vtlim commented on code in PR #12946: URL: https://github.com/apache/druid/pull/12946#discussion_r958757128
########## docs/querying/nested-columns.md: ########## @@ -0,0 +1,595 @@ +--- +id: nested-columns +title: "Nested columns" +sidebar_label: Nested columns +--- + +<!-- + ~ Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one + ~ or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file + ~ distributed with this work for additional information + ~ regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file + ~ to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the + ~ "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance + ~ with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at + ~ + ~ http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + ~ + ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, + ~ software distributed under the License is distributed on an + ~ "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY + ~ KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the + ~ specific language governing permissions and limitations + ~ under the License. + --> + +> Nested columns is an experimental feature available starting in Apache Druid 24.0. Like most experimental features, functionality documented on this page is subject to change in future releases. However, the COMPLEX column type includes versioning to provide backward compatible support in future releases. We strongly encourage you you experiment with nested columns in your development environment to evaluate that they meet your use case. If so, you can use them in production scenarios. Review the release notes and this page to stay up to date with changes. + +Apache Druid supports directly storing nested data structures in `COMPLEX<json>` columns. `COMPLEX<json>` columns store a copy of the structured data in JSON format and specialized internal columns and indexes for nested 'literal' values—STRING, LONG, and DOUBLE types. An optimized [virtual column](./virtual-columns.md#nested-field-virtual-column) allows Druid to read and filter these values at speeds consistent with standard Druid LONG, DOUBLE, and STRING columns. + +Druid [SQL JSON functions](./sql-json-functions.md) allow you to extract, transform, and create `COMPLEX<json>` values in SQL queries, using the specialized virtual columns where appropriate. You can use the [JSON nested columns functions](../misc/math-expr.md#json-functions) in [native queries](./querying.md) using [expression virtual columns](./virtual-columns.md#expression-virtual-column), and in native ingestion with a [`transformSpec`](../ingestion/ingestion-spec.md#transformspec). + +You can use the JSON functions in INSERT and REPLACE statements in SQL-based ingestion, or in a `transformSpec` in native ingestion as an alternative to using a [`flattenSpec`](../ingestion/data-formats.md#flattenspec) object to "flatten" nested data for ingestion. + +## Example nested data + +The examples in this topic use the data in [nested_example_data.json](https://static.imply.io/data/nested_example_data.json). The file contains a simple fascimile of an order tracking and shipping table. + +When pretty-printed, a sample row in `nested_example_data` looks like this: + +```json +{ + "time":"2022-6-14T10:32:08Z", + "product":"Keyboard", + "department":"Computers", + "shipTo":{ + "firstName": "Sandra", + "lastName": "Beatty", + "address": { + "street": "293 Grant Well", + "city": "Loischester", + "state": "FL", + "country": "TV", + "postalCode": "88845-0066" + }, + "phoneNumbers": [ + {"type":"primary","number":"1-788-771-7028 x8627" }, + {"type":"secondary","number":"1-460-496-4884 x887"} + ] + }, + "details"{"color":"plum","price":"40.00"} +} +``` + +## Native batch ingestion + +For native batch ingestion, you can use the [JSON nested columns functions](./sql-json-functions.md) to extract nested data as an alternative to using the [`flattenSpec`](../ingestion/data-formats.md#flattenspec) input format. + +To configure a dimension as a nested data type, specify the `json` type for the dimension in the `dimensions` list in the `dimensionsSpec` property of your ingestion spec. + +For example, the following ingestion spec instructs Druid to ingest `shipTo` and `details` as JSON-type nested dimensions: + +```json +{ + "type": "index_parallel", + "spec": { + "ioConfig": { + "type": "index_parallel", + "inputSource": { + "type": "http", + "uris": [ + "https://static.imply.io/data/nested_example_data.json"; + ] + }, + "inputFormat": { + "type": "json" + } + }, + "dataSchema": { + "granularitySpec": { + "segmentGranularity": "day", + "queryGranularity": "none", + "rollup": false + }, + "dataSource": "nested_data_example", + "timestampSpec": { + "column": "time", + "format": "auto" + }, + "dimensionsSpec": { + "dimensions": [ + "product", + "department", + { + "type": "json", + "name": "shipTo" + }, + { + "type": "json", + "name": "details" + } + ] + }, + "transformSpec": {} + }, + "tuningConfig": { + "type": "index_parallel", + "partitionsSpec": { + "type": "dynamic" + } + } + } +} +``` + +### Transform data during batch ingestion + +You can use the [JSON nested columns functions](./sql-json-functions.md) to transform JSON data and reference the transformed data in your ingestion spec. + +To do this, define the output name and expression in the `transforms` list in the `transformSpec` object of your ingestion spec. + +For example, the following ingestion spec extracts `firstName`, `lastName` and `address` from `shipTo` and creates a composite JSON object containing `product`, `details` and `department`. + +```json +{ + "type": "index_parallel", + "spec": { + "ioConfig": { + "type": "index_parallel", + "inputSource": { + "type": "http", + "uris": [ + "https://static.imply.io/data/nested_example_data.json"; + ] + }, + "inputFormat": { + "type": "json" + } + }, + "dataSchema": { + "granularitySpec": { + "segmentGranularity": "day", + "queryGranularity": "none", + "rollup": false + }, + "dataSource": "nested_data_transform_example", + "timestampSpec": { + "column": "time", + "format": "auto" + }, + "dimensionsSpec": { + "dimensions": [ + "firstName", + "lastName", + { + "type": "json", + "name": "address" + }, + { + "type": "json", + "name": "productDetails" + } + ] + }, + "transformSpec": { + "transforms":[ + { "type":"expression", "name":"firstName", "expression":"json_value(shipTo, '$.firstName')"}, + { "type":"expression", "name":"lastName", "expression":"json_value(shipTo, '$.lastName')"}, + { "type":"expression", "name":"address", "expression":"json_query(shipTo, '$.address')"}, + { "type":"expression", "name":"productDetails", "expression":"json_object('product', product, 'details', details, 'department', department)"} + ] + } + }, + "tuningConfig": { + "type": "index_parallel", + "partitionsSpec": { + "type": "dynamic" + } + } + } +} +``` + +## SQL-based ingestion + +To ingest nested data using multi-stage query architecture, specify `COMPLEX<json>` as the value for `type` when you define the row signature—`shipTo` and `details` in the following example ingestion spec: + + + +```sql +REPLACE INTO msq_nested_data_example OVERWRITE ALL +SELECT + TIME_PARSE("time") as __time, + product, + department, + shipTo, + details +FROM ( + SELECT * FROM + TABLE( + EXTERN( + '{"type":"http","uris":["https://static.imply.io/data/nested_example_data.json"]}', + '{"type":"json"}', + '[{"name":"time","type":"string"},{"name":"product","type":"string"},{"name":"department","type":"string"},{"name":"shipTo","type":"COMPLEX<json>"},{"name":"details","type":"COMPLEX<json>"}]' + ) + ) +) +PARTITIONED BY ALL +``` + +### Transform data during SQL-based ingestion + +You can use the [JSON nested columns functions](./sql-json-functions.md) to transform JSON data in your ingestion query. + +For example, the following ingestion query is the SQL-based version of the [previous batch example](#transform-data-during-batch-ingestion)—it extracts `firstName`, `lastName`, and `address` from `shipTo` and creates a composite JSON object containing `product`, `details`, and `department`. + + + +```sql +REPLACE INTO msq_nested_data_transform_example OVERWRITE ALL +SELECT + TIME_PARSE("time") as __time, + JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.firstName') as firstName, + JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.lastName') as lastName, + JSON_QUERY(shipTo, '$.address') as address, + JSON_OBJECT('product':product,'details':details, 'department':department) as productDetails +FROM ( + SELECT * FROM + TABLE( + EXTERN( + '{"type":"http","uris":["https://static.imply.io/data/nested_example_data.json"]}', + '{"type":"json"}', + '[{"name":"time","type":"string"},{"name":"product","type":"string"},{"name":"department","type":"string"},{"name":"shipTo","type":"COMPLEX<json>"},{"name":"details","type":"COMPLEX<json>"}]' + ) + ) +) +PARTITIONED BY ALL +``` + +## Ingest deserialized JSON as COMPLEX\<json> + +If your source data uses a string representation of your JSON column, you can still ingest the data as `COMPLEX<JSON>` as follows: +- During native batch ingestion, call the `parse_json` function in a `transform` object in the `transformSpec`. +- During SQL-based ingestion, use the PARSE_JSON keyword within your SELECT statement to transform the string values to JSON. +- If you are concerned that your data may not contain valid JSON, you can use `try_parse_json` for native batch or `TRY_PARSE_JSON` for SQL-based ingestion. For cases where the column does not contain valid JSON, Druid inserts a null value. + +For example, consider the following deserialized row of the sample data set: + +``` +{"time": "2022-06-13T10:10:35Z", "product": "Bike", "department":"Sports", "shipTo":"{\"firstName\": \"Henry\",\"lastName\": \"Wuckert\",\"address\": {\"street\": \"5643 Jan Walk\",\"city\": \"Lake Bridget\",\"state\": \"HI\",\"country\":\"ME\",\"postalCode\": \"70204-2939\"},\"phoneNumbers\": [{\"type\":\"primary\",\"number\":\"593.475.0449 x86733\" },{\"type\":\"secondary\",\"number\":\"638-372-1210\"}]}", "details":"{\"color\":\"ivory\", \"price\":955.00}"} +``` + +The following examples demonstrate how to ingest the `shipTo` and `details` columns both as string type and as `COMPLEX<json>` in the `shipTo_parsed` and `details_parsed` columns. + +<!--DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS--> +<!--SQL--> +``` +REPLACE INTO deserialized_example OVERWRITE ALL +WITH source AS (SELECT * FROM TABLE( + EXTERN( + '{"type":"inline","data":"{\"time\": \"2022-06-13T10:10:35Z\", \"product\": \"Bike\", \"department\":\"Sports\", \"shipTo\":\"{\\\"firstName\\\": \\\"Henry\\\",\\\"lastName\\\": \\\"Wuckert\\\",\\\"address\\\": {\\\"street\\\": \\\"5643 Jan Walk\\\",\\\"city\\\": \\\"Lake Bridget\\\",\\\"state\\\": \\\"HI\\\",\\\"country\\\":\\\"ME\\\",\\\"postalCode\\\": \\\"70204-2939\\\"},\\\"phoneNumbers\\\": [{\\\"type\\\":\\\"primary\\\",\\\"number\\\":\\\"593.475.0449 x86733\\\" },{\\\"type\\\":\\\"secondary\\\",\\\"number\\\":\\\"638-372-1210\\\"}]}\", \"details\":\"{\\\"color\\\":\\\"ivory\\\", \\\"price\\\":955.00}\"}\n"}', + '{"type":"json"}', + '[{"name":"time","type":"string"},{"name":"product","type":"string"},{"name":"department","type":"string"},{"name":"shipTo","type":"string"},{"name":"details","type":"string"},{"name":"shipTo_parsed","type":"json"},{"name":"details_parsed","type":"json"}]' + ) +)) +SELECT + TIME_PARSE("time") AS __time, + "product", + "department", + "shipTo", + "details", + PARSE_JSON("shipTo") as "shipTo_parsed", + PARSE_JSON("details") as "details_parsed" +FROM source +PARTITIONED BY DAY +``` +<!--Native batch--> +```{ + "type": "index_parallel", + "spec": { + "ioConfig": { + "type": "index_parallel", + "inputSource": { + "type": "inline", + "data": "{\"time\": \"2022-06-13T10:10:35Z\", \"product\": \"Bike\", \"department\":\"Sports\", \"shipTo\":\"{\\\"firstName\\\": \\\"Henry\\\",\\\"lastName\\\": \\\"Wuckert\\\",\\\"address\\\": {\\\"street\\\": \\\"5643 Jan Walk\\\",\\\"city\\\": \\\"Lake Bridget\\\",\\\"state\\\": \\\"HI\\\",\\\"country\\\":\\\"ME\\\",\\\"postalCode\\\": \\\"70204-2939\\\"},\\\"phoneNumbers\\\": [{\\\"type\\\":\\\"primary\\\",\\\"number\\\":\\\"593.475.0449 x86733\\\" },{\\\"type\\\":\\\"secondary\\\",\\\"number\\\":\\\"638-372-1210\\\"}]}\", \"details\":\"{\\\"color\\\":\\\"ivory\\\", \\\"price\\\":955.00}\"}\n" + }, + "inputFormat": { + "type": "json" + } + }, + "tuningConfig": { + "type": "index_parallel", + "partitionsSpec": { + "type": "dynamic" + } + }, + "dataSchema": { + "dataSource": "deserialized_example", + "timestampSpec": { + "column": "time", + "format": "iso" + }, + "transformSpec": { + "transforms": [ + { + "type": "expression", + "name": "shipTo_parsed", + "expression": "parse_json(shipTo)" + }, + { + "type": "expression", + "name": "details_parsed", + "expression": "parse_json(details)" + } + ] + }, + "dimensionsSpec": { + "dimensions": [ + "product", + "department", + "shipTo", + "details", + "shipTo_parsed", + "details_parsed" + ] + }, + "granularitySpec": { + "queryGranularity": "none", + "rollup": false, + "segmentGranularity": "day" +``` +<!--END_DOCUSAURUS_CODE_TABS--> + +## Querying nested columns + +Once ingested, Druid stores the JSON-typed columns as native JSON objects and presents them as `COMPLEX<json>`. + +See the [Nested columns functions reference](./sql-json-functions.md) for information on the functions in the examples below. + +Druid supports a small, simplified subset of the [JSONPath syntax](https://github.com/json-path/JsonPath/blob/master/README.md) operators, primarily limited to extracting individual values from nested data structures. See the [SQL JSON functions](./sql-json-functions.md#jsonpath-syntax) page for details. + +### Displaying data types + +The following example illustrates how you can display the data types for your columns. Note that `details` and `shipTo` display as `COMPLEX<json>`. + +#### Example query: Display data types + + + +```sql +SELECT TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE +FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS +WHERE TABLE_NAME = 'nested_data_example' +``` + +Example query results: + +```json +[["TABLE_NAME","COLUMN_NAME","DATA_TYPE"],["STRING","STRING","STRING"],["VARCHAR","VARCHAR","VARCHAR"],["nested_data_example","__time","TIMESTAMP"],["nested_data_example","department","VARCHAR"],["nested_data_example","details","COMPLEX<json>"],["nested_data_example","product","VARCHAR"],["nested_data_example","shipTo","COMPLEX<json>"]] +``` + +### Retrieving JSON data + +You can retrieve JSON data directly from a table. Druid returns the results as a JSON object, so you can't use grouping, aggregation, or filtering operators. + +#### Example query: Retrieve JSON data + +The following example query extracts all data from `nested_data_example`: + + + +```sql +SELECT * FROM nested_data_example +``` + +Example query results: + +```json +[["__time","department","details","product","shipTo"],["LONG","STRING","COMPLEX<json>","STRING","COMPLEX<json>"],["TIMESTAMP","VARCHAR","OTHER","VARCHAR","OTHER"],["2022-06-13T07:52:29.000Z","Sports","{\"color\":\"sky blue\",\"price\":542.0}","Bike","{\"firstName\":\"Russ\",\"lastName\":\"Cole\",\"address\":{\"street\":\"77173 Rusty Station\",\"city\":\"South Yeseniabury\",\"state\":\"WA\",\"country\":\"BL\",\"postalCode\":\"01893\"},\"phoneNumbers\":[{\"type\":\"primary\",\"number\":\"891-374-6188 x74568\"},{\"type\":\"secondary\",\"number\":\"1-248-998-4426 x33037\"}]}"],["2022-06-13T10:10:35.000Z","Sports","{\"color\":\"ivory\",\"price\":955.0}","Bike","{\"firstName\":\"Henry\",\"lastName\":\"Wuckert\",\"address\":{\"street\":\"5643 Jan Walk\",\"city\":\"Lake Bridget\",\"state\":\"HI\",\"country\":\"ME\",\"postalCode\":\"70204-2939\"},\"phoneNumbers\":[{\"type\":\"primary\",\"number\":\"593.475.0449 x86733\"},{\"type\":\"secondary\",\"number\":\"638-372-1210\"}]}"],["2022-06-13T1 3:57:38.000Z","Grocery","{\"price\":8.0}","Sausages","{\"firstName\":\"Forrest\",\"lastName\":\"Brekke\",\"address\":{\"street\":\"41548 Collier Divide\",\"city\":\"Wintheiserborough\",\"state\":\"WA\",\"country\":\"AD\",\"postalCode\":\"27577-6784\"},\"phoneNumbers\":[{\"type\":\"primary\",\"number\":\"(904) 890-0696 x581\"},{\"type\":\"secondary\",\"number\":\"676.895.6759\"}]}"],["2022-06-13T21:37:06.000Z","Computers","{\"color\":\"olive\",\"price\":90.0}","Mouse","{\"firstName\":\"Rickey\",\"lastName\":\"Rempel\",\"address\":{\"street\":\"6232 Green Glens\",\"city\":\"New Fermin\",\"state\":\"HI\",\"country\":\"CW\",\"postalCode\":\"98912-1195\"},\"phoneNumbers\":[{\"type\":\"primary\",\"number\":\"(689) 766-4272 x60778\"},{\"type\":\"secondary\",\"number\":\"375.662.4737 x24707\"}]}"],["2022-06-14T10:32:08.000Z","Computers","{\"color\":\"plum\",\"price\":40.0}","Keyboard","{\"firstName\":\"Sandra\",\"lastName\":\"Beatty\",\"address\":{\"street\":\"293 Grant Well\",\"city\":\"Lo ischester\",\"state\":\"FL\",\"country\":\"TV\",\"postalCode\":\"88845-0066\"},\"phoneNumbers\":[{\"type\":\"primary\",\"number\":\"1-788-771-7028 x8627\"},{\"type\":\"secondary\",\"number\":\"1-460-496-4884 x887\"}]}"]] +``` + +### Extracting nested data elements + +The `JSON_VALUE` function is specially optimized to provide native Druid level performance when processing nested literal values, as if they were flattened, traditional, Druid column types. It does this by reading from the specialized nested columns and indexes that are built and stored in JSON objects when Druid creates segments. + +Some operations using `JSON_VALUE` run faster than those using native Druid columns. For example, filtering numeric types uses the indexes built for nested numeric columns, which are not available for Druid DOUBLE, FLOAT, or LONG columns. + +`JSON_VALUE` only returns literal types. Any paths that reference JSON objects or array types return null. + +> To achieve the best possible performance, use the `JSON_VALUE` function whenever you query JSON objects. + +#### Example query: Extract nested data elements + +The following example query illustrates how to use `JSON_VALUE` to extract specified elements from a `COMPLEX<json>` object. Note that the returned values default to type VARCHAR. + + + +```sql +SELECT + product, + department, + JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.address.country') as country, + JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.phoneNumbers[0].number') as primaryPhone, + JSON_VALUE(details, '$.price') as price +FROM nested_data_example +``` + +Example query results: + +```json +[["product","department","country","primaryPhone","price"],["STRING","STRING","STRING","STRING","STRING"],["VARCHAR","VARCHAR","VARCHAR","VARCHAR","VARCHAR"],["Bike","Sports","BL","891-374-6188 x74568","542.0"],["Bike","Sports","ME","593.475.0449 x86733","955.0"],["Sausages","Grocery","AD","(904) 890-0696 x581","8.0"],["Mouse","Computers","CW","(689) 766-4272 x60778","90.0"],["Keyboard","Computers","TV","1-788-771-7028 x8627","40.0"]] +``` + +### Extracting nested data elements as a suggested type + +You can use the `RETURNING` keyword to provide type hints to the `JSON_VALUE` function. This way the SQL planner produces the correct native Druid query, leading to expected results. This keyword allows you to specify a SQL type for the `path` value. + +#### Example query: Extract nested data elements as suggested types + +The following example query illustrates how to use `JSON_VALUE` and the `RETURNING` keyword to extract an element of nested data and return it as specified types. + + + +```sql +SELECT + product, + department, + JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.address.country') as country, + JSON_VALUE(details, '$.price' RETURNING BIGINT) as price_int, + JSON_VALUE(details, '$.price' RETURNING DECIMAL) as price_decimal, + JSON_VALUE(details, '$.price' RETURNING VARCHAR) as price_varchar +FROM nested_data_example +``` + +Query results: + +```json +[["product","department","country","price_int","price_decimal","price_varchar"],["STRING","STRING","STRING","LONG","DOUBLE","STRING"],["VARCHAR","VARCHAR","VARCHAR","BIGINT","DECIMAL","VARCHAR"],["Bike","Sports","BL",542,542.0,"542.0"],["Bike","Sports","ME",955,955.0,"955.0"],["Sausages","Grocery","AD",8,8.0,"8.0"],["Mouse","Computers","CW",90,90.0,"90.0"],["Keyboard","Computers","TV",40,40.0,"40.0"]] +``` + +### Grouping, aggregating, and filtering + +You can use `JSON_VALUE` expressions in any context where you can use traditional Druid columns, such as grouping, aggregation, and filtering. + +#### Example query: Grouping and filtering + +The following example query illustrates how to use SUM, WHERE, GROUP BY, and ORDER BY operators with `JSON_VALUE`. + + + +```sql +SELECT + product, + JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.address.country'), + SUM(JSON_VALUE(details, '$.price' RETURNING BIGINT)) +FROM nested_data_example +WHERE JSON_VALUE(shipTo, '$.address.country') in ('BL', 'CW') +GROUP BY 1,2 +ORDER BY 3 DESC +``` + +Example query results: + +```json +[["product","EXPR$1","EXPR$2"],["STRING","STRING","LONG"],["VARCHAR","VARCHAR","BIGINT"],["Bike","BL",542],["Mouse","CW",90]] +``` + +### Transforming JSON object data + +In addition to `JSON_VALUE`, Druid offers a number of operators that focus on transforming JSON object data: + +- `JSON_QUERY` +- `JSON_OBJECT` +- `PARSE_JSON` +- `TO_JSON_STRING` + +These functions are primarily intended for use with the multi-Stage Query Architecture to transform data during insert operations, but they also work in traditional Druid SQL queries. Because most of these functions output JSON objects, they have the same limitations when used in traditional Druid queries as interacting with the JSON objects directly. + +#### Example query: Return results in a JSON object + +You can use the `JSON_QUERY` function to extract a partial structure from any JSON input and return results in a JSON object. Unlike `JSON_VALUE` it can extract objects and arrays. + +The following example query illustrates the differences in output between `JSON_VALUE` and `JSON_QUERY`. The two output columns for JSON_VALUE contain null values only because JSON_VALUE only returns literal types. Review Comment: ```suggestion The following example query illustrates the differences in output between `JSON_VALUE` and `JSON_QUERY`. The two output columns for `JSON_VALUE` contain null values only because `JSON_VALUE` only returns literal types. ``` -- This is an automated message from the Apache Git Service. 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