roryqi commented on code in PR #12579:
URL: https://github.com/apache/gravitino/pull/12579#discussion_r3870691323


##########
core/src/test/java/org/apache/gravitino/storage/relational/service/TestPolicyTagRelService.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.service;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.sql.Connection;
+import java.sql.ResultSet;
+import java.sql.SQLException;
+import java.sql.Statement;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
+import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.Future;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import org.apache.gravitino.Entity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.NameIdentifier;
+import org.apache.gravitino.RelationEdgeTarget;
+import org.apache.gravitino.RelationUpdate;
+import org.apache.gravitino.RelationalEntity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.SupportsRelationOperations;
+import org.apache.gravitino.exceptions.NoSuchEntityException;
+import org.apache.gravitino.meta.BaseMetalake;
+import org.apache.gravitino.meta.PolicyEntity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.meta.TagEntity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.RandomIdGenerator;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.TestJDBCBackend;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.mapper.PolicyTagRelMapper;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.po.PolicyTagRelPO;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.session.SqlSessionFactoryHelper;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.utils.SessionUtils;
+import org.apache.gravitino.utils.NameIdentifierUtil;
+import org.apache.gravitino.utils.NamespaceUtil;
+import org.apache.ibatis.session.SqlSession;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.TestTemplate;
+
+/** Tests policy-to-tag relation persistence and lifecycle behavior. */
+public class TestPolicyTagRelService extends TestJDBCBackend {
+
+  private static final String METALAKE = "policy_tag_relation_metalake";
+  private static final String FINANCE_SELECTOR = 
"{\"type\":\"TAG_VALUE\",\"value\":\"finance\"}";
+  private static final String RISK_SELECTOR = 
"{\"type\":\"TAG_VALUE\",\"value\":\"risk\"}";
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testSelectorCreateReplaceBidirectionalReadAndIdempotentDelete() 
throws IOException {
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(METALAKE);
+    TagEntity tag =
+        TagEntity.builder()
+            .withId(RandomIdGenerator.INSTANCE.nextId())
+            .withName("domain")
+            .withNamespace(NamespaceUtil.ofTag(METALAKE))
+            .withProperties(Collections.emptyMap())
+            .withAuditInfo(AUDIT_INFO)
+            .build();
+    PolicyEntity policy =
+        createPolicy(
+            RandomIdGenerator.INSTANCE.nextId(),
+            NamespaceUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE),
+            "retention",
+            AUDIT_INFO);
+    backend.insert(tag, false);
+    backend.insert(policy, false);
+
+    RelationEdgeTarget financeTarget =
+        RelationEdgeTarget.of(policy.nameIdentifier(), 
Entity.EntityType.POLICY, FINANCE_SELECTOR);
+    RelationUpdate financeUpdate =
+        RelationUpdate.of(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            tag.nameIdentifier(),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[] {financeTarget},
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[0]);
+    backend.updateEntityRelations(financeUpdate);
+    backend.updateEntityRelations(financeUpdate);
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> byTag =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Collections.singletonList(tag.nameIdentifier()),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(1, byTag.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL, 
byTag.get(0).type());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(tag.nameIdentifier(), byTag.get(0).source());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(Entity.EntityType.TAG, byTag.get(0).sourceType());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(policy, byTag.get(0).targetEntity());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(FINANCE_SELECTOR, 
byTag.get(0).relationValue().orElse(null));
+    Assertions.assertEquals(
+        policy,
+        backend.getEntityByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            tag.nameIdentifier(),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+            policy.nameIdentifier()));
+
+    RelationEdgeTarget riskTarget =
+        RelationEdgeTarget.of(policy.nameIdentifier(), 
Entity.EntityType.POLICY, RISK_SELECTOR);
+    backend.updateEntityRelations(
+        RelationUpdate.of(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            tag.nameIdentifier(),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[] {riskTarget},
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[0]));
+    byTag =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Collections.singletonList(tag.nameIdentifier()),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(1, byTag.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(FINANCE_SELECTOR, 
byTag.get(0).relationValue().orElse(null));
+
+    backend.updateEntityRelations(
+        RelationUpdate.of(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            tag.nameIdentifier(),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[] {riskTarget},
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[] {financeTarget}));
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> byPolicy =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Collections.singletonList(policy.nameIdentifier()),
+            Entity.EntityType.POLICY);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(1, byPolicy.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(policy.nameIdentifier(), byPolicy.get(0).source());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(Entity.EntityType.POLICY, 
byPolicy.get(0).sourceType());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(tag, byPolicy.get(0).targetEntity());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(RISK_SELECTOR, 
byPolicy.get(0).relationValue().orElse(null));
+
+    RelationUpdate removeUpdate =
+        RelationUpdate.of(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            tag.nameIdentifier(),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[0],
+            new RelationEdgeTarget[] {riskTarget});
+    backend.updateEntityRelations(removeUpdate);
+    backend.updateEntityRelations(removeUpdate);
+    Assertions.assertTrue(
+        backend
+            .batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+                SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+                Collections.singletonList(NameIdentifierUtil.ofTag(METALAKE, 
tag.name())),
+                Entity.EntityType.TAG)
+            .isEmpty());
+  }
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testBatchListRelationsByMultipleAnchors() throws IOException {
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(METALAKE);
+    TagEntity firstTag = createAssociation(METALAKE, "domain_a", 
"retention_a");
+    TagEntity secondTag = createAssociation(METALAKE, "domain_b", 
"retention_b");
+    String otherMetalake = METALAKE + "_other";
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(otherMetalake);
+    createAssociation(otherMetalake, "domain_a", "retention_a");
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> byTags =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Arrays.asList(
+                firstTag.nameIdentifier(),
+                secondTag.nameIdentifier(),
+                NameIdentifierUtil.ofTag(METALAKE, "missing_tag")),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(2, byTags.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(
+        Set.of("domain_a", "domain_b"),
+        byTags.stream().map(relation -> 
relation.source().name()).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> byPolicies =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Arrays.asList(
+                NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "retention_a"),
+                NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "retention_b"),
+                NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "missing_policy")),
+            Entity.EntityType.POLICY);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(2, byPolicies.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals(
+        Set.of("retention_a", "retention_b"),
+        byPolicies.stream().map(relation -> 
relation.source().name()).collect(Collectors.toSet()));
+  }
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testUpdateRelationsRollsBackOnFailure() throws IOException {
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(METALAKE);
+    TagEntity tag = createAssociation(METALAKE, "domain", "retention");
+    RelationEdgeTarget existingTarget =
+        RelationEdgeTarget.of(
+            NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "retention"), 
Entity.EntityType.POLICY, null);
+    RelationEdgeTarget missingTarget =
+        RelationEdgeTarget.of(
+            NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "missing_policy"),
+            Entity.EntityType.POLICY,
+            null);
+
+    Assertions.assertThrows(
+        NoSuchEntityException.class,
+        () ->
+            backend.updateEntityRelations(
+                RelationUpdate.of(
+                    SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+                    tag.nameIdentifier(),
+                    Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+                    new RelationEdgeTarget[] {missingTarget},
+                    new RelationEdgeTarget[] {existingTarget})));
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> relations =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Collections.singletonList(tag.nameIdentifier()),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(1, relations.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals("retention", 
relations.get(0).targetEntity().name());
+  }
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testEntityDeletesCascadePolicyTagRelations() throws IOException {
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(METALAKE);
+    TagEntity policyDeletedTag =
+        createAssociation(METALAKE, "policy_deleted_tag", "deleted_policy");
+    backend.delete(
+        NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "deleted_policy"), 
Entity.EntityType.POLICY, false);
+    Assertions.assertTrue(
+        backend
+            .batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+                SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+                Collections.singletonList(policyDeletedTag.nameIdentifier()),
+                Entity.EntityType.TAG)
+            .isEmpty());
+
+    TagEntity deletedTag = createAssociation(METALAKE, "deleted_tag", 
"surviving_policy");
+    backend.delete(deletedTag.nameIdentifier(), Entity.EntityType.TAG, false);
+    Assertions.assertTrue(
+        backend
+            .batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+                SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+                Collections.singletonList(
+                    NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(METALAKE, "surviving_policy")),
+                Entity.EntityType.POLICY)
+            .isEmpty());
+  }
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testMetalakeCascadeDoesNotDeleteRelationsFromOtherMetalakes() 
throws IOException {
+    BaseMetalake deletedMetalake = createAndInsertMakeLake(METALAKE);
+    createAssociation(METALAKE, "deleted_domain", "deleted_retention");
+    String survivingMetalake = METALAKE + "_surviving";
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(survivingMetalake);
+    TagEntity survivingTag =
+        createAssociation(survivingMetalake, "surviving_domain", 
"surviving_retention");
+
+    backend.delete(deletedMetalake.nameIdentifier(), 
Entity.EntityType.METALAKE, true);
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> survivingRelations =
+        backend.batchListEntitiesByRelation(
+            SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+            Collections.singletonList(survivingTag.nameIdentifier()),
+            Entity.EntityType.TAG);
+    Assertions.assertEquals(1, survivingRelations.size());
+    Assertions.assertEquals("surviving_retention", 
survivingRelations.get(0).targetEntity().name());
+  }
+
+  @TestTemplate
+  public void testConcurrentIdenticalAddsAreIdempotent() throws Exception {
+    createAndInsertMakeLake(METALAKE);
+    RelationEndpoints endpoints = createEndpoints(METALAKE, "domain", 
"retention");
+    RelationUpdate add = relationUpdate(endpoints, null, true);
+
+    runConcurrently(() -> updateRelationsUnchecked(add), () -> 
updateRelationsUnchecked(add));

Review Comment:
   Added the relation-scope deterministic coverage in 113a2bc20: two 
independent SqlSessions both observe the pair as absent before racing the 
atomic insert, a stale row-A observation cannot delete re-created row B, and a 
multi-target conflict rolls back every relation write. The suite runs on H2, 
MySQL, and PostgreSQL; 36 cases pass. Endpoint add/delete races are deferred 
with endpoint OCC, and selector update races do not apply because selectors are 
immutable in this API.



##########
core/src/main/java/org/apache/gravitino/storage/relational/service/PolicyTagRelService.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.service;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import org.apache.gravitino.Entity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.NameIdentifier;
+import org.apache.gravitino.RelationEdgeTarget;
+import org.apache.gravitino.RelationalEntity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.SupportsRelationOperations;
+import org.apache.gravitino.exceptions.NoSuchEntityException;
+import org.apache.gravitino.exceptions.OptimisticLockException;
+import org.apache.gravitino.json.JsonUtils;
+import org.apache.gravitino.meta.AuditInfo;
+import org.apache.gravitino.meta.PolicyEntity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.meta.TagEntity;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.mapper.PolicyMetaMapper;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.mapper.PolicyTagRelMapper;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.mapper.TagMetaMapper;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.po.PolicyPO;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.po.PolicyTagRelPO;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.po.TagPO;
+import org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.utils.SessionUtils;
+import org.apache.gravitino.utils.NameIdentifierUtil;
+import org.apache.gravitino.utils.PrincipalUtils;
+
+/** JDBC metadata service for policy-to-tag relations. */
+public class PolicyTagRelService {
+
+  private static final PolicyTagRelService INSTANCE = new 
PolicyTagRelService();
+
+  /**
+   * @return The singleton service instance.
+   */
+  public static PolicyTagRelService getInstance() {
+    return INSTANCE;
+  }
+
+  private PolicyTagRelService() {}
+
+  /**
+   * Lists policy-to-tag relation edges from policy or tag anchors.
+   *
+   * @param anchors The policy or tag identifiers to query.
+   * @param anchorType The entity type of every anchor.
+   * @return The relation edges, including selector JSON as the relation value.
+   */
+  public List<RelationalEntity<?>> listRelations(
+      List<NameIdentifier> anchors, Entity.EntityType anchorType) {
+    if (anchors == null || anchors.isEmpty()) {
+      return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        anchorType == Entity.EntityType.TAG || anchorType == 
Entity.EntityType.POLICY,
+        "Policy-to-tag relations do not support anchor type %s",
+        anchorType);
+    validateSameMetalake(anchors);
+
+    String metalake = anchors.get(0).namespace().level(0);
+    List<String> anchorNames =
+        
anchors.stream().map(NameIdentifier::name).distinct().collect(Collectors.toList());
+    List<PolicyTagRelPO> relations =
+        SessionUtils.getWithoutCommit(
+            PolicyTagRelMapper.class,
+            mapper ->
+                anchorType == Entity.EntityType.TAG
+                    ? mapper.listByTagNames(metalake, anchorNames)
+                    : mapper.listByPolicyNames(metalake, anchorNames));
+    if (relations.isEmpty()) {
+      return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    return anchorType == Entity.EntityType.TAG
+        ? policyTargets(metalake, relations)
+        : tagTargets(metalake, relations);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates, replaces, or removes policy-to-tag relations for one tag.
+   *
+   * <p>An add for an existing pair replaces its selector. Repeating the same 
selector and removing
+   * a missing pair are idempotent no-ops.
+   *
+   * @param tagIdentifier The source tag identifier.
+   * @param targetsToAdd Policy targets to create or replace.
+   * @param targetsToRemove Policy targets to remove.
+   * @return All active policy targets for the tag after the update.
+   * @throws IOException If selector audit information cannot be serialized.
+   */
+  public List<PolicyEntity> updateRelations(
+      NameIdentifier tagIdentifier,
+      RelationEdgeTarget[] targetsToAdd,
+      RelationEdgeTarget[] targetsToRemove)
+      throws IOException {
+    NameIdentifierUtil.checkTag(tagIdentifier);
+    String metalake = tagIdentifier.namespace().level(0);
+    RelationEdgeTarget[] targetsToAddOrEmpty = nullToEmpty(targetsToAdd);
+    RelationEdgeTarget[] targetsToRemoveOrEmpty = nullToEmpty(targetsToRemove);
+    validatePolicyTargets(metalake, targetsToAddOrEmpty);
+    validatePolicyTargets(metalake, targetsToRemoveOrEmpty);
+
+    List<PolicyEntity> updatedPolicies = new ArrayList<>();
+    try {
+      SessionUtils.doMultipleWithCommit(
+          () -> {
+            try {
+              updatedPolicies.addAll(
+                  updateRelationsWithoutCommit(
+                      tagIdentifier, targetsToAddOrEmpty, 
targetsToRemoveOrEmpty));
+            } catch (IOException e) {
+              throw new UncheckedIOException(e);
+            }
+          });
+    } catch (UncheckedIOException e) {
+      throw e.getCause();
+    }
+    return updatedPolicies;
+  }
+
+  private List<PolicyEntity> updateRelationsWithoutCommit(
+      NameIdentifier tagIdentifier,
+      RelationEdgeTarget[] targetsToAdd,
+      RelationEdgeTarget[] targetsToRemove)
+      throws IOException {
+    String metalake = tagIdentifier.namespace().level(0);
+    TagPO tagPO = lockTag(tagIdentifier);
+    long tagId = tagPO.getTagId();
+    Map<String, Long> policyIds = resolvePolicyIds(metalake, targetsToAdd, 
targetsToRemove);
+
+    for (RelationEdgeTarget target : targetsToRemove) {
+      long policyId = policyIds.get(target.nameIdentifier().name());
+      PolicyTagRelPO existing =
+          SessionUtils.getWithoutCommit(
+              PolicyTagRelMapper.class, mapper -> 
mapper.getByPolicyIdAndTagId(policyId, tagId));
+      if (existing != null) {
+        int deleted =
+            SessionUtils.getWithoutCommit(
+                PolicyTagRelMapper.class, mapper -> 
mapper.softDeleteByPair(existing));
+        if (deleted != 1) {
+          throw relationConflict(tagIdentifier);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (RelationEdgeTarget target : targetsToAdd) {
+      long policyId = policyIds.get(target.nameIdentifier().name());
+      insertIfAbsent(policyId, tagId, target.relationValue().orElse(null));
+    }
+
+    return listRelations(Collections.singletonList(tagIdentifier), 
Entity.EntityType.TAG).stream()
+        .map(relation -> (PolicyEntity) relation.targetEntity())
+        .collect(Collectors.toList());
+  }
+
+  private static List<RelationalEntity<?>> policyTargets(
+      String metalake, List<PolicyTagRelPO> relations) {
+    Set<String> policyNames =
+        relations.stream()
+            .map(PolicyTagRelPO::getPolicyName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(LinkedHashSet::new));
+    List<NameIdentifier> policyIdentifiers =
+        policyNames.stream()
+            .map(name -> NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(metalake, name))
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    Map<String, PolicyEntity> policies =
+        
PolicyMetaService.getInstance().batchGetPolicyByIdentifier(policyIdentifiers).stream()
+            .collect(Collectors.toMap(PolicyEntity::name, policy -> policy));
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> result = new ArrayList<>();
+    for (PolicyTagRelPO relation : relations) {
+      PolicyEntity policy = policies.get(relation.getPolicyName());
+      if (policy != null) {
+        result.add(
+            new RelationalEntity<>(
+                SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+                NameIdentifierUtil.ofTag(metalake, relation.getTagName()),
+                Entity.EntityType.TAG,
+                policy,
+                relation.getSelector()));
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private static List<RelationalEntity<?>> tagTargets(
+      String metalake, List<PolicyTagRelPO> relations) {
+    Set<String> tagNames =
+        relations.stream()
+            .map(PolicyTagRelPO::getTagName)
+            .collect(Collectors.toCollection(LinkedHashSet::new));
+    List<NameIdentifier> tagIdentifiers =
+        tagNames.stream()
+            .map(name -> NameIdentifierUtil.ofTag(metalake, name))
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    Map<String, TagEntity> tags =
+        
TagMetaService.getInstance().batchGetTagByIdentifier(tagIdentifiers).stream()
+            .collect(Collectors.toMap(TagEntity::name, tag -> tag));
+
+    List<RelationalEntity<?>> result = new ArrayList<>();
+    for (PolicyTagRelPO relation : relations) {
+      TagEntity tag = tags.get(relation.getTagName());
+      if (tag != null) {
+        result.add(
+            new RelationalEntity<>(
+                SupportsRelationOperations.Type.POLICY_TAG_REL,
+                NameIdentifierUtil.ofPolicy(metalake, 
relation.getPolicyName()),
+                Entity.EntityType.POLICY,
+                tag,
+                relation.getSelector()));
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private static void insertIfAbsent(long policyId, long tagId, String 
selector)
+      throws IOException {
+    PolicyTagRelPO existing =

Review Comment:
   Implemented in 113a2bc20. The mapper now uses a database-specific atomic 
insert-if-absent and returns the affected-row count; a losing insert re-reads 
the active relation and reports EntityAlreadyExistsException rather than 
exposing a raw duplicate-key error. Selector semantics are now explicit: an 
existing policy/tag pair always conflicts, even when the selector is identical. 
Selector updates are not supported, and the same pair cannot be removed and 
added in one request.



##########
core/src/main/java/org/apache/gravitino/storage/relational/po/PolicyTagRelPO.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.gravitino.storage.relational.po;
+
+import com.google.common.base.Objects;
+import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import lombok.Getter;
+
+/** Persistent object for a policy-to-tag relation row. */
+@Getter
+public class PolicyTagRelPO {
+  private Long policyId;

Review Comment:
   Implemented in 113a2bc20. PolicyTagRelPO now maps the immutable relation row 
ID, and the delete CAS matches id + observed current_version + deleted_at = 0. 
A deterministic ABA test verifies that a stale observation of row A cannot 
delete a re-created row B.



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