points.pop_back();
+        if (points.size() < 3) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        auto loop = std::make_unique<S2Loop>(points, S2Debug::DISABLE);
+        if (!loop->IsValid()) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        loop->Normalize();
+        if (!loops.empty() && !loops.front()->Contains(*loop)) {
+            return nullptr;
+        }
+        input_loops.push_back(loop.get());
+        loops.push_back(std::move(loop));
+    }
+    auto polygon = std::make_unique<S2Polygon>(std::move(loops), 
S2Debug::DISABLE);
+    if (!polygon->IsValid()) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    std::vector<int> depths;
+    for (const auto* loop : input_loops) {
+        depths.push_back(loop->depth());
+    }
+    return GeoPolygon::create_unique(std::move(polygon), std::move(depths));
+}
+
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+static thread_local size_t geography_exact_proofs = 0;
+static thread_local size_t geography_candidate_visits = 0;
+static thread_local size_t geography_polygon_crossing_checks = 0;
+#endif
+
+// Test coplanarity of the original degree ordinates, not independently 
rounded S2 vectors.
+// For example (45,-45), (90,0), (135,45) share an arc although ToPoint's 
determinant is nonzero.
+// Keep this exact cancellation proof together during the behavior-preserving 
module extraction.
+// NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-function-size)
+static bool geography_common_great_circle(const GeoCoordinate& a, const 
GeoCoordinate& b,
+                                          const GeoCoordinate& c) {
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+    ++geography_exact_proofs;
+#endif
+    using boost::multiprecision::cpp_int;
+    const std::array<double, 6> ordinates {a.y, a.x, b.y, b.x, c.y, c.x};
+    std::array<uint64_t, 6> significands;
+    std::array<int, 6> exponents;
+    int denominator_bits = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ordinates.size(); ++i) {
+        const auto bits = std::bit_cast<uint64_t>(ordinates[i]);
+        const int biased = (bits >> 52) & 0x7ff;
+        uint64_t significand = bits & ((uint64_t {1} << 52) - 1);
+        int exponent = biased ? biased - 1075 : -1074;
+        if (biased) {
+            significand |= uint64_t {1} << 52;
+        }
+        if (significand != 0) {
+            const int zeros = std::countr_zero(significand);
+            significand >>= zeros;
+            exponent += zeros;
+            denominator_bits = std::max(denominator_bits, -exponent);
+        } else {
+            exponent = 0;
+        }
+        significands[i] = significand;
+        exponents[i] = exponent;
+    }
+    std::array<cpp_int, 6> angles;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < angles.size(); ++i) {
+        angles[i] = cpp_int(significands[i]) << (denominator_bits + 
exponents[i]);
+        if (std::signbit(ordinates[i])) {
+            angles[i] = -angles[i];
+        }
+    }
+    // Binary-rational degrees have denominator 2^q. Exp(i*angle) is a power 
of a
+    // root of unity of order 360*2^q. Its minimal polynomial is Phi_90(t), 
with
+    // t = z^(2^(q+2)), and Phi_90(t) = t^24+t^21-t^15-t^12-t^9+t^3+1.
+    // Expand cos(lat_i)cos(lat_j)sin(lat_k)sin(lon_j-lon_i), cyclically, into
+    // 48 integer-coefficient powers. Equal residues modulo 2^(q+2) share one
+    // polynomial; reduction by Phi_90 proves zero exactly, including tiny 
nonzero controls.
+    const int shift = denominator_bits + 2;
+    const cpp_int basis = cpp_int(1) << shift;
+    const cpp_int period = 90 * basis;
+    std::map<cpp_int, std::array<int, 90>> polynomials;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        const int j = (i + 1) % 3;
+        const int k = (i + 2) % 3;
+        for (int mask = 0; mask < 16; ++mask) {
+            std::array<int, 4> signs;
+            for (int bit = 0; bit < 4; ++bit) {
+                signs[bit] = (mask & (1 << bit)) ? 1 : -1;
+            }
+            cpp_int power = signs[0] * angles[2 * i] + signs[1] * angles[2 * 
j] +
+                            signs[2] * angles[2 * k] +
+                            signs[3] * (angles[2 * j + 1] - angles[2 * i + 1]);
+            power %= period;
+            if (power < 0) {
+                power += period;
+            }
+            const int quotient = (power >> shift).convert_to<int>();
+            const cpp_int residue = power - (cpp_int(quotient) << shift);
+            polynomials[residue][quotient] += signs[2] * signs[3];
+        }
+    }
+    for (auto& [residue, coefficients] : polynomials) {
+        for (int i = 89; i >= 24; --i) {
+            const int coefficient = coefficients[i];
+            coefficients[i] = 0;
+            coefficients[i - 3] -= coefficient;
+            coefficients[i - 9] += coefficient;
+            coefficients[i - 12] += coefficient;
+            coefficients[i - 15] += coefficient;
+            coefficients[i - 21] -= coefficient;
+            coefficients[i - 24] -= coefficient;
+        }
+        if (std::ranges::any_of(coefficients, [](int value) { return value != 
0; })) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Keep each atomic segment in its own shape. Pinned S2 ProcessEdge1 uses a 
chain's
+// global start as a local offset in one endpoint path, so multiple chains per 
line
+// shape are unsafe. Closed AA shapes restore internal vertices in the OPEN 
model.
+class GeographyLineShape final : public S2Shape {
+public:
+    GeographyLineShape(const S2Point& a, const S2Point& b) : _edge(a, b) {}
+    // Inline Edge replaces a tracked vector buffer. Account the complete 
owning
+    // shape so removing that allocation does not hide its bytes from the 
query.
+    static void* operator new(size_t size) {
+        return Allocator<false>().alloc(size, alignof(GeographyLineShape));
+    }
+    static void operator delete(void* ptr) noexcept {
+        Allocator<false>().free(ptr, sizeof(GeographyLineShape));
+    }
+    int num_edges() const override { return 1; }
+    Edge edge(int i) const override {
+        DCHECK_EQ(i, 0);
+        return _edge;
+    }
+    int dimension() const override { return 1; }
+    ReferencePoint GetReferencePoint() const override { return 
ReferencePoint::Contained(false); }
+    int num_chains() const override { return 1; }
+    Chain chain(int i) const override {
+        DCHECK_EQ(i, 0);
+        return {0, 1};
+    }
+    Edge chain_edge(int i, int j) const override {
+        DCHECK_EQ(i, 0);
+        return edge(j);
+    }
+    ChainPosition chain_position(int i) const override {
+        DCHECK_EQ(i, 0);
+        return {0, 0};
+    }
+
+private:
+    Edge _edge;
+};
+
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+std::unique_ptr<S2Shape> geography_line_shape_for_test() {
+    return std::make_unique<GeographyLineShape>(S2Point(1, 0, 0), S2Point(0, 
1, 0));
+}
+#endif
+
+class GeographyEdgeNodes {
+public:
+    using LineEdge = std::pair<GeographyVertex, GeographyVertex>;
+    using LineEdges = std::set<LineEdge, std::less<>, 
CustomStdAllocator<LineEdge>>;
+    using PolygonEdges = std::array<LineEdges, 2>;
+
+    struct RawEdges {
+        LineEdges line;
+        PolygonEdges polygon;
+
+        auto vertices(const GeographyCoordinates& raw) const {
+            std::set<GeographyVertex, std::less<>, 
CustomStdAllocator<GeographyVertex>> result;
+            // A pole-alias line can have no edges but still denotes one 
canonical position.
+            result.insert(raw.sequences.front().front());
+            const auto append = [&](const LineEdges& edges) {
+                for (const auto& [a, b] : edges) {
+                    result.insert(a);
+                    result.insert(b);
+                }
+            };
+            append(line);
+            for (const auto& ring_edges : polygon) {
+                append(ring_edges);
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    };
+
+    GeographyCoordinates left;
+    GeographyCoordinates right;
+
+    GeographyEdgeNodes(StringRef left_wkb, StringRef right_wkb) : 
left(left_wkb), right(right_wkb) {
+        DCHECK_EQ(left.status, GeoParseStatus::GEO_PARSE_OK);
+        DCHECK_EQ(right.status, GeoParseStatus::GEO_PARSE_OK);
+        DorisMap<double, DorisVector<GeographyVertex>> longitude_vertices;
+        std::set<GeographyVertex, std::less<>, 
CustomStdAllocator<GeographyVertex>> coordinates;
+        for (const auto* shape : {&left, &right}) {
+            for (const auto& sequence : shape->sequences) {
+                for (const auto& point : sequence) {
+                    if (!coordinates.insert(point).second) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    const auto& coordinate = point.coordinate;
+                    longitude_vertices[coordinate.x].push_back(point);
+                    if (std::abs(coordinate.y) != 90) {
+                        _meridians[meridian(coordinate.x)][coordinate.x < 
0].push_back(
+                                {coordinate.y, point});
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Polygon rings retain directed edges, unlike the merged line 
intervals. Raw
+        // coordinate bands avoid recalling a whole tiny zigzag ring for every 
edge.
+        if (left.type == GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_POLYGON ||
+            right.type == GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_POLYGON) {
+            _longitude_order.assign(coordinates.begin(), coordinates.end());
+            _latitude_order = _longitude_order;
+            std::ranges::sort(_latitude_order, {},
+                              [](const auto& vertex) { return 
vertex.coordinate.y; });
+        }
+        // Keep dense longitude groups separately so a circle can skip its 
known
+        // endpoint longitudes before enumerating nearby points. At sqrt(N) 
points
+        // per group there are at most sqrt(N) extra indexes, even with 
unrelated
+        // vertices padding a near-antipodal spoke input.
+        const auto dense_size =
+                std::max(size_t {2}, 
static_cast<size_t>(std::ceil(std::sqrt(coordinates.size()))));
+        for (const auto& [longitude, points] : longitude_vertices) {
+            auto& index =
+                    points.size() >= dense_size ? _dense_longitudes[longitude] 
: _vertex_index;
+            for (const auto& point : points) {
+                index.Add(point.point, point);
+            }
+        }
+        for (auto& entry : _meridians) {
+            for (auto& side : entry.second) {
+                side.push_back({-90, GeographyVertex({.x = 0, .y = -90})});
+                side.push_back({90, GeographyVertex({.x = 0, .y = 90})});
+                std::ranges::sort(side, {}, &Vertex::latitude);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool contains_point(const GeographyVertex& start, const GeographyVertex& 
end,
+                        const GeographyVertex& point) const {
+        // Preserve exact endpoints, including date-line and pole aliases.
+        if (point == start || point == end) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (start == end) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto& a = start.coordinate;
+        const auto& b = end.coordinate;
+        const auto& c = point.coordinate;
+        const auto key = meridian(std::abs(a.y) == 90 ? b.x : a.x);
+        bool member = false;
+        if (meridian_edge(start, end, [&](const auto& vertices, double from, 
double to) {
+                // Opposite-longitude edges can pass through a pole; the pole 
belongs
+                // to both legs, whereas other positions must be on the 
selected side.
+                const bool same_side =
+                        std::abs(c.y) == 90 ||
+                        (meridian(c.x) == key && &_meridians.at(key)[c.x < 0] 
== &vertices);
+                member |= same_side && c.y >= std::min(from, to) && c.y <= 
std::max(from, to);
+            })) {
+            return member;
+        }
+        const bool wraps = geography_degree_sum(std::max(a.x, b.x), 
-std::min(a.x, b.x)) >
+                           std::pair {180.0, 0.0};
+        const bool within = wraps ? (c.x < std::min(a.x, b.x) || c.x > 
std::max(a.x, b.x))
+                                  : (c.x > std::min(a.x, b.x) && c.x < 
std::max(a.x, b.x));
+        // Near-antipodal endpoint conversion can rotate the S2 plane 
substantially.
+        // POINT(45 0) is on (-44.99999999999997 -45,134.99999999999997 45);
+        // decide from raw degrees rather than accepting a larger distance 
tolerance.
+        return within && geography_common_great_circle(a, b, c);
+    }
+
+    bool line_contains_point(const GeographyCoordinates& shape,
+                             const GeographyVertex& point) const {
+        const auto& line = shape.sequences.front();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < line.size(); ++i) {
+            if (contains_point(line[i], line[i + 1], point)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    bool line_boundary_touches(const GeographyCoordinates& line,
+                               const GeographyCoordinates& other) const {
+        const auto& vertices = line.sequences.front();
+        // Closed lines have no boundary. An open endpoint must belong to the 
other raw line:
+        // a rounded coincidence across the gap 58 -> 58+ulp is not a contact.
+        return vertices.front() != vertices.back() &&
+               (line_contains_point(other, vertices.front()) ||
+                line_contains_point(other, vertices.back()));
+    }
+
+    void append_edge(const GeographyVertex& start, const GeographyVertex& end,
+                     DorisVector<GeographyVertex>* output) const {
+        output->push_back(start);
+        if (start == end) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (meridian_edge(start, end, [&](const auto& vertices, double from, 
double to) {
+                append_range(vertices, from, to, output);
+                if (std::abs(to) == 90) {
+                    const GeographyVertex pole({.x = 0, .y = to});
+                    if (end != pole) {
+                        output->push_back(pole);
+                    }
+                }
+            })) {
+            return;
+        }
+        const auto& a = start.coordinate;
+        const auto& b = end.coordinate;
+        const bool wraps = geography_degree_sum(std::max(a.x, b.x), 
-std::min(a.x, b.x)) >
+                           std::pair {180.0, 0.0};
+        const bool east = (a.x < b.x) != wraps;
+        DorisVector<GeographyVertex> on_edge;
+        const auto append = [&](const GeographyVertex& point) {
+            const auto& c = point.coordinate;
+            // Longitude is strictly monotone along every non-meridian minor 
arc.
+            // Retain the raw interval and exact proof for both candidate 
strategies.
+            const bool within = wraps ? (c.x < std::min(a.x, b.x) || c.x > 
std::max(a.x, b.x))
+                                      : (c.x > std::min(a.x, b.x) && c.x < 
std::max(a.x, b.x));
+            if (within && geography_common_great_circle(a, b, c)) {
+                on_edge.push_back(point);
+            }
+        };
+        if (!visit_small_raw_candidates(start, end, wraps, append)) {
+            // Near-antipodal conversion can miss raw nodes. Preserve the 
existing
+            // stable half-arc recall whenever a small raw band is unavailable.
+            const auto midpoint = GeographyRawArc(a, b).midpoint;
+            for (const auto& endpoint : {start, end}) {
+                visit_edge_candidates(
+                        endpoint.point, midpoint, [](double) { return false; 
}, append);
+            }
+        }
+        std::ranges::sort(on_edge, [&](const GeographyVertex& x, const 
GeographyVertex& y) {
+            const double x_lon = x.coordinate.x;
+            const double y_lon = y.coordinate.x;
+            if ((x_lon < a.x) != (y_lon < a.x)) {
+                return east ? x_lon >= a.x : x_lon < a.x;
+            }
+            return east ? x_lon < y_lon : x_lon > y_lon;
+        });
+        on_edge.erase(std::ranges::unique(on_edge).begin(), on_edge.end());
+        output->insert(output->end(), on_edge.begin(), on_edge.end());
+    }
+
+    // Calculation-only points never enter the raw-degree identity/noding map.
+    std::optional<S2Point> arc_midpoint(const GeographyVertex& a, const 
GeographyVertex& b) const {
+        if (a.point.DotProd(b.point) < 0) {
+            return GeographyRawArc(a.coordinate, b.coordinate).midpoint;
+        }
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    void add_line(const GeographyCoordinates& shape, MutableS2ShapeIndex* 
index,
+                  LineEdges* raw_line_edges = nullptr) const {
+        using Interval = std::pair<double, double>;
+        DorisMap<const DorisVector<Vertex>*, DorisVector<Interval>> intervals;
+        LineEdges raw_edges;
+        const auto& line = shape.sequences.front();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < line.size(); ++i) {
+            const auto& a = line[i];
+            const auto& b = line[i + 1];
+            if (a == b) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!meridian_edge(a, b, [&](const auto& vertices, double from, 
double to) {
+                    intervals[&vertices].emplace_back(std::min(from, to), 
std::max(from, to));
+                })) {
+                raw_edges.emplace(std::min(a, b), std::max(a, b));
+            }
+        }
+        LineEdges edges;
+        auto add_edge = [&](const GeographyVertex& a, const GeographyVertex& 
b) {
+            // Equality must distinguish (0,58)->(0,59) from 
(0,58+ulp)->(0,59),
+            // even when conversion collapses the raw 58->58+ulp subedge to 
one S2Point.
+            if (raw_line_edges != nullptr) {
+                raw_line_edges->emplace(std::min(a, b), std::max(a, b));
+            }
+            // Rounded adjacent vertices can share one S2Point while remaining 
distinct raw
+            // WKB vertices, for example 58 and 58.00000000000001 degrees. The 
raw edge is
+            // retained for identity, but its zero-length S2 representation 
must not become
+            // an OPEN/AA boundary marker at the original line endpoint.
+            if (a.point == b.point) {
+                return;
+            }
+            edges.emplace(std::min(a, b), std::max(a, b));
+        };
+        // Merge latitude coverage before splitting: N repeated or overlapping 
edges
+        // and M collinear vertices produce O(N+M) scratch, never an N*M 
vertex walk.
+        for (auto& [vertices, ranges] : intervals) {
+            std::ranges::sort(ranges);
+            auto emit = [&](double from, double to) {
+                auto begin = std::ranges::lower_bound(*vertices, from, {}, 
&Vertex::latitude);
+                const auto end = std::ranges::upper_bound(*vertices, to, {}, 
&Vertex::latitude);
+                for (auto next = begin + 1; next != end; ++begin, ++next) {
+                    add_edge(begin->point, next->point);
+                }
+            };
+            double from = ranges.front().first;
+            double to = ranges.front().second;
+            for (const auto& range : ranges) {
+                if (range.first > to) {
+                    emit(from, to);
+                    from = range.first;
+                }
+                to = std::max(to, range.second);
+            }
+            emit(from, to);
+        }
+        add_circle_edges(raw_edges, add_edge);
+        add_line_shapes(line, edges, index);
+    }
+
+private:
+    template <typename Visit>
+    bool visit_small_raw_candidates(const GeographyVertex& start, const 
GeographyVertex& end,
+                                    bool wraps, Visit&& visit) const {
+        // The S2 recall radius can cover an entire 1e-14-degree ring. Ordinary
+        // edges keep the spatial query; this threshold only selects an index.
+        constexpr double recall_radius = 64 * 
std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();
+        if ((start.point - end.point).Norm2() > recall_radius * recall_radius) 
{
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto& a = start.coordinate;
+        const auto& b = end.coordinate;
+        const auto longitude = [](const auto& vertex) { return 
vertex.coordinate.x; };
+        const auto lo =
+                std::ranges::upper_bound(_longitude_order, std::min(a.x, b.x), 
{}, longitude);
+        const auto hi =
+                std::ranges::lower_bound(_longitude_order, std::max(a.x, b.x), 
{}, longitude);
+        auto first = wraps ? _longitude_order.begin() : lo;
+        auto last = hi;
+        auto second = wraps ? lo : _longitude_order.end();
+        if (wraps) {
+            // At the date-line cut the strict longitude interval has two 
pieces.
+            last = std::ranges::lower_bound(_longitude_order, std::min(a.x, 
b.x), {}, longitude);
+            second = std::ranges::upper_bound(_longitude_order, std::max(a.x, 
b.x), {}, longitude);
+        }
+        size_t count = (last - first) + (_longitude_order.end() - second);
+        const double dx = std::nextafter(std::abs(b.x - a.x), INFINITY);
+        const double dy = std::nextafter(std::abs(b.y - a.y), 0.0);
+        // For |A|,|B|<=45 and |dLon|<=90, endpoint latitude tangents have 
signs of
+        // sin(B-A) plus sin(A)cos(B)*(1-cos(dLon)), or minus 
sin(B)cos(A)*(1-cos(dLon)).
+        // In degrees, |sin(dLat)|
+        // >= |dLat|/90 and 1-cos(dLon) < dLon^2/5000. Thus dy>dx^2 proves
+        // monotonicity, with outward rounding below. A (0,45)->(90,45) arc
+        // fails this certificate: its latitude bows above both endpoints.
+        if (std::abs(a.y) <= 45 && std::abs(b.y) <= 45 && dx <= 90 &&
+            dy > std::nextafter(dx * dx, INFINITY)) {
+            const auto latitude = [](const auto& vertex) { return 
vertex.coordinate.y; };
+            const auto from =
+                    std::ranges::lower_bound(_latitude_order, std::min(a.y, 
b.y), {}, latitude);
+            const auto to =
+                    std::ranges::upper_bound(_latitude_order, std::max(a.y, 
b.y), {}, latitude);
+            if (static_cast<size_t>(to - from) < count) {
+                first = from;
+                last = to;
+                second = _longitude_order.end();
+                count = to - from;
+            }
+        }
+        // Eight is only a strategy crossover, never a result cap. Larger or
+        // unproven bands use the complete existing S2 recall without 
truncation.
+        if (count > 8) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for (const auto& range :
+             {std::pair {first, last}, std::pair {second, 
_longitude_order.end()}}) {
+            for (auto point = range.first; point != range.second; ++point) {
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+                ++geography_candidate_visits;
+#endif
+                visit(*point);
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    void add_line_shapes(const DorisVector<GeographyVertex>& line, const 
LineEdges& edges,
+                         MutableS2ShapeIndex* index) const {
+        const auto& first = line.front();
+        const auto& last = line.back();
+        auto add = [&](const S2Point& a, const S2Point& b) {
+            index->Add(std::make_unique<GeographyLineShape>(a, b));
+        };
+        if (edges.empty()) {
+            // A raw pole-alias line may collapse to one canonical calculation 
position.
+            add(first.point, first.point);
+        }
+        std::set<S2Point, std::less<>, CustomStdAllocator<S2Point>> 
interior_vertices;
+        for (const auto& [a, b] : edges) {
+            const auto midpoint = arc_midpoint(a, b);
+            if (midpoint) {
+                add(a.point, *midpoint);
+                add(*midpoint, b.point);
+                // The synthetic split is interior, not a new OPEN line 
boundary:
+                // a crossing at this point must not become ST_Touches=true.
+                interior_vertices.insert(*midpoint);
+            } else {
+                add(a.point, b.point);
+            }
+            interior_vertices.insert(a.point);
+            interior_vertices.insert(b.point);
+        }
+        for (const auto& point : interior_vertices) {
+            if (first == last || (point != first.point && point != 
last.point)) {
+                add(point, point);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct Vertex {
+        double latitude;
+        GeographyVertex point;
+    };
+    struct Circle {
+        GeographyVertex a;
+        GeographyVertex b;
+        S2Point normal;
+        DorisVector<std::pair<double, double>> ranges;
+        DorisMap<double, GeographyVertex> vertices;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Edges, typename AddEdge>
+    void add_circle_edges(const Edges& edges, AddEdge&& add_edge) const {
+        DorisVector<Circle> circles;
+        S2PointIndex<size_t> normal_index;
+        const double rounding = 64 * std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon();
+        for (const auto& [a, b] : edges) {
+            const auto normal = GeographyRawArc(a.coordinate, 
b.coordinate).normal;
+            size_t group = circles.size();
+            S2ClosestPointQuery<size_t> query(&normal_index);
+            // Raw trigonometric products avoid the epsilon/sin(length) error
+            // amplification. Normals only recall candidates; exact proof 
decides.
+            
query.mutable_options()->set_conservative_max_distance(S1Angle::Radians(rounding));
+            S2ClosestPointQuery<size_t>::PointTarget target(normal);
+            for (const auto& candidate : query.FindClosestPoints(&target)) {
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+                ++geography_candidate_visits;
+#endif
+                const auto& circle = circles[candidate.data()];
+                const auto& x = circle.a.coordinate;
+                const auto& y = circle.b.coordinate;
+                const auto on_circle = [&](const GeographyVertex& point) {
+                    return point == circle.a || point == circle.b ||
+                           geography_common_great_circle(x, y, 
point.coordinate);
+                };
+                if (on_circle(a) && on_circle(b)) {
+                    group = candidate.data();
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (group == circles.size()) {
+                normal_index.Add(normal, group);
+                // The pinned S2 unary transform repeatedly moves a stateless 
lambda.
+                // Component negation is identical and avoids that analyzer 
false positive.
+                normal_index.Add(S2Point(-normal.x(), -normal.y(), 
-normal.z()), group);
+                circles.push_back({a, b, normal, {}, {}});
+            }
+            auto& circle = circles[group];
+            const double lo = std::min(a.coordinate.x, b.coordinate.x);
+            const double hi = std::max(a.coordinate.x, b.coordinate.x);
+            // Longitude cut points are interval sentinels, not fabricated 
spatial
+            // vertices. For 170->-170 the real wrap edge is emitted below.
+            if (geography_degree_sum(hi, -lo) > std::pair {180.0, 0.0}) {
+                circle.ranges.emplace_back(-180, lo);
+                circle.ranges.emplace_back(hi, 180);
+            } else {
+                circle.ranges.emplace_back(lo, hi);
+            }
+            // Keep every raw endpoint, especially original open-line endpoints
+            // inside a larger merged interval: OPEN must still exclude those 
points.
+            circle.vertices.emplace(a.coordinate.x, a);
+            circle.vertices.emplace(b.coordinate.x, b);
+        }
+        for (auto& circle : circles) {
+            collect_circle_vertices(circle);
+            emit_circle_edges(circle, add_edge);
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename SkipLongitude, typename Visit>
+    void visit_edge_candidates(const S2Point& a, const S2Point& b, 
SkipLongitude&& skip_longitude,
+                               Visit&& visit) const {
+        const auto query_index = [&](const S2PointIndex<GeographyVertex>& 
index) {
+            S2ClosestPointQuery<GeographyVertex> query(&index);
+            query.mutable_options()->set_conservative_max_distance(
+                    S1Angle::Radians(64 * 
std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()));
+            S2ClosestPointQuery<GeographyVertex>::EdgeTarget target(a, b);
+            for (const auto& candidate : query.FindClosestPoints(&target)) {
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+                ++geography_candidate_visits;
+#endif
+                visit(candidate.data());
+            }
+        };
+        query_index(_vertex_index);
+        for (const auto& [longitude, index] : _dense_longitudes) {
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+            ++geography_candidate_visits;
+#endif
+            // A non-meridian circle has only one nonpolar point at each 
longitude.
+            // Dense endpoint groups must be skipped before the S2 query, 
including
+            // when unrelated vertices make them a minority of the complete 
input.
+            if (!skip_longitude(longitude)) {
+                query_index(index);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    void collect_circle_vertices(Circle& circle) const {
+        // Query a whole circle once, using four non-antipodal quarter arcs.
+        const auto u = S2::Ortho(circle.normal);
+        const auto v = circle.normal.CrossProd(u).Normalize();
+        // Explicit component negation avoids the pinned S2 transform's 
repeated moves of
+        // a stateless lambda (clang-analyzer-cplusplus.Move), preserving 
signed zero too.
+        const std::array<S2Point, 4> quarter {
+                u, v, {-u.x(), -u.y(), -u.z()}, {-v.x(), -v.y(), -v.z()}};
+        std::set<GeographyVertex, std::less<>, 
CustomStdAllocator<GeographyVertex>> seen;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < quarter.size(); ++i) {
+            visit_edge_candidates(
+                    quarter[i], quarter[(i + 1) % 4],
+                    [&](double longitude) { return 
circle.vertices.contains(longitude); },
+                    [&](const GeographyVertex& point) {
+                        const auto& coordinate = point.coordinate;
+                        if (seen.insert(point).second && 
!circle.vertices.contains(coordinate.x) &&
+                            geography_common_great_circle(circle.a.coordinate, 
circle.b.coordinate,
+                                                          coordinate)) {
+                            circle.vertices.emplace(coordinate.x, point);
+                        }
+                    });
+        }
+    }
+
+    template <typename AddEdge>
+    static void emit_circle_edges(Circle& circle, AddEdge&& add_edge) {
+        std::ranges::sort(circle.ranges);
+        DorisVector<std::pair<double, double>> merged;
+        for (const auto& range : circle.ranges) {
+            if (merged.empty() || range.first > merged.back().second) {
+                merged.push_back(range);
+            } else {
+                merged.back().second = std::max(merged.back().second, 
range.second);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const auto& [lo, hi] : merged) {
+            const auto begin = circle.vertices.lower_bound(lo);
+            const auto end = circle.vertices.upper_bound(hi);
+            // Each original interval retains an endpoint, including either 
side
+            // of the date-line cut. Merging and node collection never remove 
it.
+            DCHECK(begin != end);
+            auto previous = begin;
+            for (auto next = std::next(begin); next != end; ++previous, 
++next) {
+                add_edge(previous->second, next->second);
+            }
+        }
+        if (merged.front().first == -180 && merged.back().second == 180) {
+            add_edge(circle.vertices.rbegin()->second, 
circle.vertices.begin()->second);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static std::pair<double, double> meridian(double longitude) {
+        return longitude >= 0 ? std::pair {longitude, 0.0} : 
geography_degree_sum(longitude, 180);
+    }
+    template <typename Append>
+    bool meridian_edge(const GeographyVertex& start, const GeographyVertex& 
end,
+                       Append&& append) const {
+        const auto& a = start.coordinate;
+        const auto& b = end.coordinate;
+        const bool a_pole = std::abs(a.y) == 90;
+        const bool b_pole = std::abs(b.y) == 90;
+        const auto key = meridian(a_pole ? b.x : a.x);
+        if (!a_pole && !b_pole && key != meridian(b.x)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Exact opposite endpoints (e.g. (0,10),(180,-10)) have no unique 
minor arc.
+        if (a.y == -b.y && ((a_pole && b_pole) || (a.x < 0) != (b.x < 0))) {
+            throw Exception(ErrorCode::NOT_IMPLEMENTED_ERROR,
+                            "Geography calculations do not support antipodal 
edges");
+        }
+        const bool a_side = (a_pole ? b.x : a.x) < 0;
+        const bool b_side = (b_pole ? a.x : b.x) < 0;
+        const auto& group = _meridians.at(key);
+        if (a_side == b_side) {
+            append(group[a_side], a.y, b.y);
+        } else {
+            // (10,80)->(-170,80) goes via the north pole; retain raw latitude 
on each side.
+            const double latitude = a.y > -b.y ? 90 : -90;
+            append(group[a_side], a.y, latitude);
+            append(group[b_side], latitude, b.y);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+    static void append_range(const DorisVector<Vertex>& vertices, double from, 
double to,
+                             DorisVector<GeographyVertex>* output) {
+        const auto first =
+                std::ranges::upper_bound(vertices, std::min(from, to), {}, 
&Vertex::latitude);
+        const auto last =
+                std::ranges::lower_bound(vertices, std::max(from, to), {}, 
&Vertex::latitude);
+        if (from < to) {
+            for (auto it = first; it != last; ++it) {
+                output->push_back(it->point);
+            }
+        } else {
+            auto current = last;
+            while (current != first) {
+                output->push_back((--current)->point);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    DorisMap<double, S2PointIndex<GeographyVertex>> _dense_longitudes;
+    S2PointIndex<GeographyVertex> _vertex_index;
+    DorisMap<std::pair<double, double>, std::array<DorisVector<Vertex>, 2>> 
_meridians;
+    DorisVector<GeographyVertex> _longitude_order;
+    DorisVector<GeographyVertex> _latitude_order;
+};
+
+static void geography_shape_index(const GeoShape& shape, const 
GeographyCoordinates& raw,
+                                  const GeographyEdgeNodes& nodes, 
MutableS2ShapeIndex* index,
+                                  GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges* raw_edges = 
nullptr) {
+    switch (shape.type()) {
+    case GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_POINT:
+        index->Add(std::make_unique<S2PointVectorShape>(
+                std::vector<S2Point> {raw.sequences.front().front().point}));
+        break;
+    case GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_LINE_STRING:
+        nodes.add_line(raw, index, raw_edges == nullptr ? nullptr : 
&raw_edges->line);
+        break;
+    case GeoShapeType::GEO_SHAPE_POLYGON: {
+        const auto& depths = assert_cast<const 
GeoPolygon&>(shape).calculation_ring_depths();
+        DCHECK_EQ(depths.size(), raw.sequences.size());
+        std::vector<S2LaxPolygonShape::Loop> loops;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < raw.sequences.size(); ++i) {
+            auto& vertices = loops.emplace_back();
+            const auto& ring = raw.sequences[i];
+            DorisVector<GeographyVertex> edge;
+            for (size_t j = 0; j + 1 < ring.size(); ++j) {
+                edge.clear();
+                nodes.append_edge(ring[j], ring[j + 1], &edge);
+                edge.push_back(ring[j + 1]);
+                for (size_t k = 0; k + 1 < edge.size(); ++k) {
+                    // Keep raw apex 58 distinct from 58+ulp before S2 
conversion. Depth parity
+                    // preserves shell/hole roles; duplicate aliases and 
synthetic points add no edge.
+                    if (raw_edges != nullptr && edge[k] != edge[k + 1]) {
+                        raw_edges->polygon[depths[i] % 
2].emplace(std::min(edge[k], edge[k + 1]),
+                                                                  
std::max(edge[k], edge[k + 1]));
+                    }
+                    vertices.push_back(edge[k].point);
+                    // Use the same stable long arcs for interiors and 
distances.
+                    // The raw (-45+e,-45)->(135-e,45) edge otherwise changes 
sides
+                    // around POINT(45 0.000001) when its midpoint is inserted.
+                    if (const auto midpoint = nodes.arc_midpoint(edge[k], 
edge[k + 1])) {
+                        vertices.push_back(*midpoint);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Noding (0,58)->(0,59) at raw 58+ulp can repeat its rounded 
endpoint,
+            // including across the ring seam. Lax zero-length edges change 
OPEN boundary
+            // ownership; retain the raw edges above but compact this 
calculation-only ring.
+            vertices.erase(std::ranges::unique(vertices).begin(), 
vertices.end());
+            if (vertices.front() == vertices.back()) {
+                vertices.pop_back();
+            }
+            DCHECK_GE(vertices.size(), 3);
+            // A thin near-antipodal ring may have been reversed by 
normalization
+            // of the rounded edge. Restore the smaller-region shell 
orientation
+            // after stabilization while preserving the admitted hole depths.
+            // Span normalization also retains canonical pole-alias 
degeneracies.
+            if (S2::IsNormalized(vertices) == (depths[i] % 2 != 0)) {
+                std::ranges::reverse(vertices);
+            }
+        }
+        index->Add(std::make_unique<S2LaxPolygonShape>(loops));
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        throw Exception(ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR, "Unexpected Geography 
calculation shape");
+    }
+}
+
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+size_t geography_calculation_edges_for_test(const std::string& left, const 
std::string& right,
+                                            size_t* exact_proofs, size_t* 
candidate_visits) {
+    geography_exact_proofs = 0;
+    geography_candidate_visits = 0;
+    const auto a = decode_geography_calculation_shape(StringRef(left));
+    const auto b = decode_geography_calculation_shape(StringRef(right));
+    const GeographyEdgeNodes nodes {StringRef(left), StringRef(right)};
+    MutableS2ShapeIndex a_index;
+    MutableS2ShapeIndex b_index;
+    geography_shape_index(*a, nodes.left, nodes, &a_index);
+    geography_shape_index(*b, nodes.right, nodes, &b_index);
+    size_t edges = 0;
+    for (const auto* shape : a_index) {
+        edges += shape->num_edges();
+    }
+    for (const auto* shape : b_index) {
+        edges += shape->num_edges();
+    }
+    if (exact_proofs != nullptr) {
+        *exact_proofs = geography_exact_proofs;
+    }
+    if (candidate_visits != nullptr) {
+        *candidate_visits = geography_candidate_visits;
+    }
+    return edges;
+}
+#endif
+
+static S1ChordAngle geography_conversion_error() {
+    // S2LatLng::ToPoint and degrees-to-radians rounding can separate 
positions on
+    // the same meridian. This is about 1e-8 metres, not a user snap radius.
+    return S1ChordAngle(S1Angle::Radians(8 * 
std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()));
+}
+
+// Compare only nonshared raw edges with the already built rounded polygon 
boundary.
+// Open segments omit isolated endpoint contacts; call this only after polygon 
interiors
+// were found disjoint, so a real transverse crossing cannot masquerade as 
boundary overlap.
+static bool geography_rounded_boundary_contact(const 
GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& source,
+                                               const 
GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& polygon,
+                                               const S2ShapeIndex& 
polygon_index,
+                                               const GeographyEdgeNodes& 
nodes) {
+    if (polygon.polygon[0].empty() && polygon.polygon[1].empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    MutableS2ShapeIndex boundary;
+    MutableS2ShapeIndex distinct;
+    for (const auto* shape : polygon_index) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < shape->num_edges(); ++i) {
+            const auto edge = shape->edge(i);
+            boundary.Add(std::make_unique<GeographyLineShape>(edge.v0, 
edge.v1));
+        }
+    }
+    for (const auto* edges : {&source.line, source.polygon.data(), 
source.polygon.data() + 1}) {
+        for (const auto& edge : *edges) {
+            if (polygon.polygon[0].contains(edge) || 
polygon.polygon[1].contains(edge)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (const auto midpoint = nodes.arc_midpoint(edge.first, 
edge.second)) {
+                
distinct.Add(std::make_unique<GeographyLineShape>(edge.first.point, *midpoint));
+                distinct.Add(std::make_unique<GeographyLineShape>(*midpoint, 
edge.second.point));
+            } else {
+                distinct.Add(
+                        std::make_unique<GeographyLineShape>(edge.first.point, 
edge.second.point));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    S2BooleanOperation::Options options;
+    options.set_polyline_model(S2BooleanOperation::PolylineModel::OPEN);
+    options.set_polyline_loops_have_boundaries(true);
+    return S2BooleanOperation::Intersects(distinct, boundary, options);
+}
+
+static bool geography_rounded_vertex_collision(const 
GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& left_edges,
+                                               const GeographyCoordinates& 
left_raw,
+                                               const 
GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& right_edges,
+                                               const GeographyCoordinates& 
right_raw) {
+    const auto a = left_edges.vertices(left_raw);
+    const auto b = right_edges.vertices(right_raw);
+    const auto collision = [](const auto& source, const auto& other) {
+        std::set<S2Point, std::less<>, CustomStdAllocator<S2Point>> distinct;
+        for (const auto& vertex : source) {
+            if (!other.contains(vertex)) {
+                distinct.insert(vertex.point);
+            }
+        }
+        return std::ranges::any_of(
+                other, [&](const auto& vertex) { return 
distinct.contains(vertex.point); });
+    };
+    return collision(a, b) || collision(b, a);
+}
+
+static Status geography_check_polygon_interiors(std::string_view name, const 
S2ShapeIndex& left,
+                                                const S2ShapeIndex& right,
+                                                const GeographyEdgeNodes& 
nodes,
+                                                const 
GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& left_edges,
+                                                const 
GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& right_edges,
+                                                bool interior) {
+    // Raw longitude 58+ulp can become meridian 58 in S2, losing a line or 
polygon interior.
+    // Check batched boundary contacts, including partial arcs, instead of 
guessing the raw region.
+    if (!interior && (geography_rounded_boundary_contact(left_edges, 
right_edges, right, nodes) ||
+                      geography_rounded_boundary_contact(right_edges, 
left_edges, left, nodes))) {
+        return Status::NotSupported(
+                "{} does not support ambiguous spherical Polygon boundary 
interiors", name);
+    }
+    return Status::OK();
+}
+
+static S1ChordAngle geography_conversion_error();
+
+// Preserve the determinant of the original degree values for polygon side 
admission
+// and crossing certificates. A point one ULP outside an edge can move to the 
other
+// side when independently converted to binary64 S2 points.
+static boost::multiprecision::cpp_bin_float_quad geography_raw_determinant(
+        const GeoCoordinate& a, const GeoCoordinate& b, const GeoCoordinate& 
point) {
+    using RawSideFloat = boost::multiprecision::cpp_bin_float_quad;
+    const auto vector = [](const GeoCoordinate& coordinate) {
+        const auto [sin_lon, cos_lon] = 
geography_degree_sincos<RawSideFloat>(coordinate.x);
+        const auto [sin_lat, cos_lat] = 
geography_degree_sincos<RawSideFloat>(coordinate.y);
+        return std::array<RawSideFloat, 3> {cos_lat * cos_lon, cos_lat * 
sin_lon, sin_lat};
+    };
+    const auto first = vector(a);
+    const auto second = vector(b);
+    const auto query = vector(point);
+    const RawSideFloat determinant = (first[1] * second[2] - first[2] * 
second[1]) * query[0] +
+                                     (first[2] * second[0] - first[0] * 
second[2]) * query[1] +
+                                     (first[0] * second[1] - first[1] * 
second[0]) * query[2];
+    return determinant;
+}
+
+static bool geography_has_raw_polygon_edge_crossing(
+        const GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& left_edges,
+        const GeographyEdgeNodes::RawEdges& right_edges) {
+    const auto side = [](const GeoCoordinate& a, const GeoCoordinate& b,
+                         const GeoCoordinate& point) {
+        const auto determinant = geography_raw_determinant(a, b, point);
+        using Float = boost::multiprecision::cpp_bin_float_quad;
+        using std::abs;
+        // Allow for trigonometric conversion and the determinant's six 
bounded products.
+        // Sides within this software-quad rounding bound, including coplanar 
edges, prove nothing.
+        if (abs(determinant) <= 256 * std::numeric_limits<Float>::epsilon()) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return (determinant > 0) - (determinant < 0);
+    };
+    const auto crosses = [&](const auto& left, const auto& right) {
+#ifdef BE_TEST
+        ++geography_polygon_crossing_checks;
+#endif
+        if (S2::CrossingSign(left.first.point, left.second.point, 
right.first.point,
+                             right.second.point) <= 0) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto& a = left.first.coordinate;
+        const auto& b = left.second.coordinate;
+        const auto& c = right.first.coordinate;
+        const auto& d = right.second.coordinate;
+        // Crossing arcs need not have an intersection representable in 
binary64 degrees.
+        // For example, (0,58+ulp)->(2,60) crosses (0,58)->(0.5,61), but 
converting S2's
+        // approximate intersection back to degrees cannot prove exact raw 
coplanarity.
+        // ACB, CBD, BDA and DAC must instead have the same nonzero 
orientation, as in S2.
+        const int acb = side(a, c, b);
+        return acb != 0 && side(c, b, d) == acb && side(b, d, a) == acb && 
side(d, a, c) == acb;
+    };
+    for (const auto& left_ring : left_edges.polygon) {
+        for (const auto& right_ring : right_edges.polygon) {
+            for (const auto& left : left_ring) {
+                if (std::ranges::any_of(right_ring,
+                                        [&](const auto& right) { return 
crosses(left, right); })) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool geography_raw_rounded_side_mismatch(const GeographyCoordinates& 
polygon,
+                                                const GeographyVertex& point) {
+    const S1Angle conversion_error = geography_conversion_error().ToAngle();
+    for (const auto& ring : polygon.sequences) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < ring.size(); ++i) {
+            const auto& start = ring[i];
+            const auto& end = ring[i + 1];
+            if (start == end || point == start || point == end ||
+                S2::GetDistance(point.point, start.point, end.point) > 
conversion_error) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            const auto determinant =
+                    geography_raw_determinant(start.coordinate, 
end.coordinate, point.coordinate);
+            const int raw_side = (determinant > 0) - (determinant < 0);
+            const int rounded_side =
+                    s2pred::ExpensiveSign(start.point, end.point, point.point, 
false);
+            if (raw_side != 0 && rounded_side != 0 && raw_side != 
rounded_side) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool geography_polygon_boundary_contains_point(const 
GeographyCoordinates& polygon,
+                                                      const 
GeographyEdgeNodes& nodes,
+                                                      const GeographyVertex& 
point) {
+    for (const auto& ring : polygon.sequences) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < ring.size(); ++i) {
+            if (nodes.contains_point(ring[i], ring[i + 1], point)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+enum class GeographyPolygonInterior { OUTSIDE, INSIDE, ROUNDED_BOUNDARY, 
ROUNDED_SIDE };
+
+// The caller has already excluded exact raw boundary contact. Reuse this 
admission for both
+// point relations and independent interior witnesses in a pair with a rounded 
vertex collision.
+static GeographyPolygonInterior geography_polygon_point_interior(
+        const GeographyCoordinates& polygon, const S2ShapeIndex& index,
+        const GeographyVertex& point) {
+    MutableS2ShapeIndex point_index;
+    point_index.Add(std::make_unique<S2PointVectorShape>(std::vector<S2Point> 
{point.point}));
+    S2BooleanOperation::Options options;
+    options.set_polygon_model(S2BooleanOperation::PolygonModel::CLOSED);
+    const bool closed = S2BooleanOperation::Contains(index, point_index, 
options);
+    options.set_polygon_model(S2BooleanOperation::PolygonModel::OPEN);
+    const bool interior = S2BooleanOperation::Contains(index, point_index, 
options);
+    // A raw vertex can round onto a different boundary vertex without owning 
its interior.
+    if (closed && !interior) {
+        return GeographyPolygonInterior::ROUNDED_BOUNDARY;
+    }
+    if (geography_raw_rounded_side_mismatch(polygon, point)) {
+        return GeographyPolygonInterior::ROUNDED_SIDE;
+    }
+    return interior ? GeographyPolygonInterior::INSIDE : 
GeographyPolygonInterior::OUTSIDE;
+}
+
+static bool geography_polygon_has_rounded_side_mismatch(const 
GeographyCoordinates& polygon,
+                                                        const S2ShapeIndex& 
polygon_index,
+                                                        const 
GeographyCoordinates& other,
+                                                        const 
GeographyEdgeNodes& nodes) {
+    for (const auto& sequence : other.sequences) {
+        for (const auto& point : sequence) {
+            // A raw boundary vertex is an actual contact, even if S2 rounds 
it onto a
+            // neighboring edge. The existing raw edge checks own that case.
+            if (geography_polygon_boundary_contains_point(polygon, nodes, 
point)) {

Review Comment:
   [P2] Index the Polygon/Line side-admission checks
   
   `ST_Contains(P,L)` and `ST_Within(L,P)` unconditionally visit every line 
vertex here, and both helpers scan every polygon edge. Let P have base vertices 
`(-10+20*i/N,-10)`, i=0..N, then `(0,10)`, and close the ring; let L have M 
vertices `(0,-1+2*i/(M-1))`. L is wholly interior and far from the boundary, so 
every point reaches all N+2 `S2::GetDistance` calls in 
`geography_raw_rounded_side_mismatch`. At N=M=10,000, one 320,070-byte pair 
forces 100,020,000 distance calls plus full boundary-membership scans before S2 
coverage. Recall nearby edges from a boundary spatial index before the exact 
raw checks, and add increasing-size Contains/Within work-count coverage. This 
is the ordinary side-admission consumer, distinct from the previously reported 
noding and Polygon/Polygon crossing-witness paths. Counts are derived from 
source; no benchmark was run.



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