http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/CopyOnWriteStateTable.java
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+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.StateTransformationFunction;
+import org.apache.flink.util.MathUtils;
+import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of Flink's in-memory state tables with copy-on-write 
support. This map does not support null values
+ * for key or namespace.
+ * <p>
+ * {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} sacrifices some peak performance and memory 
efficiency for features like incremental
+ * rehashing and asynchronous snapshots through copy-on-write. Copy-on-write 
tries to minimize the amount of copying by
+ * maintaining version meta data for both, the map structure and the state 
objects. However, we must often proactively
+ * copy state objects when we hand them to the user.
+ * <p>
+ * As for any state backend, user should not keep references on state objects 
that they obtained from state backends
+ * outside the scope of the user function calls.
+ * <p>
+ * Some brief maintenance notes:
+ * <p>
+ * 1) Flattening the underlying data structure from nested maps (namespace) -> 
(key) -> (state) to one flat map
+ * (key, namespace) -> (state) brings certain performance trade-offs. In 
theory, the flat map has one less level of
+ * indirection compared to the nested map. However, the nested map naturally 
de-duplicates namespace objects for which
+ * #equals() is true. This leads to potentially a lot of redundant namespace 
objects for the flattened version. Those,
+ * in turn, can again introduce more cache misses because we need to follow 
the namespace object on all operations to
+ * ensure entry identities. Obviously, copy-on-write can also add memory 
overhead. So does the meta data to track
+ * copy-on-write requirement (state and entry versions on {@link 
StateTableEntry}).
+ * <p>
+ * 2) A flat map structure is a lot easier when it comes to tracking 
copy-on-write of the map structure.
+ * <p>
+ * 3) Nested structure had the (never used) advantage that we can easily drop 
and iterate whole namespaces. This could
+ * give locality advantages for certain access pattern, e.g. iterating a 
namespace.
+ * <p>
+ * 4) Serialization format is changed from namespace-prefix compressed (as 
naturally provided from the old nested
+ * structure) to making all entries self contained as (key, namespace, state).
+ * <p>
+ * 5) We got rid of having multiple nested tables, one for each key-group. 
Instead, we partition state into key-groups
+ * on-the-fly, during the asynchronous part of a snapshot.
+ * <p>
+ * 6) Currently, a state table can only grow, but never shrinks on low load. 
We could easily add this if required.
+ * <p>
+ * 7) Heap based state backends like this can easily cause a lot of GC 
activity. Besides using G1 as garbage collector,
+ * we should provide an additional state backend that operates on off-heap 
memory. This would sacrifice peak performance
+ * (due to de/serialization of objects) for a lower, but more constant 
throughput and potentially huge simplifications
+ * w.r.t. copy-on-write.
+ * <p>
+ * 8) We could try a hybrid of a serialized and object based backends, where 
key and namespace of the entries are both
+ * serialized in one byte-array.
+ * <p>
+ * 9) We could consider smaller types (e.g. short) for the version counting 
and think about some reset strategy before
+ * overflows, when there is no snapshot running. However, this would have to 
touch all entries in the map.
+ * <p>
+ * This class was initially based on the {@link java.util.HashMap} 
implementation of the Android JDK, but is now heavily
+ * customized towards the use case of table for state entries.
+ *
+ * IMPORTANT: the contracts for this class rely on the user not holding any 
references to objects returned by this map
+ * beyond the life cycle of per-element operations. Or phrased differently, 
all get-update-put operations on a mapping
+ * should be within one call of processElement. Otherwise, the user must take 
care of taking deep copies, e.g. for
+ * caching purposes.
+ *
+ * @param <K> type of key.
+ * @param <N> type of namespace.
+ * @param <S> type of value.
+ */
+public class CopyOnWriteStateTable<K, N, S> extends StateTable<K, N, S> 
implements Iterable<StateEntry<K, N, S>> {
+
+       /**
+        * The logger.
+        */
+       private static final Logger LOG = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(AsyncHeapKeyedStateBackend.class);
+
+       /**
+        * Min capacity (other than zero) for a {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}. 
Must be a power of two
+        * greater than 1 (and less than 1 << 30).
+        */
+       private static final int MINIMUM_CAPACITY = 4;
+
+       /**
+        * Max capacity for a {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}. Must be a power of 
two >= MINIMUM_CAPACITY.
+        */
+       private static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
+
+       /**
+        * Minimum number of entries that one step of incremental rehashing 
migrates from the old to the new sub-table.
+        */
+       private static final int MIN_TRANSFERRED_PER_INCREMENTAL_REHASH = 4;
+
+       /**
+        * An empty table shared by all zero-capacity maps (typically from 
default
+        * constructor). It is never written to, and replaced on first put. Its 
size
+        * is set to half the minimum, so that the first resize will create a
+        * minimum-sized table.
+        */
+       private static final StateTableEntry<?, ?, ?>[] EMPTY_TABLE = new 
StateTableEntry[MINIMUM_CAPACITY >>> 1];
+
+       /**
+        * Empty entry that we use to bootstrap our StateEntryIterator.
+        */
+       private static final StateTableEntry<?, ?, ?> ITERATOR_BOOTSTRAP_ENTRY 
= new StateTableEntry<>();
+
+       /**
+        * Maintains an ordered set of version ids that are still in use by 
unreleased snapshots.
+        */
+       private final TreeSet<Integer> snapshotVersions;
+
+       /**
+        * This is the primary entry array (hash directory) of the state table. 
If no incremental rehash is ongoing, this
+        * is the only used table.
+        **/
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] primaryTable;
+
+       /**
+        * We maintain a secondary entry array while performing an incremental 
rehash. The purpose is to slowly migrate
+        * entries from the primary table to this resized table array. When all 
entries are migrated, this becomes the new
+        * primary table.
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] incrementalRehashTable;
+
+       /**
+        * The current number of mappings in the primary table.
+        */
+       private int primaryTableSize;
+
+       /**
+        * The current number of mappings in the rehash table.
+        */
+       private int incrementalRehashTableSize;
+
+       /**
+        * The next index for a step of incremental rehashing in the primary 
table.
+        */
+       private int rehashIndex;
+
+       /**
+        * The current version of this map. Used for copy-on-write mechanics.
+        */
+       private int stateTableVersion;
+
+       /**
+        * The highest version of this map that is still required by any 
unreleased snapshot.
+        */
+       private int highestRequiredSnapshotVersion;
+
+       /**
+        * The last namespace that was actually inserted. This is a small 
optimization to reduce duplicate namespace objects.
+        */
+       private N lastNamespace;
+
+       /**
+        * The {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} is rehashed when its size exceeds 
this threshold.
+        * The value of this field is generally .75 * capacity, except when
+        * the capacity is zero, as described in the EMPTY_TABLE declaration
+        * above.
+        */
+       private int threshold;
+
+       /**
+        * Incremented by "structural modifications" to allow (best effort)
+        * detection of concurrent modification.
+        */
+       private int modCount;
+
+       /**
+        * Constructs a new {@code StateTable} with default capacity of 1024.
+        *
+        * @param keyContext the key context.
+        * @param metaInfo   the meta information, including the type 
serializer for state copy-on-write.
+        */
+       CopyOnWriteStateTable(InternalKeyContext<K> keyContext, 
RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> metaInfo) {
+               this(keyContext, metaInfo, 1024);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Constructs a new {@code StateTable} instance with the specified 
capacity.
+        *
+        * @param keyContext the key context.
+        * @param metaInfo   the meta information, including the type 
serializer for state copy-on-write.
+        * @param capacity   the initial capacity of this hash map.
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException when the capacity is less than zero.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       private CopyOnWriteStateTable(InternalKeyContext<K> keyContext, 
RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> metaInfo, int capacity) {
+               super(keyContext, metaInfo);
+
+               // initialized tables to EMPTY_TABLE.
+               this.primaryTable = (StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
+               this.incrementalRehashTable = (StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[]) 
EMPTY_TABLE;
+
+               // initialize sizes to 0.
+               this.primaryTableSize = 0;
+               this.incrementalRehashTableSize = 0;
+
+               this.rehashIndex = 0;
+               this.stateTableVersion = 0;
+               this.highestRequiredSnapshotVersion = 0;
+               this.snapshotVersions = new TreeSet<>();
+
+               if (capacity < 0) {
+                       throw new IllegalArgumentException("Capacity: " + 
capacity);
+               }
+
+               if (capacity == 0) {
+                       threshold = -1;
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               if (capacity < MINIMUM_CAPACITY) {
+                       capacity = MINIMUM_CAPACITY;
+               } else if (capacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
+                       capacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
+               } else {
+                       capacity = MathUtils.roundUpToPowerOfTwo(capacity);
+               }
+               primaryTable = makeTable(capacity);
+       }
+
+       // Public API from AbstractStateTable 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the total number of entries in this {@link 
CopyOnWriteStateTable}. This is the sum of both sub-tables.
+        *
+        * @return the number of entries in this {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}.
+        */
+       @Override
+       public int size() {
+               return primaryTableSize + incrementalRehashTableSize;
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public S get(K key, N namespace) {
+
+               final int hash = 
computeHashForOperationAndDoIncrementalRehash(key, namespace);
+               final int requiredVersion = highestRequiredSnapshotVersion;
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] tab = selectActiveTable(hash);
+               int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
+
+               for (StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = tab[index]; e != null; e = 
e.next) {
+                       final K eKey = e.key;
+                       final N eNamespace = e.namespace;
+                       if ((e.hash == hash && key.equals(eKey) && 
namespace.equals(eNamespace))) {
+
+                               // copy-on-write check for state
+                               if (e.stateVersion < requiredVersion) {
+                                       // copy-on-write check for entry
+                                       if (e.entryVersion < requiredVersion) {
+                                               e = 
handleChainedEntryCopyOnWrite(tab, hash & (tab.length - 1), e);
+                                       }
+                                       e.stateVersion = stateTableVersion;
+                                       e.state = 
getStateSerializer().copy(e.state);
+                               }
+
+                               return e.state;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               return null;
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void put(K key, int keyGroup, N namespace, S state) {
+               put(key, namespace, state);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public S get(N namespace) {
+               return get(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public boolean containsKey(N namespace) {
+               return containsKey(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void put(N namespace, S state) {
+               put(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace, state);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public S putAndGetOld(N namespace, S state) {
+               return putAndGetOld(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace, 
state);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void remove(N namespace) {
+               remove(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public S removeAndGetOld(N namespace) {
+               return removeAndGetOld(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public <T> void transform(N namespace, T value, 
StateTransformationFunction<S, T> transformation) throws Exception {
+               transform(keyContext.getCurrentKey(), namespace, value, 
transformation);
+       }
+
+       // Private implementation details of the API methods 
---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns whether this table contains the specified key/namespace 
composite key.
+        *
+        * @param key       the key in the composite key to search for. Not 
null.
+        * @param namespace the namespace in the composite key to search for. 
Not null.
+        * @return {@code true} if this map contains the specified 
key/namespace composite key,
+        * {@code false} otherwise.
+        */
+       boolean containsKey(K key, N namespace) {
+
+               final int hash = 
computeHashForOperationAndDoIncrementalRehash(key, namespace);
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] tab = selectActiveTable(hash);
+               int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
+
+               for (StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = tab[index]; e != null; e = 
e.next) {
+                       final K eKey = e.key;
+                       final N eNamespace = e.namespace;
+
+                       if ((e.hash == hash && key.equals(eKey) && 
namespace.equals(eNamespace))) {
+                               return true;
+                       }
+               }
+               return false;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Maps the specified key/namespace composite key to the specified 
value. This method should be preferred
+        * over {@link #putAndGetOld(Object, Object, Object)} (Object, Object)} 
when the caller is not interested
+        * in the old value, because this can potentially reduce copy-on-write 
activity.
+        *
+        * @param key       the key. Not null.
+        * @param namespace the namespace. Not null.
+        * @param value     the value. Can be null.
+        */
+       void put(K key, N namespace, S value) {
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = putEntry(key, namespace);
+
+               e.state = value;
+               e.stateVersion = stateTableVersion;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Maps the specified key/namespace composite key to the specified 
value. Returns the previous state that was
+        * registered under the composite key.
+        *
+        * @param key       the key. Not null.
+        * @param namespace the namespace. Not null.
+        * @param value     the value. Can be null.
+        * @return the value of any previous mapping with the specified key or
+        * {@code null} if there was no such mapping.
+        */
+       S putAndGetOld(K key, N namespace, S value) {
+
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = putEntry(key, namespace);
+
+               // copy-on-write check for state
+               S oldState = (e.stateVersion < highestRequiredSnapshotVersion) ?
+                               getStateSerializer().copy(e.state) :
+                               e.state;
+
+               e.state = value;
+               e.stateVersion = stateTableVersion;
+
+               return oldState;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Removes the mapping with the specified key/namespace composite key 
from this map. This method should be preferred
+        * over {@link #removeAndGetOld(Object, Object)} when the caller is not 
interested in the old value, because this
+        * can potentially reduce copy-on-write activity.
+        *
+        * @param key       the key of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        * @param namespace the namespace of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        */
+       void remove(K key, N namespace) {
+               removeEntry(key, namespace);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Removes the mapping with the specified key/namespace composite key 
from this map, returning the state that was
+        * found under the entry.
+        *
+        * @param key       the key of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        * @param namespace the namespace of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        * @return the value of the removed mapping or {@code null} if no 
mapping
+        * for the specified key was found.
+        */
+       S removeAndGetOld(K key, N namespace) {
+
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = removeEntry(key, namespace);
+
+               return e != null ?
+                               // copy-on-write check for state
+                               (e.stateVersion < 
highestRequiredSnapshotVersion ?
+                                               
getStateSerializer().copy(e.state) :
+                                               e.state) :
+                               null;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * @param key            the key of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        * @param namespace      the namespace of the mapping to remove. Not 
null.
+        * @param value          the value that is the second input for the 
transformation.
+        * @param transformation the transformation function to apply on the 
old state and the given value.
+        * @param <T>            type of the value that is the second input to 
the {@link StateTransformationFunction}.
+        * @throws Exception exception that happen on applying the function.
+        * @see #transform(Object, Object, StateTransformationFunction).
+        */
+       <T> void transform(
+                       K key,
+                       N namespace,
+                       T value,
+                       StateTransformationFunction<S, T> transformation) 
throws Exception {
+
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S> entry = putEntry(key, namespace);
+
+               // copy-on-write check for state
+               entry.state = transformation.apply(
+                               (entry.stateVersion < 
highestRequiredSnapshotVersion) ?
+                                               
getStateSerializer().copy(entry.state) :
+                                               entry.state,
+                               value);
+               entry.stateVersion = stateTableVersion;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Helper method that is the basis for operations that add mappings.
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S> putEntry(K key, N namespace) {
+
+               final int hash = 
computeHashForOperationAndDoIncrementalRehash(key, namespace);
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] tab = selectActiveTable(hash);
+               int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
+
+               for (StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = tab[index]; e != null; e = 
e.next) {
+                       if (e.hash == hash && key.equals(e.key) && 
namespace.equals(e.namespace)) {
+
+                               // copy-on-write check for entry
+                               if (e.entryVersion < 
highestRequiredSnapshotVersion) {
+                                       e = handleChainedEntryCopyOnWrite(tab, 
index, e);
+                               }
+
+                               return e;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               ++modCount;
+               if (size() > threshold) {
+                       doubleCapacity();
+               }
+
+               return addNewStateTableEntry(tab, key, namespace, hash);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Helper method that is the basis for operations that remove mappings.
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S> removeEntry(K key, N namespace) {
+
+               final int hash = 
computeHashForOperationAndDoIncrementalRehash(key, namespace);
+               final StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] tab = selectActiveTable(hash);
+               int index = hash & (tab.length - 1);
+
+               for (StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = tab[index], prev = null; e != 
null; prev = e, e = e.next) {
+                       if (e.hash == hash && key.equals(e.key) && 
namespace.equals(e.namespace)) {
+                               if (prev == null) {
+                                       tab[index] = e.next;
+                               } else {
+                                       // copy-on-write check for entry
+                                       if (prev.entryVersion < 
highestRequiredSnapshotVersion) {
+                                               prev = 
handleChainedEntryCopyOnWrite(tab, index, prev);
+                                       }
+                                       prev.next = e.next;
+                               }
+                               ++modCount;
+                               if (tab == primaryTable) {
+                                       --primaryTableSize;
+                               } else {
+                                       --incrementalRehashTableSize;
+                               }
+                               return e;
+                       }
+               }
+               return null;
+       }
+
+       private void checkKeyNamespacePreconditions(K key, N namespace) {
+               Preconditions.checkNotNull(key, "No key set. This method should 
not be called outside of a keyed context.");
+               Preconditions.checkNotNull(namespace, "Provided namespace is 
null.");
+       }
+
+       // Meta data setter / getter and toString 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       public TypeSerializer<S> getStateSerializer() {
+               return metaInfo.getStateSerializer();
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public TypeSerializer<N> getNamespaceSerializer() {
+               return metaInfo.getNamespaceSerializer();
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> getMetaInfo() {
+               return metaInfo;
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void setMetaInfo(RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> metaInfo) {
+               this.metaInfo = metaInfo;
+       }
+
+       // Iteration  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       public Iterator<StateEntry<K, N, S>> iterator() {
+               return new StateEntryIterator();
+       }
+
+       // Private utility functions for StateTable management 
-------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * @see #releaseSnapshot(CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot)
+        */
+       @VisibleForTesting
+       void releaseSnapshot(int snapshotVersion) {
+               // we guard against concurrent modifications of 
highestRequiredSnapshotVersion between snapshot and release.
+               // Only stale reads of from the result of #releaseSnapshot 
calls are ok.
+               synchronized (snapshotVersions) {
+                       
Preconditions.checkState(snapshotVersions.remove(snapshotVersion), "Attempt to 
release unknown snapshot version");
+                       highestRequiredSnapshotVersion = 
snapshotVersions.isEmpty() ? 0 : snapshotVersions.last();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates (combined) copy of the table arrays for a snapshot. This 
method must be called by the same Thread that
+        * does modifications to the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}.
+        */
+       @VisibleForTesting
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] snapshotTableArrays() {
+
+               // we guard against concurrent modifications of 
highestRequiredSnapshotVersion between snapshot and release.
+               // Only stale reads of from the result of #releaseSnapshot 
calls are ok. This is why we must call this method
+               // from the same thread that does all the modifications to the 
table.
+               synchronized (snapshotVersions) {
+
+                       // increase the table version for copy-on-write and 
register the snapshot
+                       if (++stateTableVersion < 0) {
+                               // this is just a safety net against overflows, 
but should never happen in practice (i.e., only after 2^31 snapshots)
+                               throw new IllegalStateException("Version count 
overflow in CopyOnWriteStateTable. Enforcing restart.");
+                       }
+
+                       highestRequiredSnapshotVersion = stateTableVersion;
+                       snapshotVersions.add(highestRequiredSnapshotVersion);
+               }
+
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] table = primaryTable;
+               if (isRehashing()) {
+                       // consider both tables for the snapshot, the rehash 
index tells us which part of the two tables we need
+                       final int localRehashIndex = rehashIndex;
+                       final int localCopyLength = table.length - 
localRehashIndex;
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] copy = new 
StateTableEntry[localRehashIndex + table.length];
+                       // for the primary table, take every index >= rhIdx.
+                       System.arraycopy(table, localRehashIndex, copy, 0, 
localCopyLength);
+
+                       // for the new table, we are sure that two regions 
contain all the entries:
+                       // [0, rhIdx[ AND [table.length / 2, table.length / 2 + 
rhIdx[
+                       table = incrementalRehashTable;
+                       System.arraycopy(table, 0, copy, localCopyLength, 
localRehashIndex);
+                       System.arraycopy(table, table.length >>> 1, copy, 
localCopyLength + localRehashIndex, localRehashIndex);
+
+                       return copy;
+               } else {
+                       // we only need to copy the primary table
+                       return Arrays.copyOf(table, table.length);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Allocate a table of the given capacity and set the threshold 
accordingly.
+        *
+        * @param newCapacity must be a power of two
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] makeTable(int newCapacity) {
+
+               if (MAXIMUM_CAPACITY == newCapacity) {
+                       LOG.warn("Maximum capacity of 2^30 in StateTable 
reached. Cannot increase hash table size. This can lead " +
+                                       "to more collisions and lower 
performance. Please consider scaling-out your job or using a " +
+                                       "different keyed state backend 
implementation!");
+               }
+
+               threshold = (newCapacity >> 1) + (newCapacity >> 2); // 3/4 
capacity
+               @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] 
newTable
+                               = (StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[]) new 
StateTableEntry[newCapacity];
+               return newTable;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates and inserts a new {@link StateTableEntry}.
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S> addNewStateTableEntry(
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] table,
+                       K key,
+                       N namespace,
+                       int hash) {
+
+               // small optimization that aims to avoid holding references on 
duplicate namespace objects
+               if (namespace.equals(lastNamespace)) {
+                       namespace = lastNamespace;
+               } else {
+                       lastNamespace = namespace;
+               }
+
+               int index = hash & (table.length - 1);
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S> newEntry = new StateTableEntry<>(
+                               key,
+                               namespace,
+                               null,
+                               hash,
+                               table[index],
+                               stateTableVersion,
+                               stateTableVersion);
+               table[index] = newEntry;
+
+               if (table == primaryTable) {
+                       ++primaryTableSize;
+               } else {
+                       ++incrementalRehashTableSize;
+               }
+               return newEntry;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Select the sub-table which is responsible for entries with the given 
hash code.
+        *
+        * @param hashCode the hash code which we use to decide about the table 
that is responsible.
+        * @return the index of the sub-table that is responsible for the entry 
with the given hash code.
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] selectActiveTable(int hashCode) {
+               return (hashCode & (primaryTable.length - 1)) >= rehashIndex ? 
primaryTable : incrementalRehashTable;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Doubles the capacity of the hash table. Existing entries are placed 
in
+        * the correct bucket on the enlarged table. If the current capacity is,
+        * MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, this method is a no-op. Returns the table, which
+        * will be new unless we were already at MAXIMUM_CAPACITY.
+        */
+       private void doubleCapacity() {
+
+               // There can only be one rehash in flight. From the amount of 
incremental rehash steps we take, this should always hold.
+               Preconditions.checkState(!isRehashing(), "There is already a 
rehash in progress.");
+
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] oldTable = primaryTable;
+
+               int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
+
+               if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               incrementalRehashTable = makeTable(oldCapacity * 2);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns true, if an incremental rehash is in progress.
+        */
+       @VisibleForTesting
+       boolean isRehashing() {
+               // if we rehash, the secondary table is not empty
+               return EMPTY_TABLE != incrementalRehashTable;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Computes the hash for the composite of key and namespace and 
performs some steps of incremental rehash if
+        * incremental rehashing is in progress.
+        */
+       private int computeHashForOperationAndDoIncrementalRehash(K key, N 
namespace) {
+
+               checkKeyNamespacePreconditions(key, namespace);
+
+               if (isRehashing()) {
+                       incrementalRehash();
+               }
+
+               return compositeHash(key, namespace);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Runs a number of steps for incremental rehashing.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       private void incrementalRehash() {
+
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] oldTable = primaryTable;
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] newTable = incrementalRehashTable;
+
+               int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
+               int newMask = newTable.length - 1;
+               int requiredVersion = highestRequiredSnapshotVersion;
+               int rhIdx = rehashIndex;
+               int transferred = 0;
+
+               // we migrate a certain minimum amount of entries from the old 
to the new table
+               while (transferred < MIN_TRANSFERRED_PER_INCREMENTAL_REHASH) {
+
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S> e = oldTable[rhIdx];
+
+                       while (e != null) {
+                               // copy-on-write check for entry
+                               if (e.entryVersion < requiredVersion) {
+                                       e = new StateTableEntry<>(e, 
stateTableVersion);
+                               }
+                               StateTableEntry<K, N, S> n = e.next;
+                               int pos = e.hash & newMask;
+                               e.next = newTable[pos];
+                               newTable[pos] = e;
+                               e = n;
+                               ++transferred;
+                       }
+
+                       oldTable[rhIdx] = null;
+                       if (++rhIdx == oldCapacity) {
+                               //here, the rehash is complete and we release 
resources and reset fields
+                               primaryTable = newTable;
+                               incrementalRehashTable = (StateTableEntry<K, N, 
S>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
+                               primaryTableSize += incrementalRehashTableSize;
+                               incrementalRehashTableSize = 0;
+                               rehashIndex = 0;
+                               return;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               // sync our local bookkeeping the with official bookkeeping 
fields
+               primaryTableSize -= transferred;
+               incrementalRehashTableSize += transferred;
+               rehashIndex = rhIdx;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Perform copy-on-write for entry chains. We iterate the (hopefully 
and probably) still cached chain, replace
+        * all links up to the 'untilEntry', which we actually wanted to modify.
+        */
+       private StateTableEntry<K, N, S> handleChainedEntryCopyOnWrite(
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] tab,
+                       int tableIdx,
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S> untilEntry) {
+
+               final int required = highestRequiredSnapshotVersion;
+
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S> current = tab[tableIdx];
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S> copy;
+
+               if (current.entryVersion < required) {
+                       copy = new StateTableEntry<>(current, 
stateTableVersion);
+                       tab[tableIdx] = copy;
+               } else {
+                       // nothing to do, just advance copy to current
+                       copy = current;
+               }
+
+               // we iterate the chain up to 'until entry'
+               while (current != untilEntry) {
+
+                       //advance current
+                       current = current.next;
+
+                       if (current.entryVersion < required) {
+                               // copy and advance the current's copy
+                               copy.next = new StateTableEntry<>(current, 
stateTableVersion);
+                               copy = copy.next;
+                       } else {
+                               // nothing to do, just advance copy to current
+                               copy = current;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               return copy;
+       }
+
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       private static <K, N, S> StateTableEntry<K, N, S> getBootstrapEntry() {
+               return (StateTableEntry<K, N, S>) ITERATOR_BOOTSTRAP_ENTRY;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Helper function that creates and scrambles a composite hash for key 
and namespace.
+        */
+       private static int compositeHash(Object key, Object namespace) {
+               // create composite key through XOR, then apply some bit-mixing 
for better distribution of skewed keys.
+               return MathUtils.bitMix(key.hashCode() ^ namespace.hashCode());
+       }
+
+       // Snapshotting 
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       int getStateTableVersion() {
+               return stateTableVersion;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a snapshot of this {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}, to be 
written in checkpointing. The snapshot integrity
+        * is protected through copy-on-write from the {@link 
CopyOnWriteStateTable}. Users should call
+        * {@link #releaseSnapshot(CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot)} after using 
the returned object.
+        *
+        * @return a snapshot from this {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}, for 
checkpointing.
+        */
+       @Override
+       public CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot<K, N, S> createSnapshot() {
+               return new CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot<>(this);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Releases a snapshot for this {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}. This 
method should be called once a snapshot is no more needed,
+        * so that the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} can stop considering this 
snapshot for copy-on-write, thus avoiding unnecessary
+        * object creation.
+        *
+        * @param snapshotToRelease the snapshot to release, which was 
previously created by this state table.
+        */
+       void releaseSnapshot(CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot<K, N, S> 
snapshotToRelease) {
+
+               Preconditions.checkArgument(snapshotToRelease.isOwner(this),
+                               "Cannot release snapshot which is owned by a 
different state table.");
+
+               releaseSnapshot(snapshotToRelease.getSnapshotVersion());
+       }
+
+       // StateTableEntry 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * One entry in the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}. This is a triplet of 
key, namespace, and state. Thereby, key and
+        * namespace together serve as a composite key for the state. This 
class also contains some management meta data for
+        * copy-on-write, a pointer to link other {@link StateTableEntry}s to a 
list, and cached hash code.
+        *
+        * @param <K> type of key.
+        * @param <N> type of namespace.
+        * @param <S> type of state.
+        */
+       static class StateTableEntry<K, N, S> implements StateEntry<K, N, S> {
+
+               /**
+                * The key. Assumed to be immutable and not null.
+                */
+               final K key;
+
+               /**
+                * The namespace. Assumed to be immutable and not null.
+                */
+               final N namespace;
+
+               /**
+                * The state. This is not final to allow exchanging the object 
for copy-on-write. Can be null.
+                */
+               S state;
+
+               /**
+                * Link to another {@link StateTableEntry}. This is used to 
resolve collisions in the
+                * {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} through chaining.
+                */
+               StateTableEntry<K, N, S> next;
+
+               /**
+                * The version of this {@link StateTableEntry}. This is meta 
data for copy-on-write of the table structure.
+                */
+               int entryVersion;
+
+               /**
+                * The version of the state object in this entry. This is meta 
data for copy-on-write of the state object itself.
+                */
+               int stateVersion;
+
+               /**
+                * The computed secondary hash for the composite of key and 
namespace.
+                */
+               final int hash;
+
+               StateTableEntry() {
+                       this(null, null, null, 0, null, 0, 0);
+               }
+
+               StateTableEntry(StateTableEntry<K, N, S> other, int 
entryVersion) {
+                       this(other.key, other.namespace, other.state, 
other.hash, other.next, entryVersion, other.stateVersion);
+               }
+
+               StateTableEntry(
+                               K key,
+                               N namespace,
+                               S state,
+                               int hash,
+                               StateTableEntry<K, N, S> next,
+                               int entryVersion,
+                               int stateVersion) {
+                       this.key = key;
+                       this.namespace = namespace;
+                       this.hash = hash;
+                       this.next = next;
+                       this.entryVersion = entryVersion;
+                       this.state = state;
+                       this.stateVersion = stateVersion;
+               }
+
+               public final void setState(S value, int mapVersion) {
+                       // naturally, we can update the state version every 
time we replace the old state with a different object
+                       if (value != state) {
+                               this.state = value;
+                               this.stateVersion = mapVersion;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public K getKey() {
+                       return key;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public N getNamespace() {
+                       return namespace;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public S getState() {
+                       return state;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public final boolean equals(Object o) {
+                       if (!(o instanceof 
CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry)) {
+                               return false;
+                       }
+
+                       StateEntry<?, ?, ?> e = (StateEntry<?, ?, ?>) o;
+                       return e.getKey().equals(key)
+                                       && e.getNamespace().equals(namespace)
+                                       && Objects.equals(e.getState(), state);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public final int hashCode() {
+                       return (key.hashCode() ^ namespace.hashCode()) ^ 
Objects.hashCode(state);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public final String toString() {
+                       return "(" + key + "|" + namespace + ")=" + state;
+               }
+       }
+
+       // For testing  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       public int sizeOfNamespace(Object namespace) {
+               int count = 0;
+               for (StateEntry<K, N, S> entry : this) {
+                       if (null != entry && 
namespace.equals(entry.getNamespace())) {
+                               ++count;
+                       }
+               }
+               return count;
+       }
+
+
+       // StateEntryIterator  
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Iterator over the entries in a {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}.
+        */
+       class StateEntryIterator implements Iterator<StateEntry<K, N, S>> {
+               private StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] activeTable;
+               private int nextTablePosition;
+               private StateTableEntry<K, N, S> nextEntry;
+               private int expectedModCount = modCount;
+
+               StateEntryIterator() {
+                       this.activeTable = primaryTable;
+                       this.nextTablePosition = 0;
+                       this.expectedModCount = modCount;
+                       this.nextEntry = getBootstrapEntry();
+                       advanceIterator();
+               }
+
+               private StateTableEntry<K, N, S> advanceIterator() {
+
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S> entryToReturn = nextEntry;
+                       StateTableEntry<K, N, S> next = entryToReturn.next;
+
+                       // consider both sub-tables tables to cover the case of 
rehash
+                       while (next == null) {
+
+                               StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] tab = activeTable;
+
+                               while (nextTablePosition < tab.length) {
+                                       next = tab[nextTablePosition++];
+
+                                       if (next != null) {
+                                               nextEntry = next;
+                                               return entryToReturn;
+                                       }
+                               }
+
+                               if (activeTable == incrementalRehashTable) {
+                                       break;
+                               }
+
+                               activeTable = incrementalRehashTable;
+                               nextTablePosition = 0;
+                       }
+
+                       nextEntry = next;
+                       return entryToReturn;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public boolean hasNext() {
+                       return nextEntry != null;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public StateTableEntry<K, N, S> next() {
+                       if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
+                               throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
+                       }
+
+                       if (nextEntry == null) {
+                               throw new NoSuchElementException();
+                       }
+
+                       return advanceIterator();
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public void remove() {
+                       throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Read-only 
iterator");
+               }
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db3b197
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot.java
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.annotation.Internal;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataOutputView;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.KeyGroupRange;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.KeyGroupRangeAssignment;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * This class represents the snapshot of a {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} and 
has a role in operator state checkpointing. Besides
+ * holding the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}s internal entries at the time of 
the snapshot, this class is also responsible for
+ * preparing and writing the state in the process of checkpointing.
+ * <p>
+ * IMPORTANT: Please notice that snapshot integrity of entries in this class 
rely on proper copy-on-write semantics
+ * through the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} that created the snapshot object, 
but all objects in this snapshot must be considered
+ * as READ-ONLY!. The reason is that the objects held by this class may or may 
not be deep copies of original objects
+ * that may still used in the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}. This depends for 
each entry on whether or not it was subject to
+ * copy-on-write operations by the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}. Phrased 
differently: the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} provides
+ * copy-on-write isolation for this snapshot, but this snapshot does not 
isolate modifications from the
+ * {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}!
+ *
+ * @param <K> type of key
+ * @param <N> type of namespace
+ * @param <S> type of state
+ */
+@Internal
+public class CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot<K, N, S>
+               extends AbstractStateTableSnapshot<K, N, S, 
CopyOnWriteStateTable<K, N, S>> {
+
+       /**
+        * Version of the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} when this snapshot was 
created. This can be used to release the snapshot.
+        */
+       private final int snapshotVersion;
+
+       /**
+        * The number of entries in the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} at the 
time of creating this snapshot.
+        */
+       private final int stateTableSize;
+
+       /**
+        * The state table entries, as by the time this snapshot was created. 
Objects in this array may or may not be deep
+        * copies of the current entries in the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} 
that created this snapshot. This depends for each entry
+        * on whether or not it was subject to copy-on-write operations by the 
{@link CopyOnWriteStateTable}.
+        */
+       private final CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] 
snapshotData;
+
+       /**
+        * Offsets for the individual key-groups. This is lazily created when 
the snapshot is grouped by key-group during
+        * the process of writing this snapshot to an output as part of 
checkpointing.
+        */
+       private int[] keyGroupOffsets;
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new {@link CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot}.
+        *
+        * @param owningStateTable the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} for which 
this object represents a snapshot.
+        */
+       CopyOnWriteStateTableSnapshot(CopyOnWriteStateTable<K, N, S> 
owningStateTable) {
+
+               super(owningStateTable);
+               this.snapshotData = owningStateTable.snapshotTableArrays();
+               this.snapshotVersion = owningStateTable.getStateTableVersion();
+               this.stateTableSize = owningStateTable.size();
+               this.keyGroupOffsets = null;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the internal version of the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} 
when this snapshot was created. This value must be used to
+        * tell the {@link CopyOnWriteStateTable} when to release this snapshot.
+        */
+       int getSnapshotVersion() {
+               return snapshotVersion;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Partitions the snapshot data by key-group. The algorithm first 
builds a histogram for the distribution of keys
+        * into key-groups. Then, the histogram is accumulated to obtain the 
boundaries of each key-group in an array.
+        * Last, we use the accumulated counts as write position pointers for 
the key-group's bins when reordering the
+        * entries by key-group. This operation is lazily performed before the 
first writing of a key-group.
+        * <p>
+        * As a possible future optimization, we could perform the 
repartitioning in-place, using a scheme similar to the
+        * cuckoo cycles in cuckoo hashing. This can trade some performance for 
a smaller memory footprint.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       private void partitionEntriesByKeyGroup() {
+
+               // We only have to perform this step once before the first 
key-group is written
+               if (null != keyGroupOffsets) {
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               final KeyGroupRange keyGroupRange = 
owningStateTable.keyContext.getKeyGroupRange();
+               final int totalKeyGroups = 
owningStateTable.keyContext.getNumberOfKeyGroups();
+               final int baseKgIdx = keyGroupRange.getStartKeyGroup();
+               final int[] histogram = new 
int[keyGroupRange.getNumberOfKeyGroups() + 1];
+
+               CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] unfold = new 
CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry[stateTableSize];
+
+               // 1) In this step we i) 'unfold' the linked list of entries to 
a flat array and ii) build a histogram for key-groups
+               int unfoldIndex = 0;
+               for (CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry<K, N, S> entry : 
snapshotData) {
+                       while (null != entry) {
+                               int effectiveKgIdx =
+                                               
KeyGroupRangeAssignment.computeKeyGroupForKeyHash(entry.key.hashCode(), 
totalKeyGroups) - baseKgIdx + 1;
+                               ++histogram[effectiveKgIdx];
+                               unfold[unfoldIndex++] = entry;
+                               entry = entry.next;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               // 2) We accumulate the histogram bins to obtain key-group 
ranges in the final array
+               for (int i = 1; i < histogram.length; ++i) {
+                       histogram[i] += histogram[i - 1];
+               }
+
+               // 3) We repartition the entries by key-group, using the 
histogram values as write indexes
+               for (CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry<K, N, S> t : unfold) 
{
+                       int effectiveKgIdx =
+                                       
KeyGroupRangeAssignment.computeKeyGroupForKeyHash(t.key.hashCode(), 
totalKeyGroups) - baseKgIdx;
+                       snapshotData[histogram[effectiveKgIdx]++] = t;
+               }
+
+               // 4) As byproduct, we also created the key-group offsets
+               this.keyGroupOffsets = histogram;
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void release() {
+               owningStateTable.releaseSnapshot(this);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void writeMappingsInKeyGroup(DataOutputView dov, int keyGroupId) 
throws IOException {
+
+               if (null == keyGroupOffsets) {
+                       partitionEntriesByKeyGroup();
+               }
+
+               final CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry<K, N, S>[] 
groupedOut = snapshotData;
+               KeyGroupRange keyGroupRange = 
owningStateTable.keyContext.getKeyGroupRange();
+               int keyGroupOffsetIdx = keyGroupId - 
keyGroupRange.getStartKeyGroup() - 1;
+               int startOffset = keyGroupOffsetIdx < 0 ? 0 : 
keyGroupOffsets[keyGroupOffsetIdx];
+               int endOffset = keyGroupOffsets[keyGroupOffsetIdx + 1];
+
+               TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer = 
owningStateTable.keyContext.getKeySerializer();
+               TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer = 
owningStateTable.metaInfo.getNamespaceSerializer();
+               TypeSerializer<S> stateSerializer = 
owningStateTable.metaInfo.getStateSerializer();
+
+               // write number of mappings in key-group
+               dov.writeInt(endOffset - startOffset);
+
+               // write mappings
+               for (int i = startOffset; i < endOffset; ++i) {
+                       CopyOnWriteStateTable.StateTableEntry<K, N, S> toWrite 
= groupedOut[i];
+                       groupedOut[i] = null; // free asap for GC
+                       namespaceSerializer.serialize(toWrite.namespace, dov);
+                       keySerializer.serialize(toWrite.key, dov);
+                       stateSerializer.serialize(toWrite.state, dov);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns true iff the given state table is the owner of this snapshot 
object.
+        */
+       boolean isOwner(CopyOnWriteStateTable<K, N, S> stateTable) {
+               return stateTable == owningStateTable;
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapFoldingState.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapFoldingState.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapFoldingState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad955c3
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapFoldingState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.functions.FoldFunction;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.FoldingState;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.FoldingStateDescriptor;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.StateTransformationFunction;
+import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Heap-backed partitioned {@link FoldingState} that is
+ * snapshotted into files.
+ *
+ * @param <K> The type of the key.
+ * @param <N> The type of the namespace.
+ * @param <T> The type of the values that can be folded into the state.
+ * @param <ACC> The type of the value in the folding state.
+ */
+public class HeapFoldingState<K, N, T, ACC>
+       extends AbstractHeapState<K, N, ACC, FoldingState<T, ACC>, 
FoldingStateDescriptor<T, ACC>>
+       implements FoldingState<T, ACC> {
+
+       /** The function used to fold the state */
+       private final FoldTransformation<T, ACC> foldTransformation;
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new key/value state for the given hash map of key/value 
pairs.
+        *
+        * @param stateDesc The state identifier for the state. This contains 
name
+        *                           and can create a default state value.
+        * @param stateTable The state tab;e to use in this kev/value state. 
May contain initial state.
+        */
+       public HeapFoldingState(
+                       FoldingStateDescriptor<T, ACC> stateDesc,
+                       StateTable<K, N, ACC> stateTable,
+                       TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
+                       TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer) {
+               super(stateDesc, stateTable, keySerializer, 
namespaceSerializer);
+               this.foldTransformation = new FoldTransformation<>(stateDesc);
+       }
+
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       //  state access
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       public ACC get() {
+               return stateTable.get(currentNamespace);
+       }
+
+       public void add(T value) throws IOException {
+
+               if (value == null) {
+                       clear();
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               try {
+                       stateTable.transform(currentNamespace, value, 
foldTransformation);
+               } catch (Exception e) {
+                       throw new IOException("Could not add value to folding 
state.", e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       static final class FoldTransformation<T, ACC> implements 
StateTransformationFunction<ACC, T> {
+
+               private final FoldingStateDescriptor<T, ACC> stateDescriptor;
+               private final FoldFunction<T, ACC> foldFunction;
+
+               FoldTransformation(FoldingStateDescriptor<T, ACC> stateDesc) {
+                       this.stateDescriptor = 
Preconditions.checkNotNull(stateDesc);
+                       this.foldFunction = 
Preconditions.checkNotNull(stateDesc.getFoldFunction());
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public ACC apply(ACC previousState, T value) throws Exception {
+                       return foldFunction.fold((previousState != null) ? 
previousState : stateDescriptor.getDefaultValue(), value);
+               }
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapListState.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapListState.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapListState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab5fff5
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapListState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.ListState;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.ListStateDescriptor;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataOutputViewStreamWrapper;
+import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+/**
+ * Heap-backed partitioned {@link ListState} that is snapshotted
+ * into files.
+ *
+ * @param <K> The type of the key.
+ * @param <N> The type of the namespace.
+ * @param <V> The type of the value.
+ */
+public class HeapListState<K, N, V>
+       extends AbstractHeapMergingState<K, N, V, Iterable<V>, ArrayList<V>, 
ListState<V>, ListStateDescriptor<V>>
+       implements ListState<V> {
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new key/value state for the given hash map of key/value 
pairs.
+        *
+        * @param stateDesc The state identifier for the state. This contains 
name
+        *                           and can create a default state value.
+        * @param stateTable The state tab;e to use in this kev/value state. 
May contain initial state.
+        */
+       public HeapListState(
+                       ListStateDescriptor<V> stateDesc,
+                       StateTable<K, N, ArrayList<V>> stateTable,
+                       TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
+                       TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer) {
+               super(stateDesc, stateTable, keySerializer, 
namespaceSerializer);
+       }
+
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       //  state access
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       public Iterable<V> get() {
+               return stateTable.get(currentNamespace);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void add(V value) {
+               final N namespace = currentNamespace;
+
+               if (value == null) {
+                       clear();
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               final StateTable<K, N, ArrayList<V>> map = stateTable;
+               ArrayList<V> list = map.get(namespace);
+
+               if (list == null) {
+                       list = new ArrayList<>();
+                       map.put(namespace, list);
+               }
+               list.add(value);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public byte[] getSerializedValue(K key, N namespace) throws Exception {
+               Preconditions.checkState(namespace != null, "No namespace 
given.");
+               Preconditions.checkState(key != null, "No key given.");
+
+               ArrayList<V> result = stateTable.get(key, namespace);
+
+               if (result == null) {
+                       return null;
+               }
+
+               TypeSerializer<V> serializer = stateDesc.getSerializer();
+
+               ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+               DataOutputViewStreamWrapper view = new 
DataOutputViewStreamWrapper(baos);
+
+               // write the same as RocksDB writes lists, with one ',' 
separator
+               for (int i = 0; i < result.size(); i++) {
+                       serializer.serialize(result.get(i), view);
+                       if (i < result.size() -1) {
+                               view.writeByte(',');
+                       }
+               }
+               view.flush();
+
+               return baos.toByteArray();
+       }
+
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       //  state merging
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       protected ArrayList<V> mergeState(ArrayList<V> a, ArrayList<V> b) {
+               a.addAll(b);
+               return a;
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapReducingState.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapReducingState.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapReducingState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6eed74
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapReducingState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.functions.ReduceFunction;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.ReducingState;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.ReducingStateDescriptor;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.StateTransformationFunction;
+import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Heap-backed partitioned {@link ReducingState} that is
+ * snapshotted into files.
+ *
+ * @param <K> The type of the key.
+ * @param <N> The type of the namespace.
+ * @param <V> The type of the value.
+ */
+public class HeapReducingState<K, N, V>
+       extends AbstractHeapMergingState<K, N, V, V, V, ReducingState<V>, 
ReducingStateDescriptor<V>>
+       implements ReducingState<V> {
+
+       private final ReduceTransformation<V> reduceTransformation;
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new key/value state for the given hash map of key/value 
pairs.
+        *
+        * @param stateDesc The state identifier for the state. This contains 
name
+        *                           and can create a default state value.
+        * @param stateTable The state table to use in this kev/value state. 
May contain initial state.
+        */
+       public HeapReducingState(
+                       ReducingStateDescriptor<V> stateDesc,
+                       StateTable<K, N, V> stateTable,
+                       TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
+                       TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer) {
+
+               super(stateDesc, stateTable, keySerializer, 
namespaceSerializer);
+               this.reduceTransformation = new 
ReduceTransformation<>(stateDesc.getReduceFunction());
+       }
+
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       //  state access
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       public V get() {
+               return stateTable.get(currentNamespace);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void add(V value) throws IOException {
+
+               if (value == null) {
+                       clear();
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               try {
+                       stateTable.transform(currentNamespace, value, 
reduceTransformation);
+               } catch (Exception e) {
+                       throw new IOException("Exception while applying 
ReduceFunction in reducing state", e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       //  state merging
+       // 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @Override
+       protected V mergeState(V a, V b) throws Exception {
+               return reduceTransformation.apply(a, b);
+       }
+
+       static final class ReduceTransformation<V> implements 
StateTransformationFunction<V, V> {
+
+               private final ReduceFunction<V> reduceFunction;
+
+               ReduceTransformation(ReduceFunction<V> reduceFunction) {
+                       this.reduceFunction = 
Preconditions.checkNotNull(reduceFunction);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public V apply(V previousState, V value) throws Exception {
+                       return previousState != null ? 
reduceFunction.reduce(previousState, value) : value;
+               }
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapValueState.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapValueState.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapValueState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..436c20e
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/HeapValueState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.ValueState;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.state.ValueStateDescriptor;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+
+/**
+ * Heap-backed partitioned {@link ValueState} that is snapshotted
+ * into files.
+ *
+ * @param <K> The type of the key.
+ * @param <N> The type of the namespace.
+ * @param <V> The type of the value.
+ */
+public class HeapValueState<K, N, V>
+       extends AbstractHeapState<K, N, V, ValueState<V>, 
ValueStateDescriptor<V>>
+       implements ValueState<V> {
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new key/value state for the given hash map of key/value 
pairs.
+        *
+        * @param stateDesc The state identifier for the state. This contains 
name
+        *                           and can create a default state value.
+        * @param stateTable The state tab;e to use in this kev/value state. 
May contain initial state.
+        */
+       public HeapValueState(
+                       ValueStateDescriptor<V> stateDesc,
+                       StateTable<K, N, V> stateTable,
+                       TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
+                       TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer) {
+               super(stateDesc, stateTable, keySerializer, 
namespaceSerializer);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public V value() {
+               final V result = stateTable.get(currentNamespace);
+
+               if (result == null) {
+                       return stateDesc.getDefaultValue();
+               }
+
+               return result;
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public void update(V value) {
+
+               if (value == null) {
+                       clear();
+                       return;
+               }
+
+               stateTable.put(currentNamespace, value);
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/InternalKeyContext.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/InternalKeyContext.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/InternalKeyContext.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf988ee
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/InternalKeyContext.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.annotation.Internal;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.KeyGroupRange;
+
+/**
+ * This interface is the current context of a keyed state. It provides 
information about the currently selected key in
+ * the context, the corresponding key-group, and other key and key-grouping 
related information.
+ * <p>
+ * The typical use case for this interface is providing a view on the 
current-key selection aspects of
+ * {@link org.apache.flink.runtime.state.KeyedStateBackend}.
+ */
+@Internal
+public interface InternalKeyContext<K> {
+
+       /**
+        * Used by states to access the current key.
+        */
+       K getCurrentKey();
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the key-group to which the current key belongs.
+        */
+       int getCurrentKeyGroupIndex();
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the number of key-groups aka max parallelism.
+        */
+       int getNumberOfKeyGroups();
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the key groups for this backend.
+        */
+       KeyGroupRange getKeyGroupRange();
+
+       /**
+        * {@link TypeSerializer} for the state backend key type.
+        */
+       TypeSerializer<K> getKeySerializer();
+
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateEntry.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateEntry.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateEntry.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d32e825
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateEntry.java
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+/**
+ * Interface of entries in a state table. Entries are triple of key, 
namespace, and state.
+ *
+ * @param <K> type of key.
+ * @param <N> type of namespace.
+ * @param <S> type of state.
+ */
+public interface StateEntry<K, N, S> {
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the key of this entry.
+        */
+       K getKey();
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the namespace of this entry.
+        */
+       N getNamespace();
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the state of this entry.
+        */
+       S getState();
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTable.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTable.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTable.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1db7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTable.java
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.StateTransformationFunction;
+import org.apache.flink.util.Preconditions;
+
+/**
+ * Base class for state tables. Accesses to state are typically scoped by the 
currently active key, as provided
+ * through the {@link InternalKeyContext}.
+ *
+ * @param <K> type of key
+ * @param <N> type of namespace
+ * @param <S> type of state
+ */
+public abstract class StateTable<K, N, S> {
+
+       /**
+        * The key context view on the backend. This provides information, such 
as the currently active key.
+        */
+       protected final InternalKeyContext<K> keyContext;
+
+       /**
+        * Combined meta information such as name and serializers for this state
+        */
+       protected RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> metaInfo;
+
+       /**
+        *
+        * @param keyContext the key context provides the key scope for all 
put/get/delete operations.
+        * @param metaInfo the meta information, including the type serializer 
for state copy-on-write.
+        */
+       public StateTable(InternalKeyContext<K> keyContext, 
RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> metaInfo) {
+               this.keyContext = Preconditions.checkNotNull(keyContext);
+               this.metaInfo = Preconditions.checkNotNull(metaInfo);
+       }
+
+       // Main interface methods of StateTable 
-------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns whether this {@link NestedMapsStateTable} is empty.
+        *
+        * @return {@code true} if this {@link NestedMapsStateTable} has no 
elements, {@code false}
+        * otherwise.
+        * @see #size()
+        */
+       public boolean isEmpty() {
+               return size() == 0;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the total number of entries in this {@link 
NestedMapsStateTable}. This is the sum of both sub-tables.
+        *
+        * @return the number of entries in this {@link NestedMapsStateTable}.
+        */
+       public abstract int size();
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the state of the mapping for the composite of active key and 
given namespace.
+        *
+        * @param namespace the namespace. Not null.
+        * @return the states of the mapping with the specified key/namespace 
composite key, or {@code null}
+        * if no mapping for the specified key is found.
+        */
+       public abstract S get(N namespace);
+
+       /**
+        * Returns whether this table contains a mapping for the composite of 
active key and given namespace.
+        *
+        * @param namespace the namespace in the composite key to search for. 
Not null.
+        * @return {@code true} if this map contains the specified 
key/namespace composite key,
+        * {@code false} otherwise.
+        */
+       public abstract boolean containsKey(N namespace);
+
+       /**
+        * Maps the composite of active key and given namespace to the 
specified state. This method should be preferred
+        * over {@link #putAndGetOld(N, S)} (Namespace, State)} when the caller 
is not interested in the old state.
+        *
+        * @param namespace the namespace. Not null.
+        * @param state     the state. Can be null.
+        */
+       public abstract void put(N namespace, S state);
+
+       /**
+        * Maps the composite of active key and given namespace to the 
specified state. Returns the previous state that
+        * was registered under the composite key.
+        *
+        * @param namespace the namespace. Not null.
+        * @param state     the state. Can be null.
+        * @return the state of any previous mapping with the specified key or
+        * {@code null} if there was no such mapping.
+        */
+       public abstract S putAndGetOld(N namespace, S state);
+
+       /**
+        * Removes the mapping for the composite of active key and given 
namespace. This method should be preferred
+        * over {@link #removeAndGetOld(N)} when the caller is not interested 
in the old state.
+        *
+        * @param namespace the namespace of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        */
+       public abstract void remove(N namespace);
+
+       /**
+        * Removes the mapping for the composite of active key and given 
namespace, returning the state that was
+        * found under the entry.
+        *
+        * @param namespace the namespace of the mapping to remove. Not null.
+        * @return the state of the removed mapping or {@code null} if no 
mapping
+        * for the specified key was found.
+        */
+       public abstract S removeAndGetOld(N namespace);
+
+       /**
+        * Applies the given {@link StateTransformationFunction} to the state 
(1st input argument), using the given value as
+        * second input argument. The result of {@link 
StateTransformationFunction#apply(Object, Object)} is then stored as
+        * the new state. This function is basically an optimization for 
get-update-put pattern.
+        *
+        * @param namespace      the namespace. Not null.
+        * @param value          the value to use in transforming the state. 
Can be null.
+        * @param transformation the transformation function.
+        * @throws Exception if some exception happens in the transformation 
function.
+        */
+       public abstract <T> void transform(
+                       N namespace,
+                       T value,
+                       StateTransformationFunction<S, T> transformation) 
throws Exception;
+
+       // For queryable state 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the state for the composite of active key and given 
namespace. This is typically used by
+        * queryable state.
+        *
+        * @param key       the key. Not null.
+        * @param namespace the namespace. Not null.
+        * @return the state of the mapping with the specified key/namespace 
composite key, or {@code null}
+        * if no mapping for the specified key is found.
+        */
+       public abstract S get(K key, N namespace);
+
+       // Meta data setter / getter and toString 
-----------------------------------------------------
+
+       public TypeSerializer<S> getStateSerializer() {
+               return metaInfo.getStateSerializer();
+       }
+
+       public TypeSerializer<N> getNamespaceSerializer() {
+               return metaInfo.getNamespaceSerializer();
+       }
+
+       public RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> getMetaInfo() {
+               return metaInfo;
+       }
+
+       public void setMetaInfo(RegisteredBackendStateMetaInfo<N, S> metaInfo) {
+               this.metaInfo = metaInfo;
+       }
+
+       // Snapshot / Restore 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       abstract StateTableSnapshot createSnapshot();
+
+       public abstract void put(K key, int keyGroup, N namespace, S state);
+
+       // For testing 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       @VisibleForTesting
+       public abstract int sizeOfNamespace(Object namespace);
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReader.java
----------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReader.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReader.java
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+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReader.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataInputView;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for state de-serialization into {@link 
org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.StateTable}s by key-group.
+ */
+interface StateTableByKeyGroupReader {
+
+       /**
+        * Read the data for the specified key-group from the input.
+        *
+        * @param div        the input
+        * @param keyGroupId the key-group to write
+        * @throws IOException on write related problems
+        */
+       void readMappingsInKeyGroup(DataInputView div, int keyGroupId) throws 
IOException;
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReaders.java
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diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReaders.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReaders.java
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+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableByKeyGroupReaders.java
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+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataInputView;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * This class provides a static factory method to create different 
implementations of {@link StateTableByKeyGroupReader}
+ * depending on the provided serialization format version.
+ * <p>
+ * The implementations are also located here as inner classes.
+ */
+class StateTableByKeyGroupReaders {
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new StateTableByKeyGroupReader that inserts de-serialized 
mappings into the given table, using the
+        * de-serialization algorithm that matches the given version.
+        *
+        * @param table the {@link 
org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.StateTable} into which de-serialized 
mappings are inserted.
+        * @param version version for the de-serialization algorithm.
+        * @param <K> type of key.
+        * @param <N> type of namespace.
+        * @param <S> type of state.
+        * @return the appropriate reader.
+        */
+       static <K, N, S> StateTableByKeyGroupReader 
readerForVersion(StateTable<K, N, S> table, int version) {
+               switch (version) {
+                       case 1:
+                               return new 
StateTableByKeyGroupReaderV1<>(table);
+                       case 2:
+                               return new 
StateTableByKeyGroupReaderV2<>(table);
+                       default:
+                               throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown 
version: " + version);
+               }
+       }
+
+       static abstract class AbstractStateTableByKeyGroupReader<K, N, S>
+                       implements StateTableByKeyGroupReader {
+
+               protected final StateTable<K, N, S> stateTable;
+
+               AbstractStateTableByKeyGroupReader(StateTable<K, N, S> 
stateTable) {
+                       this.stateTable = stateTable;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public abstract void readMappingsInKeyGroup(DataInputView div, 
int keyGroupId) throws IOException;
+
+               protected TypeSerializer<K> getKeySerializer() {
+                       return stateTable.keyContext.getKeySerializer();
+               }
+
+               protected TypeSerializer<N> getNamespaceSerializer() {
+                       return stateTable.getNamespaceSerializer();
+               }
+
+               protected TypeSerializer<S> getStateSerializer() {
+                       return stateTable.getStateSerializer();
+               }
+       }
+
+       static final class StateTableByKeyGroupReaderV1<K, N, S>
+                       extends AbstractStateTableByKeyGroupReader<K, N, S> {
+
+               StateTableByKeyGroupReaderV1(StateTable<K, N, S> stateTable) {
+                       super(stateTable);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public void readMappingsInKeyGroup(DataInputView inView, int 
keyGroupId) throws IOException {
+
+                       if (inView.readByte() == 0) {
+                               return;
+                       }
+
+                       final TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer = 
getKeySerializer();
+                       final TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer = 
getNamespaceSerializer();
+                       final TypeSerializer<S> stateSerializer = 
getStateSerializer();
+
+                       // V1 uses kind of namespace compressing format
+                       int numNamespaces = inView.readInt();
+                       for (int k = 0; k < numNamespaces; k++) {
+                               N namespace = 
namespaceSerializer.deserialize(inView);
+                               int numEntries = inView.readInt();
+                               for (int l = 0; l < numEntries; l++) {
+                                       K key = 
keySerializer.deserialize(inView);
+                                       S state = 
stateSerializer.deserialize(inView);
+                                       stateTable.put(key, keyGroupId, 
namespace, state);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       private static final class StateTableByKeyGroupReaderV2<K, N, S>
+                       extends AbstractStateTableByKeyGroupReader<K, N, S> {
+
+               StateTableByKeyGroupReaderV2(StateTable<K, N, S> stateTable) {
+                       super(stateTable);
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public void readMappingsInKeyGroup(DataInputView inView, int 
keyGroupId) throws IOException {
+
+                       final TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer = 
getKeySerializer();
+                       final TypeSerializer<N> namespaceSerializer = 
getNamespaceSerializer();
+                       final TypeSerializer<S> stateSerializer = 
getStateSerializer();
+
+                       int numKeys = inView.readInt();
+                       for (int i = 0; i < numKeys; ++i) {
+                               N namespace = 
namespaceSerializer.deserialize(inView);
+                               K key = keySerializer.deserialize(inView);
+                               S state = stateSerializer.deserialize(inView);
+                               stateTable.put(key, keyGroupId, namespace, 
state);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableSnapshot.java
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diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableSnapshot.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableSnapshot.java
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b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/heap/async/StateTableSnapshot.java
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.core.memory.DataOutputView;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * Interface for the snapshots of a {@link 
org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.StateTable}. Offers a way to serialize the 
snapshot (by key-group). All
+ * snapshots should be released after usage.
+ */
+interface StateTableSnapshot {
+
+       /**
+        * Writes the data for the specified key-group to the output.
+        *
+        * @param dov the output
+        * @param keyGroupId the key-group to write
+        * @throws IOException on write related problems
+        */
+       void writeMappingsInKeyGroup(DataOutputView dov, int keyGroupId) throws 
IOException;
+
+       /**
+        * Release the snapshot. All snapshots should be released when they are 
no longer used because some implementation
+        * can only release resources after a release.
+        */
+       void release();
+}

http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/flink/blob/c6a80725/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/memory/async/AsyncMemoryStateBackend.java
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diff --git 
a/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/memory/async/AsyncMemoryStateBackend.java
 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/memory/async/AsyncMemoryStateBackend.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54a208a
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/flink-runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/flink/runtime/state/memory/async/AsyncMemoryStateBackend.java
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.flink.runtime.state.memory.async;
+
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.JobID;
+import org.apache.flink.api.common.typeutils.TypeSerializer;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.execution.Environment;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.query.TaskKvStateRegistry;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.AbstractKeyedStateBackend;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.AbstractStateBackend;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.CheckpointStreamFactory;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.KeyGroupRange;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.heap.async.AsyncHeapKeyedStateBackend;
+import org.apache.flink.runtime.state.memory.MemCheckpointStreamFactory;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+/**
+ * A {@link AbstractStateBackend} that stores all its data and checkpoints in 
memory and has no
+ * capabilities to spill to disk. Checkpoints are serialized and the 
serialized data is
+ * transferred
+ */
+public class AsyncMemoryStateBackend extends AbstractStateBackend {
+
+       private static final long serialVersionUID = 4109305377809414635L;
+
+       /** The default maximal size that the snapshotted memory state may have 
(5 MiBytes) */
+       private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_STATE_SIZE = 5 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+       /** The maximal size that the snapshotted memory state may have */
+       private final int maxStateSize;
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new memory state backend that accepts states whose 
serialized forms are
+        * up to the default state size (5 MB).
+        */
+       public AsyncMemoryStateBackend() {
+               this(DEFAULT_MAX_STATE_SIZE);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Creates a new memory state backend that accepts states whose 
serialized forms are
+        * up to the given number of bytes.
+        *
+        * @param maxStateSize The maximal size of the serialized state
+        */
+       public AsyncMemoryStateBackend(int maxStateSize) {
+               this.maxStateSize = maxStateSize;
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public String toString() {
+               return "MemoryStateBackend (data in heap memory / checkpoints 
to JobManager)";
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public CheckpointStreamFactory createStreamFactory(
+                       JobID jobId, String operatorIdentifier) throws 
IOException {
+               return new MemCheckpointStreamFactory(maxStateSize);
+       }
+
+       @Override
+       public <K> AbstractKeyedStateBackend<K> createKeyedStateBackend(
+                       Environment env, JobID jobID,
+                       String operatorIdentifier,
+                       TypeSerializer<K> keySerializer,
+                       int numberOfKeyGroups,
+                       KeyGroupRange keyGroupRange,
+                       TaskKvStateRegistry kvStateRegistry) throws IOException 
{
+
+               return new AsyncHeapKeyedStateBackend<>(
+                               kvStateRegistry,
+                               keySerializer,
+                               env.getUserClassLoader(),
+                               numberOfKeyGroups,
+                               keyGroupRange);
+       }
+}

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