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+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.hadoop.conf;
+
+import 
com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+
+import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
+import java.io.DataInput;
+import java.io.DataOutput;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.Reader;
+import java.io.Writer;
+import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.ListIterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Properties;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.StringTokenizer;
+import java.util.WeakHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.regex.PatternSyntaxException;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
+
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
+import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
+import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
+import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
+import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
+import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
+import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
+import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;
+
+import com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import 
com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.org.apache.commons.collections.map.UnmodifiableMap;
+import com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import 
com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
+import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
+import org.apache.hadoop.fs.CommonConfigurationKeys;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.Writable;
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableUtils;
+import org.apache.hadoop.net.NetUtils;
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.alias.CredentialProvider;
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.alias.CredentialProvider.CredentialEntry;
+import org.apache.hadoop.security.alias.CredentialProviderFactory;
+import org.apache.hadoop.util.ReflectionUtils;
+import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringInterner;
+import org.apache.hadoop.util.StringUtils;
+import com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.org.codehaus.jackson.JsonFactory;
+import com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.org.codehaus.jackson.JsonGenerator;
+import org.w3c.dom.DOMException;
+import org.w3c.dom.Document;
+import org.w3c.dom.Element;
+import org.w3c.dom.Node;
+import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
+import org.w3c.dom.Text;
+import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
+
+import 
com.facebook.presto.hadoop.$internal.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+
+/**
+ * Provides access to configuration parameters.
+ *
+ * <h4 id="Resources">Resources</h4>
+ *
+ * <p>Configurations are specified by resources. A resource contains a set of
+ * name/value pairs as XML data. Each resource is named by either a
+ * <code>String</code> or by a {@link Path}. If named by a <code>String</code>,
+ * then the classpath is examined for a file with that name.  If named by a
+ * <code>Path</code>, then the local filesystem is examined directly, without
+ * referring to the classpath.
+ *
+ * <p>Unless explicitly turned off, Hadoop by default specifies two
+ * resources, loaded in-order from the classpath: <ol>
+ * <li><tt>
+ * <a 
href="{@docRoot}/../hadoop-project-dist/hadoop-common/core-default-shaded.xml">
+ * core-default-shaded.xml</a></tt>: Read-only defaults for hadoop.</li>
+ * <li><tt>core-site.xml</tt>: Site-specific configuration for a given hadoop
+ * installation.</li>
+ * </ol>
+ * Applications may add additional resources, which are loaded
+ * subsequent to these resources in the order they are added.
+ *
+ * <h4 id="FinalParams">Final Parameters</h4>
+ *
+ * <p>Configuration parameters may be declared <i>final</i>.
+ * Once a resource declares a value final, no subsequently-loaded
+ * resource can alter that value.
+ * For example, one might define a final parameter with:
+ * <tt><pre>
+ *  &lt;property&gt;
+ *    &lt;name&gt;dfs.hosts.include&lt;/name&gt;
+ *    &lt;value&gt;/etc/hadoop/conf/hosts.include&lt;/value&gt;
+ *    <b>&lt;final&gt;true&lt;/final&gt;</b>
+ *  &lt;/property&gt;</pre></tt>
+ *
+ * Administrators typically define parameters as final in
+ * <tt>core-site.xml</tt> for values that user applications may not alter.
+ *
+ * <h4 id="VariableExpansion">Variable Expansion</h4>
+ *
+ * <p>Value strings are first processed for <i>variable expansion</i>. The
+ * available properties are:<ol>
+ * <li>Other properties defined in this Configuration; and, if a name is
+ * undefined here,</li>
+ * <li>Properties in {@link System#getProperties()}.</li>
+ * </ol>
+ *
+ * <p>For example, if a configuration resource contains the following property
+ * definitions:
+ * <tt><pre>
+ *  &lt;property&gt;
+ *    &lt;name&gt;basedir&lt;/name&gt;
+ *    &lt;value&gt;/user/${<i>user.name</i>}&lt;/value&gt;
+ *  &lt;/property&gt;
+ *
+ *  &lt;property&gt;
+ *    &lt;name&gt;tempdir&lt;/name&gt;
+ *    &lt;value&gt;${<i>basedir</i>}/tmp&lt;/value&gt;
+ *  &lt;/property&gt;</pre></tt>
+ *
+ * When <tt>conf.get("tempdir")</tt> is called, then <tt>${<i>basedir</i>}</tt>
+ * will be resolved to another property in this Configuration, while
+ * <tt>${<i>user.name</i>}</tt> would then ordinarily be resolved to the value
+ * of the System property with that name.
+ * By default, warnings will be given to any deprecated configuration
+ * parameters and these are suppressible by configuring
+ * <tt>log4j.logger.org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.deprecation</tt> in
+ * log4j.properties file.
+ */
+@InterfaceAudience.Public
+@InterfaceStability.Stable
+public class Configuration implements Iterable<Map.Entry<String,String>>,
+       Writable {
+       private static final Log LOG =
+               LogFactory.getLog(Configuration.class);
+
+       private static final Log LOG_DEPRECATION =
+               
LogFactory.getLog("org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration.deprecation");
+
+       private boolean quietmode = true;
+
+       private static final String DEFAULT_STRING_CHECK =
+               "testingforemptydefaultvalue";
+
+       private boolean allowNullValueProperties = false;
+
+       private static class Resource {
+               private final Object resource;
+               private final String name;
+
+               public Resource(Object resource) {
+                       this(resource, resource.toString());
+               }
+
+               public Resource(Object resource, String name) {
+                       this.resource = resource;
+                       this.name = name;
+               }
+
+               public String getName(){
+                       return name;
+               }
+
+               public Object getResource() {
+                       return resource;
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public String toString() {
+                       return name;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * List of configuration resources.
+        */
+       private ArrayList<Resource> resources = new ArrayList<Resource>();
+
+       /**
+        * The value reported as the setting resource when a key is set
+        * by code rather than a file resource by dumpConfiguration.
+        */
+       static final String UNKNOWN_RESOURCE = "Unknown";
+
+
+       /**
+        * List of configuration parameters marked <b>final</b>.
+        */
+       private Set<String> finalParameters = Collections.newSetFromMap(
+               new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>());
+
+       private boolean loadDefaults = true;
+
+       /**
+        * Configuration objects
+        */
+       private static final WeakHashMap<Configuration,Object> REGISTRY =
+               new WeakHashMap<Configuration,Object>();
+
+       /**
+        * List of default Resources. Resources are loaded in the order of the 
list
+        * entries
+        */
+       private static final CopyOnWriteArrayList<String> defaultResources =
+               new CopyOnWriteArrayList<String>();
+
+       private static final Map<ClassLoader, Map<String, 
WeakReference<Class<?>>>>
+               CACHE_CLASSES = new WeakHashMap<ClassLoader, Map<String, 
WeakReference<Class<?>>>>();
+
+       /**
+        * Sentinel value to store negative cache results in {@link 
#CACHE_CLASSES}.
+        */
+       private static final Class<?> NEGATIVE_CACHE_SENTINEL =
+               NegativeCacheSentinel.class;
+
+       /**
+        * Stores the mapping of key to the resource which modifies or loads
+        * the key most recently
+        */
+       private Map<String, String[]> updatingResource;
+
+       /**
+        * Class to keep the information about the keys which replace the 
deprecated
+        * ones.
+        *
+        * This class stores the new keys which replace the deprecated keys and 
also
+        * gives a provision to have a custom message for each of the 
deprecated key
+        * that is being replaced. It also provides method to get the 
appropriate
+        * warning message which can be logged whenever the deprecated key is 
used.
+        */
+       private static class DeprecatedKeyInfo {
+               private final String[] newKeys;
+               private final String customMessage;
+               private final AtomicBoolean accessed = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+
+               DeprecatedKeyInfo(String[] newKeys, String customMessage) {
+                       this.newKeys = newKeys;
+                       this.customMessage = customMessage;
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Method to provide the warning message. It gives the custom 
message if
+                * non-null, and default message otherwise.
+                * @param key the associated deprecated key.
+                * @return message that is to be logged when a deprecated key 
is used.
+                */
+               private final String getWarningMessage(String key) {
+                       String warningMessage;
+                       if(customMessage == null) {
+                               StringBuilder message = new StringBuilder(key);
+                               String deprecatedKeySuffix = " is deprecated. 
Instead, use ";
+                               message.append(deprecatedKeySuffix);
+                               for (int i = 0; i < newKeys.length; i++) {
+                                       message.append(newKeys[i]);
+                                       if(i != newKeys.length-1) {
+                                               message.append(", ");
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               warningMessage = message.toString();
+                       }
+                       else {
+                               warningMessage = customMessage;
+                       }
+                       return warningMessage;
+               }
+
+               boolean getAndSetAccessed() {
+                       return accessed.getAndSet(true);
+               }
+
+               public void clearAccessed() {
+                       accessed.set(false);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * A pending addition to the global set of deprecated keys.
+        */
+       public static class DeprecationDelta {
+               private final String key;
+               private final String[] newKeys;
+               private final String customMessage;
+
+               DeprecationDelta(String key, String[] newKeys, String 
customMessage) {
+                       Preconditions.checkNotNull(key);
+                       Preconditions.checkNotNull(newKeys);
+                       Preconditions.checkArgument(newKeys.length > 0);
+                       this.key = key;
+                       this.newKeys = newKeys;
+                       this.customMessage = customMessage;
+               }
+
+               public DeprecationDelta(String key, String newKey, String 
customMessage) {
+                       this(key, new String[] { newKey }, customMessage);
+               }
+
+               public DeprecationDelta(String key, String newKey) {
+                       this(key, new String[] { newKey }, null);
+               }
+
+               public String getKey() {
+                       return key;
+               }
+
+               public String[] getNewKeys() {
+                       return newKeys;
+               }
+
+               public String getCustomMessage() {
+                       return customMessage;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * The set of all keys which are deprecated.
+        *
+        * DeprecationContext objects are immutable.
+        */
+       private static class DeprecationContext {
+               /**
+                * Stores the deprecated keys, the new keys which replace the 
deprecated keys
+                * and custom message(if any provided).
+                */
+               private final Map<String, DeprecatedKeyInfo> deprecatedKeyMap;
+
+               /**
+                * Stores a mapping from superseding keys to the keys which 
they deprecate.
+                */
+               private final Map<String, String> reverseDeprecatedKeyMap;
+
+               /**
+                * Create a new DeprecationContext by copying a previous 
DeprecationContext
+                * and adding some deltas.
+                *
+                * @param other   The previous deprecation context to copy, or 
null to start
+                *                from nothing.
+                * @param deltas  The deltas to apply.
+                */
+               @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+               DeprecationContext(DeprecationContext other, DeprecationDelta[] 
deltas) {
+                       HashMap<String, DeprecatedKeyInfo> newDeprecatedKeyMap =
+                               new HashMap<String, DeprecatedKeyInfo>();
+                       HashMap<String, String> newReverseDeprecatedKeyMap =
+                               new HashMap<String, String>();
+                       if (other != null) {
+                               for (Entry<String, DeprecatedKeyInfo> entry :
+                                       other.deprecatedKeyMap.entrySet()) {
+                                       newDeprecatedKeyMap.put(entry.getKey(), 
entry.getValue());
+                               }
+                               for (Entry<String, String> entry :
+                                       
other.reverseDeprecatedKeyMap.entrySet()) {
+                                       
newReverseDeprecatedKeyMap.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+                               }
+                       }
+                       for (DeprecationDelta delta : deltas) {
+                               if 
(!newDeprecatedKeyMap.containsKey(delta.getKey())) {
+                                       DeprecatedKeyInfo newKeyInfo =
+                                               new 
DeprecatedKeyInfo(delta.getNewKeys(), delta.getCustomMessage());
+                                       newDeprecatedKeyMap.put(delta.key, 
newKeyInfo);
+                                       for (String newKey : 
delta.getNewKeys()) {
+                                               
newReverseDeprecatedKeyMap.put(newKey, delta.key);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+                       this.deprecatedKeyMap =
+                               UnmodifiableMap.decorate(newDeprecatedKeyMap);
+                       this.reverseDeprecatedKeyMap =
+                               
UnmodifiableMap.decorate(newReverseDeprecatedKeyMap);
+               }
+
+               Map<String, DeprecatedKeyInfo> getDeprecatedKeyMap() {
+                       return deprecatedKeyMap;
+               }
+
+               Map<String, String> getReverseDeprecatedKeyMap() {
+                       return reverseDeprecatedKeyMap;
+               }
+       }
+
+       private static DeprecationDelta[] defaultDeprecations =
+               new DeprecationDelta[] {
+                       new DeprecationDelta("topology.script.file.name",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.NET_TOPOLOGY_SCRIPT_FILE_NAME_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("topology.script.number.args",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.NET_TOPOLOGY_SCRIPT_NUMBER_ARGS_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("hadoop.configured.node.mapping",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.NET_TOPOLOGY_CONFIGURED_NODE_MAPPING_KEY),
+                       new 
DeprecationDelta("topology.node.switch.mapping.impl",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.NET_TOPOLOGY_NODE_SWITCH_MAPPING_IMPL_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("dfs.df.interval",
+                               CommonConfigurationKeys.FS_DF_INTERVAL_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("hadoop.native.lib",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.IO_NATIVE_LIB_AVAILABLE_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("fs.default.name",
+                               CommonConfigurationKeys.FS_DEFAULT_NAME_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("dfs.umaskmode",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.FS_PERMISSIONS_UMASK_KEY),
+                       new DeprecationDelta("dfs.nfs.exports.allowed.hosts",
+                               
CommonConfigurationKeys.NFS_EXPORTS_ALLOWED_HOSTS_KEY)
+               };
+
+       /**
+        * The global DeprecationContext.
+        */
+       private static AtomicReference<DeprecationContext> deprecationContext =
+               new AtomicReference<DeprecationContext>(
+                       new DeprecationContext(null, defaultDeprecations));
+
+       /**
+        * Adds a set of deprecated keys to the global deprecations.
+        *
+        * This method is lockless.  It works by means of creating a new
+        * DeprecationContext based on the old one, and then atomically 
swapping in
+        * the new context.  If someone else updated the context in between us 
reading
+        * the old context and swapping in the new one, we try again until we 
win the
+        * race.
+        *
+        * @param deltas   The deprecations to add.
+        */
+       public static void addDeprecations(DeprecationDelta[] deltas) {
+               DeprecationContext prev, next;
+               do {
+                       prev = deprecationContext.get();
+                       next = new DeprecationContext(prev, deltas);
+               } while (!deprecationContext.compareAndSet(prev, next));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds the deprecated key to the global deprecation map.
+        * It does not override any existing entries in the deprecation map.
+        * This is to be used only by the developers in order to add 
deprecation of
+        * keys, and attempts to call this method after loading resources once,
+        * would lead to <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>
+        *
+        * If a key is deprecated in favor of multiple keys, they are all 
treated as
+        * aliases of each other, and setting any one of them resets all the 
others
+        * to the new value.
+        *
+        * If you have multiple deprecation entries to add, it is more 
efficient to
+        * use #addDeprecations(DeprecationDelta[] deltas) instead.
+        *
+        * @param key
+        * @param newKeys
+        * @param customMessage
+        * @deprecated use {@link #addDeprecation(String key, String newKey,
+               String customMessage)} instead
+        */
+       @Deprecated
+       public static void addDeprecation(String key, String[] newKeys,
+               String customMessage) {
+               addDeprecations(new DeprecationDelta[] {
+                       new DeprecationDelta(key, newKeys, customMessage)
+               });
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds the deprecated key to the global deprecation map.
+        * It does not override any existing entries in the deprecation map.
+        * This is to be used only by the developers in order to add 
deprecation of
+        * keys, and attempts to call this method after loading resources once,
+        * would lead to <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>
+        *
+        * If you have multiple deprecation entries to add, it is more 
efficient to
+        * use #addDeprecations(DeprecationDelta[] deltas) instead.
+        *
+        * @param key
+        * @param newKey
+        * @param customMessage
+        */
+       public static void addDeprecation(String key, String newKey,
+               String customMessage) {
+               addDeprecation(key, new String[] {newKey}, customMessage);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds the deprecated key to the global deprecation map when no custom
+        * message is provided.
+        * It does not override any existing entries in the deprecation map.
+        * This is to be used only by the developers in order to add 
deprecation of
+        * keys, and attempts to call this method after loading resources once,
+        * would lead to <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>
+        *
+        * If a key is deprecated in favor of multiple keys, they are all 
treated as
+        * aliases of each other, and setting any one of them resets all the 
others
+        * to the new value.
+        *
+        * If you have multiple deprecation entries to add, it is more 
efficient to
+        * use #addDeprecations(DeprecationDelta[] deltas) instead.
+        *
+        * @param key Key that is to be deprecated
+        * @param newKeys list of keys that take up the values of deprecated key
+        * @deprecated use {@link #addDeprecation(String key, String newKey)} 
instead
+        */
+       @Deprecated
+       public static void addDeprecation(String key, String[] newKeys) {
+               addDeprecation(key, newKeys, null);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Adds the deprecated key to the global deprecation map when no custom
+        * message is provided.
+        * It does not override any existing entries in the deprecation map.
+        * This is to be used only by the developers in order to add 
deprecation of
+        * keys, and attempts to call this method after loading resources once,
+        * would lead to <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt>
+        *
+        * If you have multiple deprecation entries to add, it is more 
efficient to
+        * use #addDeprecations(DeprecationDelta[] deltas) instead.
+        *
+        * @param key Key that is to be deprecated
+        * @param newKey key that takes up the value of deprecated key
+        */
+       public static void addDeprecation(String key, String newKey) {
+               addDeprecation(key, new String[] {newKey}, null);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * checks whether the given <code>key</code> is deprecated.
+        *
+        * @param key the parameter which is to be checked for deprecation
+        * @return <code>true</code> if the key is deprecated and
+        *         <code>false</code> otherwise.
+        */
+       public static boolean isDeprecated(String key) {
+               return 
deprecationContext.get().getDeprecatedKeyMap().containsKey(key);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sets all deprecated properties that are not currently set but have a
+        * corresponding new property that is set. Useful for iterating the
+        * properties when all deprecated properties for currently set 
properties
+        * need to be present.
+        */
+       public void setDeprecatedProperties() {
+               DeprecationContext deprecations = deprecationContext.get();
+               Properties props = getProps();
+               Properties overlay = getOverlay();
+               for (Map.Entry<String, DeprecatedKeyInfo> entry :
+                       deprecations.getDeprecatedKeyMap().entrySet()) {
+                       String depKey = entry.getKey();
+                       if (!overlay.contains(depKey)) {
+                               for (String newKey : entry.getValue().newKeys) {
+                                       String val = 
overlay.getProperty(newKey);
+                                       if (val != null) {
+                                               props.setProperty(depKey, val);
+                                               overlay.setProperty(depKey, 
val);
+                                               break;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Checks for the presence of the property <code>name</code> in the
+        * deprecation map. Returns the first of the list of new keys if present
+        * in the deprecation map or the <code>name</code> itself. If the 
property
+        * is not presently set but the property map contains an entry for the
+        * deprecated key, the value of the deprecated key is set as the value 
for
+        * the provided property name.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name
+        * @return the first property in the list of properties mapping
+        *         the <code>name</code> or the <code>name</code> itself.
+        */
+       private String[] handleDeprecation(DeprecationContext deprecations,
+               String name) {
+               if (null != name) {
+                       name = name.trim();
+               }
+               ArrayList<String > names = new ArrayList<String>();
+               if (isDeprecated(name)) {
+                       DeprecatedKeyInfo keyInfo = 
deprecations.getDeprecatedKeyMap().get(name);
+                       warnOnceIfDeprecated(deprecations, name);
+                       for (String newKey : keyInfo.newKeys) {
+                               if(newKey != null) {
+                                       names.add(newKey);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               if(names.size() == 0) {
+                       names.add(name);
+               }
+               for(String n : names) {
+                       String deprecatedKey = 
deprecations.getReverseDeprecatedKeyMap().get(n);
+                       if (deprecatedKey != null && 
!getOverlay().containsKey(n) &&
+                               getOverlay().containsKey(deprecatedKey)) {
+                               getProps().setProperty(n, 
getOverlay().getProperty(deprecatedKey));
+                               getOverlay().setProperty(n, 
getOverlay().getProperty(deprecatedKey));
+                       }
+               }
+               return names.toArray(new String[names.size()]);
+       }
+
+       private void handleDeprecation() {
+               LOG.debug("Handling deprecation for all properties in 
config...");
+               DeprecationContext deprecations = deprecationContext.get();
+               Set<Object> keys = new HashSet<Object>();
+               keys.addAll(getProps().keySet());
+               for (Object item: keys) {
+                       LOG.debug("Handling deprecation for " + (String)item);
+                       handleDeprecation(deprecations, (String)item);
+               }
+       }
+
+       static{
+               //print deprecation warning if hadoop-site.xml is found in 
classpath
+               ClassLoader cL = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+               if (cL == null) {
+                       cL = Configuration.class.getClassLoader();
+               }
+               if(cL.getResource("hadoop-site.xml")!=null) {
+                       LOG.warn("DEPRECATED: hadoop-site.xml found in the 
classpath. " +
+                               "Usage of hadoop-site.xml is deprecated. 
Instead use core-site.xml, "
+                               + "mapred-site.xml and hdfs-site.xml to 
override properties of " +
+                               "core-default-shaded.xml, mapred-default.xml 
and hdfs-default.xml " +
+                               "respectively");
+               }
+               addDefaultResource("core-default-shaded.xml");
+               addDefaultResource("core-site.xml");
+       }
+
+       private Properties properties;
+       private Properties overlay;
+       private ClassLoader classLoader;
+       {
+               classLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
+               if (classLoader == null) {
+                       classLoader = Configuration.class.getClassLoader();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /** A new configuration. */
+       public Configuration() {
+               this(true);
+       }
+
+       /** A new configuration where the behavior of reading from the default
+        * resources can be turned off.
+        *
+        * If the parameter {@code loadDefaults} is false, the new instance
+        * will not load resources from the default files.
+        * @param loadDefaults specifies whether to load from the default files
+        */
+       public Configuration(boolean loadDefaults) {
+               this.loadDefaults = loadDefaults;
+               updatingResource = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, String[]>();
+               synchronized(Configuration.class) {
+                       REGISTRY.put(this, null);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * A new configuration with the same settings cloned from another.
+        *
+        * @param other the configuration from which to clone settings.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       public Configuration(Configuration other) {
+               this.resources = (ArrayList<Resource>) other.resources.clone();
+               synchronized(other) {
+                       if (other.properties != null) {
+                               this.properties = 
(Properties)other.properties.clone();
+                       }
+
+                       if (other.overlay!=null) {
+                               this.overlay = 
(Properties)other.overlay.clone();
+                       }
+
+                       this.updatingResource = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, 
String[]>(
+                               other.updatingResource);
+                       this.finalParameters = Collections.newSetFromMap(
+                               new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>());
+                       this.finalParameters.addAll(other.finalParameters);
+               }
+
+               synchronized(Configuration.class) {
+                       REGISTRY.put(this, null);
+               }
+               this.classLoader = other.classLoader;
+               this.loadDefaults = other.loadDefaults;
+               setQuietMode(other.getQuietMode());
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a default resource. Resources are loaded in the order of the 
resources
+        * added.
+        * @param name file name. File should be present in the classpath.
+        */
+       public static synchronized void addDefaultResource(String name) {
+               if(!defaultResources.contains(name)) {
+                       defaultResources.add(name);
+                       for(Configuration conf : REGISTRY.keySet()) {
+                               if(conf.loadDefaults) {
+                                       conf.reloadConfiguration();
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a configuration resource.
+        *
+        * The properties of this resource will override properties of 
previously
+        * added resources, unless they were marked <a href="#Final">final</a>.
+        *
+        * @param name resource to be added, the classpath is examined for a 
file
+        *             with that name.
+        */
+       public void addResource(String name) {
+               addResourceObject(new Resource(name));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a configuration resource.
+        *
+        * The properties of this resource will override properties of 
previously
+        * added resources, unless they were marked <a href="#Final">final</a>.
+        *
+        * @param url url of the resource to be added, the local filesystem is
+        *            examined directly to find the resource, without referring 
to
+        *            the classpath.
+        */
+       public void addResource(URL url) {
+               addResourceObject(new Resource(url));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a configuration resource.
+        *
+        * The properties of this resource will override properties of 
previously
+        * added resources, unless they were marked <a href="#Final">final</a>.
+        *
+        * @param file file-path of resource to be added, the local filesystem 
is
+        *             examined directly to find the resource, without 
referring to
+        *             the classpath.
+        */
+       public void addResource(Path file) {
+               addResourceObject(new Resource(file));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a configuration resource.
+        *
+        * The properties of this resource will override properties of 
previously
+        * added resources, unless they were marked <a href="#Final">final</a>.
+        *
+        * WARNING: The contents of the InputStream will be cached, by this 
method.
+        * So use this sparingly because it does increase the memory 
consumption.
+        *
+        * @param in InputStream to deserialize the object from. In will be 
read from
+        * when a get or set is called next.  After it is read the stream will 
be
+        * closed.
+        */
+       public void addResource(InputStream in) {
+               addResourceObject(new Resource(in));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a configuration resource.
+        *
+        * The properties of this resource will override properties of 
previously
+        * added resources, unless they were marked <a href="#Final">final</a>.
+        *
+        * @param in InputStream to deserialize the object from.
+        * @param name the name of the resource because InputStream.toString is 
not
+        * very descriptive some times.
+        */
+       public void addResource(InputStream in, String name) {
+               addResourceObject(new Resource(in, name));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Add a configuration resource.
+        *
+        * The properties of this resource will override properties of 
previously
+        * added resources, unless they were marked <a href="#Final">final</a>.
+        *
+        * @param conf Configuration object from which to load properties
+        */
+       public void addResource(Configuration conf) {
+               addResourceObject(new Resource(conf.getProps()));
+       }
+
+
+
+       /**
+        * Reload configuration from previously added resources.
+        *
+        * This method will clear all the configuration read from the added
+        * resources, and final parameters. This will make the resources to
+        * be read again before accessing the values. Values that are added
+        * via set methods will overlay values read from the resources.
+        */
+       public synchronized void reloadConfiguration() {
+               properties = null;                            // trigger reload
+               finalParameters.clear();                      // clear 
site-limits
+       }
+
+       private synchronized void addResourceObject(Resource resource) {
+               resources.add(resource);                      // add to 
resources
+               reloadConfiguration();
+       }
+
+       private static final int MAX_SUBST = 20;
+
+       private static final int SUB_START_IDX = 0;
+       private static final int SUB_END_IDX = SUB_START_IDX + 1;
+
+       /**
+        * This is a manual implementation of the following regex
+        * "\\$\\{[^\\}\\$\u0020]+\\}". It can be 15x more efficient than
+        * a regex matcher as demonstrated by HADOOP-11506. This is noticeable 
with
+        * Hadoop apps building on the assumption Configuration#get is an O(1)
+        * hash table lookup, especially when the eval is a long string.
+        *
+        * @param eval a string that may contain variables requiring expansion.
+        * @return a 2-element int array res such that
+        * eval.substring(res[0], res[1]) is "var" for the left-most occurrence 
of
+        * ${var} in eval. If no variable is found -1, -1 is returned.
+        */
+       private static int[] findSubVariable(String eval) {
+               int[] result = {-1, -1};
+
+               int matchStart;
+               int leftBrace;
+
+               // scanning for a brace first because it's less frequent than $
+               // that can occur in nested class names
+               //
+               match_loop:
+               for (matchStart = 1, leftBrace = eval.indexOf('{', matchStart);
+                       // minimum left brace position (follows '$')
+                        leftBrace > 0
+                                // right brace of a smallest valid expression 
"${c}"
+                                && leftBrace + "{c".length() < eval.length();
+                        leftBrace = eval.indexOf('{', matchStart)) {
+                       int matchedLen = 0;
+                       if (eval.charAt(leftBrace - 1) == '$') {
+                               int subStart = leftBrace + 1; // after '{'
+                               for (int i = subStart; i < eval.length(); i++) {
+                                       switch (eval.charAt(i)) {
+                                               case '}':
+                                                       if (matchedLen > 0) { 
// match
+                                                               
result[SUB_START_IDX] = subStart;
+                                                               
result[SUB_END_IDX] = subStart + matchedLen;
+                                                               break 
match_loop;
+                                                       }
+                                                       // fall through to skip 
1 char
+                                               case ' ':
+                                               case '$':
+                                                       matchStart = i + 1;
+                                                       continue match_loop;
+                                               default:
+                                                       matchedLen++;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               // scanned from "${"  to the end of eval, and 
no reset via ' ', '$':
+                               //    no match!
+                               break match_loop;
+                       } else {
+                               // not a start of a variable
+                               //
+                               matchStart = leftBrace + 1;
+                       }
+               }
+               return result;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Attempts to repeatedly expand the value {@code expr} by replacing the
+        * left-most substring of the form "${var}" in the following precedence 
order
+        * <ol>
+        *   <li>by the value of the Java system property "var" if defined</li>
+        *   <li>by the value of the configuration key "var" if defined</li>
+        * </ol>
+        *
+        * If var is unbounded the current state of expansion 
"prefix${var}suffix" is
+        * returned.
+        *
+        * @param expr the literal value of a config key
+        * @return null if expr is null, otherwise the value resulting from 
expanding
+        * expr using the algorithm above.
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException when more than
+        * {@link Configuration#MAX_SUBST} replacements are required
+        */
+       private String substituteVars(String expr) {
+               if (expr == null) {
+                       return null;
+               }
+               String eval = expr;
+               for (int s = 0; s < MAX_SUBST; s++) {
+                       final int[] varBounds = findSubVariable(eval);
+                       if (varBounds[SUB_START_IDX] == -1) {
+                               return eval;
+                       }
+                       final String var = 
eval.substring(varBounds[SUB_START_IDX],
+                               varBounds[SUB_END_IDX]);
+                       String val = null;
+                       try {
+                               val = System.getProperty(var);
+                       } catch(SecurityException se) {
+                               LOG.warn("Unexpected SecurityException in 
Configuration", se);
+                       }
+                       if (val == null) {
+                               val = getRaw(var);
+                       }
+                       if (val == null) {
+                               return eval; // return literal ${var}: var is 
unbound
+                       }
+                       final int dollar = varBounds[SUB_START_IDX] - 
"${".length();
+                       final int afterRightBrace = varBounds[SUB_END_IDX] + 
"}".length();
+                       // substitute
+                       eval = eval.substring(0, dollar)
+                               + val
+                               + eval.substring(afterRightBrace);
+               }
+               throw new IllegalStateException("Variable substitution depth 
too large: "
+                       + MAX_SUBST + " " + expr);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property, <code>null</code> if
+        * no such property exists. If the key is deprecated, it returns the 
value of
+        * the first key which replaces the deprecated key and is not null.
+        *
+        * Values are processed for <a href="#VariableExpansion">variable 
expansion</a>
+        * before being returned.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name, will be trimmed before get value.
+        * @return the value of the <code>name</code> or its replacing property,
+        *         or null if no such property exists.
+        */
+       public String get(String name) {
+               String[] names = handleDeprecation(deprecationContext.get(), 
name);
+               String result = null;
+               for(String n : names) {
+                       result = substituteVars(getProps().getProperty(n));
+               }
+               return result;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set Configuration to allow keys without values during setup.  
Intended
+        * for use during testing.
+        *
+        * @param val If true, will allow Configuration to store keys without 
values
+        */
+       @VisibleForTesting
+       public void setAllowNullValueProperties( boolean val ) {
+               this.allowNullValueProperties = val;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Return existence of the <code>name</code> property, but only for
+        * names which have no valid value, usually non-existent or commented
+        * out in XML.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name
+        * @return true if the property <code>name</code> exists without value
+        */
+       @VisibleForTesting
+       public boolean onlyKeyExists(String name) {
+               String[] names = handleDeprecation(deprecationContext.get(), 
name);
+               for(String n : names) {
+                       if ( getProps().getProperty(n,DEFAULT_STRING_CHECK)
+                               .equals(DEFAULT_STRING_CHECK) ) {
+                               return true;
+                       }
+               }
+               return false;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a trimmed 
<code>String</code>,
+        * <code>null</code> if no such property exists.
+        * If the key is deprecated, it returns the value of
+        * the first key which replaces the deprecated key and is not null
+        *
+        * Values are processed for <a href="#VariableExpansion">variable 
expansion</a>
+        * before being returned.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name.
+        * @return the value of the <code>name</code> or its replacing property,
+        *         or null if no such property exists.
+        */
+       public String getTrimmed(String name) {
+               String value = get(name);
+
+               if (null == value) {
+                       return null;
+               } else {
+                       return value.trim();
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a trimmed 
<code>String</code>,
+        * <code>defaultValue</code> if no such property exists.
+        * See @{Configuration#getTrimmed} for more details.
+        *
+        * @param name          the property name.
+        * @param defaultValue  the property default value.
+        * @return              the value of the <code>name</code> or 
defaultValue
+        *                      if it is not set.
+        */
+       public String getTrimmed(String name, String defaultValue) {
+               String ret = getTrimmed(name);
+               return ret == null ? defaultValue : ret;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property, without doing
+        * <a href="#VariableExpansion">variable expansion</a>.If the key is
+        * deprecated, it returns the value of the first key which replaces
+        * the deprecated key and is not null.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name.
+        * @return the value of the <code>name</code> property or
+        *         its replacing property and null if no such property exists.
+        */
+       public String getRaw(String name) {
+               String[] names = handleDeprecation(deprecationContext.get(), 
name);
+               String result = null;
+               for(String n : names) {
+                       result = getProps().getProperty(n);
+               }
+               return result;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Returns alternative names (non-deprecated keys or previously-set 
deprecated keys)
+        * for a given non-deprecated key.
+        * If the given key is deprecated, return null.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @return alternative names.
+        */
+       private String[] getAlternativeNames(String name) {
+               String altNames[] = null;
+               DeprecatedKeyInfo keyInfo = null;
+               DeprecationContext cur = deprecationContext.get();
+               String depKey = cur.getReverseDeprecatedKeyMap().get(name);
+               if(depKey != null) {
+                       keyInfo = cur.getDeprecatedKeyMap().get(depKey);
+                       if(keyInfo.newKeys.length > 0) {
+                               if(getProps().containsKey(depKey)) {
+                                       //if deprecated key is previously set 
explicitly
+                                       List<String> list = new 
ArrayList<String>();
+                                       
list.addAll(Arrays.asList(keyInfo.newKeys));
+                                       list.add(depKey);
+                                       altNames = list.toArray(new 
String[list.size()]);
+                               }
+                               else {
+                                       altNames = keyInfo.newKeys;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               return altNames;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the <code>value</code> of the <code>name</code> property. If
+        * <code>name</code> is deprecated or there is a deprecated name 
associated to it,
+        * it sets the value to both names. Name will be trimmed before put into
+        * configuration.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value property value.
+        */
+       public void set(String name, String value) {
+               set(name, value, null);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the <code>value</code> of the <code>name</code> property. If
+        * <code>name</code> is deprecated, it also sets the <code>value</code> 
to
+        * the keys that replace the deprecated key. Name will be trimmed 
before put
+        * into configuration.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value property value.
+        * @param source the place that this configuration value came from
+        * (For debugging).
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException when the value or name is null.
+        */
+       public void set(String name, String value, String source) {
+               Preconditions.checkArgument(
+                       name != null,
+                       "Property name must not be null");
+               Preconditions.checkArgument(
+                       value != null,
+                       "The value of property " + name + " must not be null");
+               name = name.trim();
+               DeprecationContext deprecations = deprecationContext.get();
+               if (deprecations.getDeprecatedKeyMap().isEmpty()) {
+                       getProps();
+               }
+               getOverlay().setProperty(name, value);
+               getProps().setProperty(name, value);
+               String newSource = (source == null ? "programatically" : 
source);
+
+               if (!isDeprecated(name)) {
+                       updatingResource.put(name, new String[] {newSource});
+                       String[] altNames = getAlternativeNames(name);
+                       if(altNames != null) {
+                               for(String n: altNames) {
+                                       if(!n.equals(name)) {
+                                               getOverlay().setProperty(n, 
value);
+                                               getProps().setProperty(n, 
value);
+                                               updatingResource.put(n, new 
String[] {newSource});
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               else {
+                       String[] names = 
handleDeprecation(deprecationContext.get(), name);
+                       String altSource = "because " + name + " is deprecated";
+                       for(String n : names) {
+                               getOverlay().setProperty(n, value);
+                               getProps().setProperty(n, value);
+                               updatingResource.put(n, new String[] 
{altSource});
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       private void warnOnceIfDeprecated(DeprecationContext deprecations, 
String name) {
+               DeprecatedKeyInfo keyInfo = 
deprecations.getDeprecatedKeyMap().get(name);
+               if (keyInfo != null && !keyInfo.getAndSetAccessed()) {
+                       LOG_DEPRECATION.info(keyInfo.getWarningMessage(name));
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Unset a previously set property.
+        */
+       public synchronized void unset(String name) {
+               String[] names = null;
+               if (!isDeprecated(name)) {
+                       names = getAlternativeNames(name);
+                       if(names == null) {
+                               names = new String[]{name};
+                       }
+               }
+               else {
+                       names = handleDeprecation(deprecationContext.get(), 
name);
+               }
+
+               for(String n: names) {
+                       getOverlay().remove(n);
+                       getProps().remove(n);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Sets a property if it is currently unset.
+        * @param name the property name
+        * @param value the new value
+        */
+       public synchronized void setIfUnset(String name, String value) {
+               if (get(name) == null) {
+                       set(name, value);
+               }
+       }
+
+       private synchronized Properties getOverlay() {
+               if (overlay==null){
+                       overlay=new Properties();
+               }
+               return overlay;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code>. If the key is deprecated,
+        * it returns the value of the first key which replaces the deprecated 
key
+        * and is not null.
+        * If no such property exists,
+        * then <code>defaultValue</code> is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name, will be trimmed before get value.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @return property value, or <code>defaultValue</code> if the property
+        *         doesn't exist.
+        */
+       public String get(String name, String defaultValue) {
+               String[] names = handleDeprecation(deprecationContext.get(), 
name);
+               String result = null;
+               for(String n : names) {
+                       result = substituteVars(getProps().getProperty(n, 
defaultValue));
+               }
+               return result;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as an 
<code>int</code>.
+        *
+        * If no such property exists, the provided default value is returned,
+        * or if the specified value is not a valid <code>int</code>,
+        * then an error is thrown.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @throws NumberFormatException when the value is invalid
+        * @return property value as an <code>int</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public int getInt(String name, int defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (valueString == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               String hexString = getHexDigits(valueString);
+               if (hexString != null) {
+                       return Integer.parseInt(hexString, 16);
+               }
+               return Integer.parseInt(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a set of 
comma-delimited
+        * <code>int</code> values.
+        *
+        * If no such property exists, an empty array is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name
+        * @return property value interpreted as an array of comma-delimited
+        *         <code>int</code> values
+        */
+       public int[] getInts(String name) {
+               String[] strings = getTrimmedStrings(name);
+               int[] ints = new int[strings.length];
+               for (int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++) {
+                       ints[i] = Integer.parseInt(strings[i]);
+               }
+               return ints;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to an 
<code>int</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value <code>int</code> value of the property.
+        */
+       public void setInt(String name, int value) {
+               set(name, Integer.toString(value));
+       }
+
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>long</code>.
+        * If no such property exists, the provided default value is returned,
+        * or if the specified value is not a valid <code>long</code>,
+        * then an error is thrown.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @throws NumberFormatException when the value is invalid
+        * @return property value as a <code>long</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public long getLong(String name, long defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (valueString == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               String hexString = getHexDigits(valueString);
+               if (hexString != null) {
+                       return Long.parseLong(hexString, 16);
+               }
+               return Long.parseLong(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>long</code> or
+        * human readable format. If no such property exists, the provided 
default
+        * value is returned, or if the specified value is not a valid
+        * <code>long</code> or human readable format, then an error is thrown. 
You
+        * can use the following suffix (case insensitive): k(kilo), m(mega), 
g(giga),
+        * t(tera), p(peta), e(exa)
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @throws NumberFormatException when the value is invalid
+        * @return property value as a <code>long</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public long getLongBytes(String name, long defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (valueString == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               return 
StringUtils.TraditionalBinaryPrefix.string2long(valueString);
+       }
+
+       private String getHexDigits(String value) {
+               boolean negative = false;
+               String str = value;
+               String hexString = null;
+               if (value.startsWith("-")) {
+                       negative = true;
+                       str = value.substring(1);
+               }
+               if (str.startsWith("0x") || str.startsWith("0X")) {
+                       hexString = str.substring(2);
+                       if (negative) {
+                               hexString = "-" + hexString;
+                       }
+                       return hexString;
+               }
+               return null;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to a 
<code>long</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value <code>long</code> value of the property.
+        */
+       public void setLong(String name, long value) {
+               set(name, Long.toString(value));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>float</code>.
+        * If no such property exists, the provided default value is returned,
+        * or if the specified value is not a valid <code>float</code>,
+        * then an error is thrown.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @throws NumberFormatException when the value is invalid
+        * @return property value as a <code>float</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public float getFloat(String name, float defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (valueString == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               return Float.parseFloat(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to a 
<code>float</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value property value.
+        */
+       public void setFloat(String name, float value) {
+               set(name,Float.toString(value));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>double</code>.
+        * If no such property exists, the provided default value is returned,
+        * or if the specified value is not a valid <code>double</code>,
+        * then an error is thrown.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @throws NumberFormatException when the value is invalid
+        * @return property value as a <code>double</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public double getDouble(String name, double defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (valueString == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               return Double.parseDouble(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to a 
<code>double</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value property value.
+        */
+       public void setDouble(String name, double value) {
+               set(name,Double.toString(value));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>boolean</code>.
+        * If no such property is specified, or if the specified value is not a 
valid
+        * <code>boolean</code>, then <code>defaultValue</code> is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @return property value as a <code>boolean</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public boolean getBoolean(String name, boolean defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (null == valueString || valueString.isEmpty()) {
+                       return defaultValue;
+               }
+
+               if (StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("true", valueString))
+                       return true;
+               else if (StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase("false", valueString))
+                       return false;
+               else return defaultValue;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to a 
<code>boolean</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param value <code>boolean</code> value of the property.
+        */
+       public void setBoolean(String name, boolean value) {
+               set(name, Boolean.toString(value));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the given property, if it is currently unset.
+        * @param name property name
+        * @param value new value
+        */
+       public void setBooleanIfUnset(String name, boolean value) {
+               setIfUnset(name, Boolean.toString(value));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to the given type. 
This
+        * is equivalent to <code>set(&lt;name&gt;, value.toString())</code>.
+        * @param name property name
+        * @param value new value
+        */
+       public <T extends Enum<T>> void setEnum(String name, T value) {
+               set(name, value.toString());
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Return value matching this enumerated type.
+        * Note that the returned value is trimmed by this method.
+        * @param name Property name
+        * @param defaultValue Value returned if no mapping exists
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException If mapping is illegal for the type
+        * provided
+        */
+       public <T extends Enum<T>> T getEnum(String name, T defaultValue) {
+               final String val = getTrimmed(name);
+               return null == val
+                       ? defaultValue
+                       : Enum.valueOf(defaultValue.getDeclaringClass(), val);
+       }
+
+       enum ParsedTimeDuration {
+               NS {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS; }
+                       String suffix() { return "ns"; }
+               },
+               US {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS; }
+                       String suffix() { return "us"; }
+               },
+               MS {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS; }
+                       String suffix() { return "ms"; }
+               },
+               S {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.SECONDS; }
+                       String suffix() { return "s"; }
+               },
+               M {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.MINUTES; }
+                       String suffix() { return "m"; }
+               },
+               H {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.HOURS; }
+                       String suffix() { return "h"; }
+               },
+               D {
+                       TimeUnit unit() { return TimeUnit.DAYS; }
+                       String suffix() { return "d"; }
+               };
+               abstract TimeUnit unit();
+               abstract String suffix();
+               static ParsedTimeDuration unitFor(String s) {
+                       for (ParsedTimeDuration ptd : values()) {
+                               // iteration order is in decl order, so SECONDS 
matched last
+                               if (s.endsWith(ptd.suffix())) {
+                                       return ptd;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       return null;
+               }
+               static ParsedTimeDuration unitFor(TimeUnit unit) {
+                       for (ParsedTimeDuration ptd : values()) {
+                               if (ptd.unit() == unit) {
+                                       return ptd;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of <code>name</code> to the given time duration. This
+        * is equivalent to <code>set(&lt;name&gt;, value + &lt;time 
suffix&gt;)</code>.
+        * @param name Property name
+        * @param value Time duration
+        * @param unit Unit of time
+        */
+       public void setTimeDuration(String name, long value, TimeUnit unit) {
+               set(name, value + ParsedTimeDuration.unitFor(unit).suffix());
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Return time duration in the given time unit. Valid units are encoded 
in
+        * properties as suffixes: nanoseconds (ns), microseconds (us), 
milliseconds
+        * (ms), seconds (s), minutes (m), hours (h), and days (d).
+        * @param name Property name
+        * @param defaultValue Value returned if no mapping exists.
+        * @param unit Unit to convert the stored property, if it exists.
+        * @throws NumberFormatException If the property stripped of its unit 
is not
+        *         a number
+        */
+       public long getTimeDuration(String name, long defaultValue, TimeUnit 
unit) {
+               String vStr = get(name);
+               if (null == vStr) {
+                       return defaultValue;
+               }
+               vStr = vStr.trim();
+               ParsedTimeDuration vUnit = ParsedTimeDuration.unitFor(vStr);
+               if (null == vUnit) {
+                       LOG.warn("No unit for " + name + "(" + vStr + ") 
assuming " + unit);
+                       vUnit = ParsedTimeDuration.unitFor(unit);
+               } else {
+                       vStr = vStr.substring(0, 
vStr.lastIndexOf(vUnit.suffix()));
+               }
+               return unit.convert(Long.parseLong(vStr), vUnit.unit());
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>Pattern</code>.
+        * If no such property is specified, or if the specified value is not a 
valid
+        * <code>Pattern</code>, then <code>DefaultValue</code> is returned.
+        * Note that the returned value is NOT trimmed by this method.
+        *
+        * @param name property name
+        * @param defaultValue default value
+        * @return property value as a compiled Pattern, or defaultValue
+        */
+       public Pattern getPattern(String name, Pattern defaultValue) {
+               String valString = get(name);
+               if (null == valString || valString.isEmpty()) {
+                       return defaultValue;
+               }
+               try {
+                       return Pattern.compile(valString);
+               } catch (PatternSyntaxException pse) {
+                       LOG.warn("Regular expression '" + valString + "' for 
property '" +
+                               name + "' not valid. Using default", pse);
+                       return defaultValue;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the given property to <code>Pattern</code>.
+        * If the pattern is passed as null, sets the empty pattern which 
results in
+        * further calls to getPattern(...) returning the default value.
+        *
+        * @param name property name
+        * @param pattern new value
+        */
+       public void setPattern(String name, Pattern pattern) {
+               assert pattern != null : "Pattern cannot be null";
+               set(name, pattern.pattern());
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Gets information about why a property was set.  Typically this is the
+        * path to the resource objects (file, URL, etc.) the property came 
from, but
+        * it can also indicate that it was set programatically, or because of 
the
+        * command line.
+        *
+        * @param name - The property name to get the source of.
+        * @return null - If the property or its source wasn't found. Otherwise,
+        * returns a list of the sources of the resource.  The older sources are
+        * the first ones in the list.  So for example if a configuration is 
set from
+        * the command line, and then written out to a file that is read back 
in the
+        * first entry would indicate that it was set from the command line, 
while
+        * the second one would indicate the file that the new configuration 
was read
+        * in from.
+        */
+       @InterfaceStability.Unstable
+       public synchronized String[] getPropertySources(String name) {
+               if (properties == null) {
+                       // If properties is null, it means a resource was newly 
added
+                       // but the props were cleared so as to load it upon 
future
+                       // requests. So lets force a load by asking a 
properties list.
+                       getProps();
+               }
+               // Return a null right away if our properties still
+               // haven't loaded or the resource mapping isn't defined
+               if (properties == null || updatingResource == null) {
+                       return null;
+               } else {
+                       String[] source = updatingResource.get(name);
+                       if(source == null) {
+                               return null;
+                       } else {
+                               return Arrays.copyOf(source, source.length);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * A class that represents a set of positive integer ranges. It parses
+        * strings of the form: "2-3,5,7-" where ranges are separated by comma 
and
+        * the lower/upper bounds are separated by dash. Either the lower or 
upper
+        * bound may be omitted meaning all values up to or over. So the string
+        * above means 2, 3, 5, and 7, 8, 9, ...
+        */
+       public static class IntegerRanges implements Iterable<Integer>{
+               private static class Range {
+                       int start;
+                       int end;
+               }
+
+               private static class RangeNumberIterator implements 
Iterator<Integer> {
+                       Iterator<Range> internal;
+                       int at;
+                       int end;
+
+                       public RangeNumberIterator(List<Range> ranges) {
+                               if (ranges != null) {
+                                       internal = ranges.iterator();
+                               }
+                               at = -1;
+                               end = -2;
+                       }
+
+                       @Override
+                       public boolean hasNext() {
+                               if (at <= end) {
+                                       return true;
+                               } else if (internal != null){
+                                       return internal.hasNext();
+                               }
+                               return false;
+                       }
+
+                       @Override
+                       public Integer next() {
+                               if (at <= end) {
+                                       at++;
+                                       return at - 1;
+                               } else if (internal != null){
+                                       Range found = internal.next();
+                                       if (found != null) {
+                                               at = found.start;
+                                               end = found.end;
+                                               at++;
+                                               return at - 1;
+                                       }
+                               }
+                               return null;
+                       }
+
+                       @Override
+                       public void remove() {
+                               throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+                       }
+               };
+
+               List<Range> ranges = new ArrayList<Range>();
+
+               public IntegerRanges() {
+               }
+
+               public IntegerRanges(String newValue) {
+                       StringTokenizer itr = new StringTokenizer(newValue, 
",");
+                       while (itr.hasMoreTokens()) {
+                               String rng = itr.nextToken().trim();
+                               String[] parts = rng.split("-", 3);
+                               if (parts.length < 1 || parts.length > 2) {
+                                       throw new 
IllegalArgumentException("integer range badly formed: " +
+                                               rng);
+                               }
+                               Range r = new Range();
+                               r.start = convertToInt(parts[0], 0);
+                               if (parts.length == 2) {
+                                       r.end = convertToInt(parts[1], 
Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+                               } else {
+                                       r.end = r.start;
+                               }
+                               if (r.start > r.end) {
+                                       throw new 
IllegalArgumentException("IntegerRange from " + r.start +
+                                               " to " + r.end + " is invalid");
+                               }
+                               ranges.add(r);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Convert a string to an int treating empty strings as the 
default value.
+                * @param value the string value
+                * @param defaultValue the value for if the string is empty
+                * @return the desired integer
+                */
+               private static int convertToInt(String value, int defaultValue) 
{
+                       String trim = value.trim();
+                       if (trim.length() == 0) {
+                               return defaultValue;
+                       }
+                       return Integer.parseInt(trim);
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * Is the given value in the set of ranges
+                * @param value the value to check
+                * @return is the value in the ranges?
+                */
+               public boolean isIncluded(int value) {
+                       for(Range r: ranges) {
+                               if (r.start <= value && value <= r.end) {
+                                       return true;
+                               }
+                       }
+                       return false;
+               }
+
+               /**
+                * @return true if there are no values in this range, else 
false.
+                */
+               public boolean isEmpty() {
+                       return ranges == null || ranges.isEmpty();
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public String toString() {
+                       StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
+                       boolean first = true;
+                       for(Range r: ranges) {
+                               if (first) {
+                                       first = false;
+                               } else {
+                                       result.append(',');
+                               }
+                               result.append(r.start);
+                               result.append('-');
+                               result.append(r.end);
+                       }
+                       return result.toString();
+               }
+
+               @Override
+               public Iterator<Integer> iterator() {
+                       return new RangeNumberIterator(ranges);
+               }
+
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Parse the given attribute as a set of integer ranges
+        * @param name the attribute name
+        * @param defaultValue the default value if it is not set
+        * @return a new set of ranges from the configured value
+        */
+       public IntegerRanges getRange(String name, String defaultValue) {
+               return new IntegerRanges(get(name, defaultValue));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the comma delimited values of the <code>name</code> property as
+        * a collection of <code>String</code>s.
+        * If no such property is specified then empty collection is returned.
+        * <p>
+        * This is an optimized version of {@link #getStrings(String)}
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @return property value as a collection of <code>String</code>s.
+        */
+       public Collection<String> getStringCollection(String name) {
+               String valueString = get(name);
+               return StringUtils.getStringCollection(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the comma delimited values of the <code>name</code> property as
+        * an array of <code>String</code>s.
+        * If no such property is specified then <code>null</code> is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @return property value as an array of <code>String</code>s,
+        *         or <code>null</code>.
+        */
+       public String[] getStrings(String name) {
+               String valueString = get(name);
+               return StringUtils.getStrings(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the comma delimited values of the <code>name</code> property as
+        * an array of <code>String</code>s.
+        * If no such property is specified then default value is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue The default value
+        * @return property value as an array of <code>String</code>s,
+        *         or default value.
+        */
+       public String[] getStrings(String name, String... defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = get(name);
+               if (valueString == null) {
+                       return defaultValue;
+               } else {
+                       return StringUtils.getStrings(valueString);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the comma delimited values of the <code>name</code> property as
+        * a collection of <code>String</code>s, trimmed of the leading and 
trailing whitespace.
+        * If no such property is specified then empty <code>Collection</code> 
is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @return property value as a collection of <code>String</code>s, or 
empty <code>Collection</code>
+        */
+       public Collection<String> getTrimmedStringCollection(String name) {
+               String valueString = get(name);
+               if (null == valueString) {
+                       Collection<String> empty = new ArrayList<String>();
+                       return empty;
+               }
+               return StringUtils.getTrimmedStringCollection(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the comma delimited values of the <code>name</code> property as
+        * an array of <code>String</code>s, trimmed of the leading and 
trailing whitespace.
+        * If no such property is specified then an empty array is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @return property value as an array of trimmed <code>String</code>s,
+        *         or empty array.
+        */
+       public String[] getTrimmedStrings(String name) {
+               String valueString = get(name);
+               return StringUtils.getTrimmedStrings(valueString);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the comma delimited values of the <code>name</code> property as
+        * an array of <code>String</code>s, trimmed of the leading and 
trailing whitespace.
+        * If no such property is specified then default value is returned.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultValue The default value
+        * @return property value as an array of trimmed <code>String</code>s,
+        *         or default value.
+        */
+       public String[] getTrimmedStrings(String name, String... defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = get(name);
+               if (null == valueString) {
+                       return defaultValue;
+               } else {
+                       return StringUtils.getTrimmedStrings(valueString);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the array of string values for the <code>name</code> property as
+        * as comma delimited values.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param values The values
+        */
+       public void setStrings(String name, String... values) {
+               set(name, StringUtils.arrayToString(values));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value for a known password configuration element.
+        * In order to enable the elimination of clear text passwords in config,
+        * this method attempts to resolve the property name as an alias through
+        * the CredentialProvider API and conditionally fallsback to config.
+        * @param name property name
+        * @return password
+        */
+       public char[] getPassword(String name) throws IOException {
+               char[] pass = null;
+
+               pass = getPasswordFromCredentialProviders(name);
+
+               if (pass == null) {
+                       pass = getPasswordFromConfig(name);
+               }
+
+               return pass;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Try and resolve the provided element name as a credential provider
+        * alias.
+        * @param name alias of the provisioned credential
+        * @return password or null if not found
+        * @throws IOException
+        */
+       protected char[] getPasswordFromCredentialProviders(String name)
+               throws IOException {
+               char[] pass = null;
+               try {
+                       List<CredentialProvider> providers =
+                               CredentialProviderFactory.getProviders(this);
+
+                       if (providers != null) {
+                               for (CredentialProvider provider : providers) {
+                                       try {
+                                               CredentialEntry entry = 
provider.getCredentialEntry(name);
+                                               if (entry != null) {
+                                                       pass = 
entry.getCredential();
+                                                       break;
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                                       catch (IOException ioe) {
+                                               throw new IOException("Can't 
get key " + name + " from key provider" +
+                                                       "of type: " + 
provider.getClass().getName() + ".", ioe);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               catch (IOException ioe) {
+                       throw new IOException("Configuration problem with 
provider path.", ioe);
+               }
+
+               return pass;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Fallback to clear text passwords in configuration.
+        * @param name
+        * @return clear text password or null
+        */
+       protected char[] getPasswordFromConfig(String name) {
+               char[] pass = null;
+               if (getBoolean(CredentialProvider.CLEAR_TEXT_FALLBACK, true)) {
+                       String passStr = get(name);
+                       if (passStr != null) {
+                               pass = passStr.toCharArray();
+                       }
+               }
+               return pass;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the socket address for <code>hostProperty</code> as a
+        * <code>InetSocketAddress</code>. If <code>hostProperty</code> is
+        * <code>null</code>, <code>addressProperty</code> will be used. This
+        * is useful for cases where we want to differentiate between host
+        * bind address and address clients should use to establish connection.
+        *
+        * @param hostProperty bind host property name.
+        * @param addressProperty address property name.
+        * @param defaultAddressValue the default value
+        * @param defaultPort the default port
+        * @return InetSocketAddress
+        */
+       public InetSocketAddress getSocketAddr(
+               String hostProperty,
+               String addressProperty,
+               String defaultAddressValue,
+               int defaultPort) {
+
+               InetSocketAddress bindAddr = getSocketAddr(
+                       addressProperty, defaultAddressValue, defaultPort);
+
+               final String host = get(hostProperty);
+
+               if (host == null || host.isEmpty()) {
+                       return bindAddr;
+               }
+
+               return NetUtils.createSocketAddr(
+                       host, bindAddr.getPort(), hostProperty);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the socket address for <code>name</code> property as a
+        * <code>InetSocketAddress</code>.
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param defaultAddress the default value
+        * @param defaultPort the default port
+        * @return InetSocketAddress
+        */
+       public InetSocketAddress getSocketAddr(
+               String name, String defaultAddress, int defaultPort) {
+               final String address = getTrimmed(name, defaultAddress);
+               return NetUtils.createSocketAddr(address, defaultPort, name);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the socket address for the <code>name</code> property as
+        * a <code>host:port</code>.
+        */
+       public void setSocketAddr(String name, InetSocketAddress addr) {
+               set(name, NetUtils.getHostPortString(addr));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the socket address a client can use to connect for the
+        * <code>name</code> property as a <code>host:port</code>.  The wildcard
+        * address is replaced with the local host's address. If the host and 
address
+        * properties are configured the host component of the address will be 
combined
+        * with the port component of the addr to generate the address.  This 
is to allow
+        * optional control over which host name is used in multi-home bind-host
+        * cases where a host can have multiple names
+        * @param hostProperty the bind-host configuration name
+        * @param addressProperty the service address configuration name
+        * @param defaultAddressValue the service default address configuration 
value
+        * @param addr InetSocketAddress of the service listener
+        * @return InetSocketAddress for clients to connect
+        */
+       public InetSocketAddress updateConnectAddr(
+               String hostProperty,
+               String addressProperty,
+               String defaultAddressValue,
+               InetSocketAddress addr) {
+
+               final String host = get(hostProperty);
+               final String connectHostPort = getTrimmed(addressProperty, 
defaultAddressValue);
+
+               if (host == null || host.isEmpty() || connectHostPort == null 
|| connectHostPort.isEmpty()) {
+                       //not our case, fall back to original logic
+                       return updateConnectAddr(addressProperty, addr);
+               }
+
+               final String connectHost = connectHostPort.split(":")[0];
+               // Create connect address using client address hostname and 
server port.
+               return updateConnectAddr(addressProperty, 
NetUtils.createSocketAddrForHost(
+                       connectHost, addr.getPort()));
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the socket address a client can use to connect for the
+        * <code>name</code> property as a <code>host:port</code>.  The wildcard
+        * address is replaced with the local host's address.
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param addr InetSocketAddress of a listener to store in the given 
property
+        * @return InetSocketAddress for clients to connect
+        */
+       public InetSocketAddress updateConnectAddr(String name,
+               InetSocketAddress addr) {
+               final InetSocketAddress connectAddr = 
NetUtils.getConnectAddress(addr);
+               setSocketAddr(name, connectAddr);
+               return connectAddr;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Load a class by name.
+        *
+        * @param name the class name.
+        * @return the class object.
+        * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class is not found.
+        */
+       public Class<?> getClassByName(String name) throws 
ClassNotFoundException {
+               Class<?> ret = getClassByNameOrNull(name);
+               if (ret == null) {
+                       throw new ClassNotFoundException("Class " + name + " 
not found");
+               }
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Load a class by name, returning null rather than throwing an 
exception
+        * if it couldn't be loaded. This is to avoid the overhead of creating
+        * an exception.
+        *
+        * @param name the class name
+        * @return the class object, or null if it could not be found.
+        */
+       public Class<?> getClassByNameOrNull(String name) {
+               Map<String, WeakReference<Class<?>>> map;
+
+               synchronized (CACHE_CLASSES) {
+                       map = CACHE_CLASSES.get(classLoader);
+                       if (map == null) {
+                               map = Collections.synchronizedMap(
+                                       new WeakHashMap<String, 
WeakReference<Class<?>>>());
+                               CACHE_CLASSES.put(classLoader, map);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               Class<?> clazz = null;
+               WeakReference<Class<?>> ref = map.get(name);
+               if (ref != null) {
+                       clazz = ref.get();
+               }
+
+               if (clazz == null) {
+                       try {
+                               clazz = Class.forName(name, true, classLoader);
+                       } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                               // Leave a marker that the class isn't found
+                               map.put(name, new 
WeakReference<Class<?>>(NEGATIVE_CACHE_SENTINEL));
+                               return null;
+                       }
+                       // two putters can race here, but they'll put the same 
class
+                       map.put(name, new WeakReference<Class<?>>(clazz));
+                       return clazz;
+               } else if (clazz == NEGATIVE_CACHE_SENTINEL) {
+                       return null; // not found
+               } else {
+                       // cache hit
+                       return clazz;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property
+        * as an array of <code>Class</code>.
+        * The value of the property specifies a list of comma separated class 
names.
+        * If no such property is specified, then <code>defaultValue</code> is
+        * returned.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @return property value as a <code>Class[]</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public Class<?>[] getClasses(String name, Class<?> ... defaultValue) {
+               String[] classnames = getTrimmedStrings(name);
+               if (classnames == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               try {
+                       Class<?>[] classes = new Class<?>[classnames.length];
+                       for(int i = 0; i < classnames.length; i++) {
+                               classes[i] = getClassByName(classnames[i]);
+                       }
+                       return classes;
+               } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>Class</code>.
+        * If no such property is specified, then <code>defaultValue</code> is
+        * returned.
+        *
+        * @param name the class name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @return property value as a <code>Class</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public Class<?> getClass(String name, Class<?> defaultValue) {
+               String valueString = getTrimmed(name);
+               if (valueString == null)
+                       return defaultValue;
+               try {
+                       return getClassByName(valueString);
+               } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>Class</code>
+        * implementing the interface specified by <code>xface</code>.
+        *
+        * If no such property is specified, then <code>defaultValue</code> is
+        * returned.
+        *
+        * An exception is thrown if the returned class does not implement the 
named
+        * interface.
+        *
+        * @param name the class name.
+        * @param defaultValue default value.
+        * @param xface the interface implemented by the named class.
+        * @return property value as a <code>Class</code>,
+        *         or <code>defaultValue</code>.
+        */
+       public <U> Class<? extends U> getClass(String name,
+               Class<? extends U> defaultValue,
+               Class<U> xface) {
+               try {
+                       Class<?> theClass = getClass(name, defaultValue);
+                       if (theClass != null && 
!xface.isAssignableFrom(theClass))
+                               throw new RuntimeException(theClass+" not 
"+xface.getName());
+                       else if (theClass != null)
+                               return theClass.asSubclass(xface);
+                       else
+                               return null;
+               } catch (Exception e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the value of the <code>name</code> property as a 
<code>List</code>
+        * of objects implementing the interface specified by 
<code>xface</code>.
+        *
+        * An exception is thrown if any of the classes does not exist, or if 
it does
+        * not implement the named interface.
+        *
+        * @param name the property name.
+        * @param xface the interface implemented by the classes named by
+        *        <code>name</code>.
+        * @return a <code>List</code> of objects implementing 
<code>xface</code>.
+        */
+       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       public <U> List<U> getInstances(String name, Class<U> xface) {
+               List<U> ret = new ArrayList<U>();
+               Class<?>[] classes = getClasses(name);
+               for (Class<?> cl: classes) {
+                       if (!xface.isAssignableFrom(cl)) {
+                               throw new RuntimeException(cl + " does not 
implement " + xface);
+                       }
+                       ret.add((U)ReflectionUtils.newInstance(cl, this));
+               }
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Set the value of the <code>name</code> property to the name of a
+        * <code>theClass</code> implementing the given interface 
<code>xface</code>.
+        *
+        * An exception is thrown if <code>theClass</code> does not implement 
the
+        * interface <code>xface</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name property name.
+        * @param theClass property value.
+        * @param xface the interface implemented by the named class.
+        */
+       public void setClass(String name, Class<?> theClass, Class<?> xface) {
+               if (!xface.isAssignableFrom(theClass))
+                       throw new RuntimeException(theClass+" not 
"+xface.getName());
+               set(name, theClass.getName());
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get a local file under a directory named by <i>dirsProp</i> with
+        * the given <i>path</i>.  If <i>dirsProp</i> contains multiple 
directories,
+        * then one is chosen based on <i>path</i>'s hash code.  If the selected
+        * directory does not exist, an attempt is made to create it.
+        *
+        * @param dirsProp directory in which to locate the file.
+        * @param path file-path.
+        * @return local file under the directory with the given path.
+        */
+       public Path getLocalPath(String dirsProp, String path)
+               throws IOException {
+               String[] dirs = getTrimmedStrings(dirsProp);
+               int hashCode = path.hashCode();
+               FileSystem fs = FileSystem.getLocal(this);
+               for (int i = 0; i < dirs.length; i++) {  // try each local dir
+                       int index = (hashCode+i & Integer.MAX_VALUE) % 
dirs.length;
+                       Path file = new Path(dirs[index], path);
+                       Path dir = file.getParent();
+                       if (fs.mkdirs(dir) || fs.exists(dir)) {
+                               return file;
+                       }
+               }
+               LOG.warn("Could not make " + path +
+                       " in local directories from " + dirsProp);
+               for(int i=0; i < dirs.length; i++) {
+                       int index = (hashCode+i & Integer.MAX_VALUE) % 
dirs.length;
+                       LOG.warn(dirsProp + "[" + index + "]=" + dirs[index]);
+               }
+               throw new IOException("No valid local directories in property: 
"+dirsProp);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get a local file name under a directory named in <i>dirsProp</i> with
+        * the given <i>path</i>.  If <i>dirsProp</i> contains multiple 
directories,
+        * then one is chosen based on <i>path</i>'s hash code.  If the selected
+        * directory does not exist, an attempt is made to create it.
+        *
+        * @param dirsProp directory in which to locate the file.
+        * @param path file-path.
+        * @return local file under the directory with the given path.
+        */
+       public File getFile(String dirsProp, String path)
+               throws IOException {
+               String[] dirs = getTrimmedStrings(dirsProp);
+               int hashCode = path.hashCode();
+               for (int i = 0; i < dirs.length; i++) {  // try each local dir
+                       int index = (hashCode+i & Integer.MAX_VALUE) % 
dirs.length;
+                       File file = new File(dirs[index], path);
+                       File dir = file.getParentFile();
+                       if (dir.exists() || dir.mkdirs()) {
+                               return file;
+                       }
+               }
+               throw new IOException("No valid local directories in property: 
"+dirsProp);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the {@link URL} for the named resource.
+        *
+        * @param name resource name.
+        * @return the url for the named resource.
+        */
+       public URL getResource(String name) {
+               return classLoader.getResource(name);
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get an input stream attached to the configuration resource with the
+        * given <code>name</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name configuration resource name.
+        * @return an input stream attached to the resource.
+        */
+       public InputStream getConfResourceAsInputStream(String name) {
+               try {
+                       URL url= getResource(name);
+
+                       if (url == null) {
+                               LOG.info(name + " not found");
+                               return null;
+                       } else {
+                               LOG.info("found resource " + name + " at " + 
url);
+                       }
+
+                       return url.openStream();
+               } catch (Exception e) {
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get a {@link Reader} attached to the configuration resource with the
+        * given <code>name</code>.
+        *
+        * @param name configuration resource name.
+        * @return a reader attached to the resource.
+        */
+       public Reader getConfResourceAsReader(String name) {
+               try {
+                       URL url= getResource(name);
+
+                       if (url == null) {
+                               LOG.info(name + " not found");
+                               return null;
+                       } else {
+                               LOG.info("found resource " + name + " at " + 
url);
+                       }
+
+                       return new InputStreamReader(url.openStream(), 
Charsets.UTF_8);
+               } catch (Exception e) {
+                       return null;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get the set of parameters marked final.
+        *
+        * @return final parameter set.
+        */
+       public Set<String> getFinalParameters() {
+               Set<String> setFinalParams = Collections.newSetFromMap(
+                       new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Boolean>());
+               setFinalParams.addAll(finalParameters);
+               return setFinalParams;
+       }
+
+       protected synchronized Properties getProps() {
+               if (properties == null) {
+                       properties = new Properties();
+                       Map<String, String[]> backup =
+                               new ConcurrentHashMap<String, 
String[]>(updatingResource);
+                       loadResources(properties, resources, quietmode);
+
+                       if (overlay != null) {
+                               properties.putAll(overlay);
+                               for (Map.Entry<Object,Object> item: 
overlay.entrySet()) {
+                                       String key = (String)item.getKey();
+                                       String[] source = backup.get(key);
+                                       if(source != null) {
+                                               updatingResource.put(key, 
source);
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               return properties;
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Return the number of keys in the configuration.
+        *
+        * @return number of keys in the configuration.
+        */
+       public int size() {
+               return getProps().size();
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Clears all keys from the configuration.
+        */
+       public void clear() {
+               getProps().clear();
+               getOverlay().clear();
+       }
+
+       /**
+        * Get an {@link Iterator} to go through the list of <code>String</code>
+        * key-value pairs in the configuration.
+        *
+        * @return an iterator over the entries.
+        */
+       @Override
+       public Iterator<Map.Entry<String, String>> iterator() {
+               // Get a copy of just the string to string pairs. After the old 
object
+               // methods that allow non-strings to be put into configurations 
are removed,
+               // we could replace properties with a Map<String,String> and 
get rid of this
+               // code.
+               Map<String,String> result = new HashMap<String,String>();
+               for(Map.Entry<Object,Object> item: getProps().entrySet()) {
+                       if (item.getKey() instanceof String &&
+                               item.getValue() instanceof String) {
+                               result.put((String) item.getKey(), (String) 
item.getValue());
+                       }
+               }
+               return result.entrySet().iterator();
+       }
+
+       private Document parse(DocumentBuilder builder, URL url)
+               throws IOException, SAXException {
+               if (!quietmode) {
+                       LOG.debug("parsing URL " + url);
+               }
+               if (url == null) {
+                       return null;
+               }
+               return parse(builder, url.openStream(), url.toString());
+       }
+
+       private Document parse(DocumentBuilder builder, InputStream is,
+               String systemId) throws IOException, SAXException {
+               if (!quietmode) {
+                       LOG.debug("parsing input stream " + is);
+               }
+               if (is == null) {
+                       return null;
+               }
+               try {
+                       return (systemId == null) ? builder.parse(is) : 
builder.parse(is,
+                               systemId);
+               } finally {
+                       is.close();
+               }
+       }
+
+       private void loadResources(Properties properties,
+               ArrayList<Resource> resources,
+               boolean quiet) {
+               if(loadDefaults) {
+                       for (String resource : defaultResources) {
+                               loadResource(properties, new 
Resource(resource), quiet);
+                       }
+
+                       //support the hadoop-site.xml as a deprecated case
+                       if(getResource("hadoop-site.xml")!=null) {
+                               loadResource(properties, new 
Resource("hadoop-site.xml"), quiet);
+                       }
+               }
+
+               for (int i = 0; i < resources.size(); i++) {
+                       Resource ret = loadResource(properties, 
resources.get(i), quiet);
+                       if (ret != null) {
+                               resources.set(i, ret);
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       private Resource loadResource(Properties properties, Resource wrapper, 
boolean quiet) {
+               String name = UNKNOWN_RESOURCE;
+               try {
+                       Object resource = wrapper.getResource();
+                       name = wrapper.getName();
+
+                       DocumentBuilderFactory docBuilderFactory
+                               = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
+                       //ignore all comments inside the xml file
+                       docBuilderFactory.setIgnoringComments(true);
+
+                       //allow includes in the xml file
+                       docBuilderFactory.setNamespaceAware(true);
+                       try {
+                               docBuilderFactory.setXIncludeAware(true);
+                       } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
+                               LOG.error("Failed to set setXIncludeAware(true) 
for parser "
+                                               + docBuilderFactory
+                                               + ":" + e,
+                                       e);
+                       }
+                       DocumentBuilder builder = 
docBuilderFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
+                       Document doc = null;
+                       Element root = null;
+                       boolean returnCachedProperties = false;
+
+                       if (resource instanceof URL) {                  // an 
URL resource
+                               doc = parse(builder, (URL)resource);
+                       } else if (resource instanceof String) {        // a 
CLASSPATH resource
+                               URL url = getResource((String)resource);
+                               doc = parse(builder, url);
+                       } else if (resource instanceof Path) {          // a 
file resource
+                               // Can't use FileSystem API or we get an 
infinite loop
+                               // since FileSystem uses Configuration API.  
Use java.io.File instead.
+                               File file = new 
File(((Path)resource).toUri().getPath())
+                                       .getAbsoluteFile();
+                               if (file.exists()) {
+                                       if (!quiet) {
+                                               LOG.debug("parsing File " + 
file);
+                                       }
+                                       doc = parse(builder, new 
BufferedInputStream(
+                                               new FileInputStream(file)), 
((Path)resource).toString());
+                               }
+                       } else if (resource instanceof InputStream) {
+                               doc = parse(builder, (InputStream) resource, 
null);
+                               returnCachedProperties = true;
+                       } else if (resource instanceof Properties) {
+                               overlay(properties, (Properties)resource);
+                       } else if (resource instanceof Element) {
+                               root = (Element)resource;
+                       }
+
+                       if (root == null) {
+                               if (doc == null) {
+                                       if (quiet) {
+                                               return null;
+                                       }
+                                       throw new RuntimeException(resource + " 
not found");
+                               }
+                               root = doc.getDocumentElement();
+                       }
+                       Properties toAddTo = properties;
+                       if(returnCachedProperties) {
+                               toAddTo = new Properties();
+                       }
+                       if (!"configuration".equals(root.getTagName()))
+                               LOG.fatal("bad conf file: top-level element not 
<configuration>");
+                       NodeList props = root.getChildNodes();
+                       DeprecationContext deprecations = 
deprecationContext.get();
+                       for (int i = 0; i < props.getLength(); i++) {
+                               Node propNode = props.item(i);
+                               if (!(propNode instanceof Element))
+                                       continue;
+                               Element prop = (Element)propNode;
+                               if ("configuration".equals(prop.getTagName())) {
+                                       loadResource(toAddTo, new 
Resource(prop, name), quiet);
+                                       continue;
+                               }
+                               if (!"property".equals(prop.getTagName()))
+                                       LOG.warn("bad conf file: element not 
<property>");
+                               NodeList fields = prop.getChildNodes();
+                               String attr = null;
+                               String value = null;
+                               boolean finalParameter = false;
+                               LinkedList<String> source = new 
LinkedList<String>();
+                               for (int j = 0; j < fields.getLength(); j++) {
+                                       Node fieldNode = fields.item(j);
+                                       if (!(fieldNode instanceof Element))
+                                               continue;
+                                       Element field = (Element)fieldNode;
+                                       if ("name".equals(field.getTagName()) 
&& field.hasChildNodes())
+                                               attr = 
StringInterner.weakIntern(
+                                                       
((Text)field.getFirstChild()).getData().trim());
+                                       if ("value".equals(field.getTagName()) 
&& field.hasChildNodes())
+                                               value = 
StringInterner.weakIntern(
+                                                       
((Text)field.getFirstChild()).getData());
+                                       if ("final".equals(field.getTagName()) 
&& field.hasChildNodes())
+                                               finalParameter = 
"true".equals(((Text)field.getFirstChild()).getData());
+                                       if ("source".equals(field.getTagName()) 
&& field.hasChildNodes())
+                                               
source.add(StringInterner.weakIntern(
+                                                       
((Text)field.getFirstChild()).getData()));
+                               }
+                               source.add(name);
+
+                               // Ignore this parameter if it has already been 
marked as 'final'
+                               if (attr != null) {
+                                       if 
(deprecations.getDeprecatedKeyMap().containsKey(attr)) {
+                                               DeprecatedKeyInfo keyInfo =
+                                                       
deprecations.getDeprecatedKeyMap().get(attr);
+                                               keyInfo.clearAccessed();
+                                               for (String 
key:keyInfo.newKeys) {
+                                                       // update new keys with 
deprecated key's value
+                                                       loadProperty(toAddTo, 
name, key, value, finalParameter,
+                                                               
source.toArray(new String[source.size()]));
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                                       else {
+                                               loadProperty(toAddTo, name, 
attr, value, finalParameter,
+                                                       source.toArray(new 
String[source.size()]));
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       if (returnCachedProperties) {
+                               overlay(properties, toAddTo);
+                               return new Resource(toAddTo, name);
+                       }
+                       return null;
+               } catch (IOException e) {
+                       LOG.fatal("error parsing conf " + name, e);
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               } catch (DOMException e) {
+                       LOG.fatal("error parsing conf " + name, e);
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               } catch (SAXException e) {
+                       LOG.fatal("error parsing conf " + name, e);
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               } catch (ParserConfigurationException e) {
+                       LOG.fatal("error parsing conf " + name , e);
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       private void overlay(Properties to, Properties from) {
+               for (Entry<Object, Object> entry: from.entrySet()) {
+                       to.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+               }
+       }
+
+       private void loadProperty(Properties properties, String name, String 
attr,
+               String value, boolean finalParameter, String[] source) {
+               if (value != null || allowNullValueProperties) {
+                       if (!finalParameters.contains(attr)) {
+                               if (value==null && allowNullValueProperties) {
+                                       value = DEFAULT_STRING_CHECK;
+                               }
+                               properties.setProperty(attr, value);
+                               if(source != null) {
+                                       updatingResource.put(attr, source);
+                               }
+                       } else if (!value.equals(properties.getProperty(attr))) 
{
+                               LOG.warn(name+":an attempt to override final 
parameter: "+attr
+                                       +";  Ignoring.");
+                       }
+               }
+               if (finalParameter && attr != null)

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