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commit 2bf90365798b8c4b5009fb9e03c299922f9fd519
Author: jenkins <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Tue May 19 06:45:30 2026 +0000
2026/05/19 06:45:30: Generated dev website from groovy-website@ec84968
---
search/search-index.json | 9 +-
wiki/GEP-23.html | 920 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
wiki/geps.html | 2 +-
3 files changed, 929 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/search/search-index.json b/search/search-index.json
index e59255d..6adce2c 100644
--- a/search/search-index.json
+++ b/search/search-index.json
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@
{
"id": "wiki/geps.html",
"title": "The Apache Groovy programming language - GEPs",
- "content": "The Apache Groovy programming language - GEPs Socialize
Discuss on the mailing list Groovy on X Groovy on Bluesky Groovy on Mastodon
Groovy on LinkedIn Events and conferences Source code on GitHub Report issues
in Jira Stack Overflow questions Slack Community You are using an outdated
browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience. Apache
Groovy™ Learn Documentation Download Support Contribute Ecosystem Blog
posts Socialize GEPs GEP-1 GEP-2 GEP- [...]
+ "content": "The Apache Groovy programming language - GEPs Socialize
Discuss on the mailing list Groovy on X Groovy on Bluesky Groovy on Mastodon
Groovy on LinkedIn Events and conferences Source code on GitHub Report issues
in Jira Stack Overflow questions Slack Community You are using an outdated
browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience. Apache
Groovy™ Learn Documentation Download Support Contribute Ecosystem Blog
posts Socialize GEPs GEP-1 GEP-2 GEP- [...]
"url": "wiki/geps.html",
"site": "dev"
},
@@ -923,6 +923,13 @@
"url": "wiki/GEP-7.html",
"site": "dev"
},
+ {
+ "id": "wiki/GEP-23.html",
+ "title": "The Apache Groovy programming language - Developer docs -
GEP-23",
+ "content": "The Apache Groovy programming language - Developer docs -
GEP-23 Socialize Discuss on the mailing list Groovy on X Groovy on Bluesky
Groovy on Mastodon Groovy on LinkedIn Events and conferences Source code on
GitHub Report issues in Jira Stack Overflow questions Slack Community You are
using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your
experience. Apache Groovy™ Learn Documentation Download Support
Contribute Ecosystem Blog posts Socialize GE [...]
+ "url": "wiki/GEP-23.html",
+ "site": "dev"
+ },
{
"id": "wiki/GEP-9.html",
"title": "The Apache Groovy programming language - Developer docs -
GEP-9",
diff --git a/wiki/GEP-23.html b/wiki/GEP-23.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf88aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wiki/GEP-23.html
@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if lt IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7"> <![endif]-->
+<!--[if IE 7]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9 lt-ie8"> <![endif]-->
+<!--[if IE 8]> <html class="no-js lt-ie9"> <![endif]-->
+<!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html class="no-js"> <!--<![endif]--><head>
+ <meta charset='utf-8'/><meta http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible'
content='IE=edge'/><meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width,
initial-scale=1'/><title>The Apache Groovy programming language - Developer
docs - GEP-23</title><link href='../img/favicon.ico' type='image/x-ico'
rel='icon'/><script src='../js/matomo.js'></script><link rel='stylesheet'
type='text/css' href='../css/bootstrap.css'/><link rel='stylesheet'
type='text/css' href='../css/fontawesome.min.css'/><link rel='styleshe [...]
+</head><body>
+ <div id='fork-me'>
+ <a href='https://github.com/apache/groovy'>
+ <img style='position: fixed; top: 20px; right: -58px; border: 0;
z-index: 100; transform: rotate(45deg);'
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+ </a>
+ </div><div id='st-container' class='st-container st-effect-9'>
+ <nav class='st-menu st-effect-9' id='menu-12'>
+ <h2 class='icon icon-lab'>Socialize</h2><ul>
+ <li>
+ <a href='https://groovy-lang.org/mailing-lists.html'
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+ <a href='https://bsky.app/profile/groovy.apache.org'
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+ <a
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+ <a href='https://github.com/apache/groovy'
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+ </li><li>
+ <a href='http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/groovy'
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+ <a href='http://www.groovycommunity.com/'
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+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </nav><div class='st-pusher'>
+ <div class='st-content'>
+ <div class='st-content-inner'>
+ <!--[if lt IE 7]>
+ <p class="browsehappy">You are using an
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+ <![endif]--><div><div class='navbar navbar-default
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+ <div class='container'>
+ <div class='navbar-header'>
+ <button type='button'
class='navbar-toggle' data-toggle='collapse' data-target='.navbar-collapse'>
+ <span class='sr-only'></span><span
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+ </button><a class='navbar-brand'
href='../index.html'>
+ <i class='fa-classic fa-solid
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+ </a>
+ </div><div class='navbar-collapse collapse'>
+ <ul class='nav navbar-nav navbar-right'>
+ <li class=''><a
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+ <a data-effect='st-effect-9'
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+ </li><li class=''>
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+ <i class='fa-classic fa-solid
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+ <button id='theme-switcher'
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theme'>
+ <span
class='theme-icon'></span>
+ </button>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ </div><div id='content' class='page-1'><div
class='row'><div class='row-fluid'><div class='col-lg-3'><ul
class='nav-sidebar'><li><a href='geps.html'>GEP index</a></li><li
class='active'><a href='#doc'>GEP-23</a></li><li><a
href='#_abstract_monadic_comprehensions' class='anchor-link'>Abstract: Monadic
comprehensions</a></li><li><a href='#_specification'
class='anchor-link'>Specification</a></li><li><a
href='#_relationship_to_the_concurrency_primitives' class='ancho [...]
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sidebarblock">
+<div class="content">
+<div class="title">Metadata</div>
+<div class="hdlist">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Number</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>GEP-23</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Title</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>Monadic comprehensions</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Version</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>1</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Type</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>Feature</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Status</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>Final</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Comment</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>Delivered in Groovy 6.0 via the <code>DO</code> macro; the feature is
incubating and subject to change</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Leader</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>(to be assigned)</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Created</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>2026-05-19</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="hdlist1">
+<strong>Last modification</strong>
+</td>
+<td class="hdlist2">
+<p>2026-05-19</p>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_abstract_monadic_comprehensions">Abstract: Monadic comprehensions</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>DO</code> is a comprehension macro that rewrites a sequence of
name-binding
+generators followed by a body into a chain of bind operations on a
+participating <strong>carrier</strong> type. It provides Scala-style
for-comprehension and
+Haskell-style do-notation ergonomics for any type with monadic shape —
+<code>Optional</code>, <code>Stream</code>, <code>CompletableFuture</code>,
Groovy’s <code>Awaitable</code> and
+<code>DataflowVariable</code>, common Functional Java types, and user-defined
carriers
+that opt in.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Three artefacts are introduced:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>the <code>DO</code> macro in the macro library, performing a purely
syntactic tree
+rewrite at compile time;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>the <code>@groovy.transform.Monadic</code> annotation, by which a user type
opts in
+and may declare non-conventional bind/map method names;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>a type-checking extension that enforces the monadic shape under
+<code>@CompileStatic</code>/<code>@TypeChecked</code> and supplies the static
types that flow
+through the rewritten chain.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The proposal is deliberately narrow. It does not introduce higher-kinded
+types, a <code>Functor</code>/<code>Applicative</code>/<code>Monad</code>
interface hierarchy, monad
+transformers, or automatic <code>pure</code>/<code>unit</code> lifting. It
generalises a
+composition pattern Groovy already commits to for <code>Awaitable</code> so
that the
+same notation is available to any carrier with the same shape.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>This GEP specifies the language semantics. Worked, tutorial-style examples
+live in the language specification chapter on monadic comprehensions; this
+document is intentionally terse and prescriptive.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_motivation">Motivation</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Composing values that live inside a carrier — an <code>Optional</code> that
may be
+absent, an <code>Awaitable</code> that will complete later, a validation
result that
+may have failed — is normally expressed either as hand-written
+<code>flatMap</code>/<code>then</code> chains, which nest deeply and obscure
data flow as the
+number of participants grows, or, for the asynchronous case, as imperative
+<code>async { …​ await x; await y; …​ }</code>, which
reads well but does not extend
+to non-async carriers.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Other languages addressed this with notation that lives one level above the
+underlying carrier: Scala’s <code>for</code>-comprehensions,
Haskell’s <code>do</code>-notation,
+F#'s computation expressions. Each desugars a sequence of name-binding
+generators into a chain of bind operations; the notation is uniform across
+carriers and the carrier-specific behaviour is delivered entirely by the
+methods of the carrier itself.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Groovy already has the facilities to deliver this outcome without inventing
+an abstraction hierarchy: compile-time macros for the syntactic rewrite, and
+type-checking extensions (GEP-8) for teaching static compilation new
+structural rules without altering the type system. <code>DO</code> combines
the two.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A side-by-side comparison with Scala <code>for</code>, Haskell
<code>do</code>, Kotlin
+coroutine-based composition, and F# computation expressions is given in
+<a href="#_comparison_with_related_constructs">Comparison with related
constructs</a>
+below.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_specification">Specification</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_surface_syntax">Surface syntax</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>DO</code> takes a comma-separated list of <strong>generators</strong>
followed by a closure
+body:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">def result = DO(x
in m1,
+ y in f(x),
+ z in g(x, y)) {
+ body(x, y, z)
+}</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Each generator has the form <code>name in expression</code>. The bound name
is in
+scope in the source expression of every subsequent generator and in the
+body. Every generator’s source expression, and the body, must evaluate
to a
+value of the same carrier type.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The all-uppercase name follows the convention of the existing macro-library
+entries (<code>SV</code>, <code>NV</code>, and friends). The uppercase form
signals to readers
+that the call is rewritten at compile time and is not an ordinary method
+invocation. <code>DO</code> is a contextual name and remains usable as an
ordinary
+identifier elsewhere.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_desugaring">Desugaring</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Every generator becomes a bind; the body is the innermost closure body. The
+rewrite is:</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+<col style="width: 50%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Source</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Expansion</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>DO(x
in m1) { body }</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>m1</code> bound with <code>{ x -> body
}</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>DO(x
in m1, y in f(x)) { body }</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>m1</code> bound with <code>{ x -> f(x)</code> bound
with <code>{ y -> body } }</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>DO(x
in m1, y in f(x), z in g(x, y)) { body }</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>m1</code> bound with <code>{ x -> f(x)</code> bound
with <code>{ y -> g(x, y)</code> bound with <code>{ z -> body } }
}</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Because the macro expands before type information is available, it does not
+emit a carrier-specific method name directly; it emits calls to a bind
+dispatcher (see <a href="#_runtime_model">Runtime model</a>). The body must
itself
+yield a value of the carrier type — there is no implicit lifting of a plain
+value back into the carrier in this version (see
+<a href="#_non_goals_and_potential_future_extensions">Non-goals</a>).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Short-circuiting is delivered by the carrier, not by the macro: an empty or
+failed carrier propagates through the chain and the body is never
+evaluated.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_the_monadic_shape">The monadic shape</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A type <em>M</em> qualifies as a carrier when it exposes a bind operation
of the
+shape <code><B> M<B> bind(fn)</code> where <code>fn</code> maps
the element type to <code>M<B></code>, and,
+for the map role, an analogous <code><B> M<B> map(fn)</code>. The
structural check is
+generous about the surface and strict about the algebra: the function
+argument may be declared as <code>java.util.function.Function</code>, a
<code>Closure</code>, or
+any other single-abstract-method interface; the generator closure is
+adapted to whichever the carrier declares.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The monad laws (left identity, right identity, associativity) are not
+enforced by the compiler. This matches the treatment of
+<code>@groovy.transform.Reducer</code>/<code>@groovy.transform.Associative</code>:
structural
+participation, algebraic-law obligation on the implementer, intended to be
+backed by tests.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_participating_carriers">Participating carriers</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Participation is resolved in the following order, the first match
winning:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="olist arabic">
+<ol class="arabic">
+<li>
+<p><strong>Standard allow-list.</strong> A fixed table covers stdlib and
Groovy-core
+carriers whose method names diverge from the structural convention, matched
+by type:</p>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 40%;">
+<col style="width: 20%;">
+<col style="width: 20%;">
+<col style="width: 20%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Carrier</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Source</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">bind</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">map</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>java.util.Optional</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">JDK</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>flatMap</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>map</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>java.util.stream.Stream</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">JDK</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>flatMap</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>map</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">JDK</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>thenCompose</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>thenApply</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">JDK</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>thenCompose</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>thenApply</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>groovy.concurrent.Awaitable</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Groovy
6</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>thenCompose</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>then</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>groovy.concurrent.DataflowVariable</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Groovy
6</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>thenCompose</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>then</code></p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="admonitionblock note">
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+</td>
+<td class="content">
+<code>Awaitable</code> and <code>DataflowVariable</code> bind via
<code>thenCompose</code>; their
+<code>then</code> method is the <em>map</em> operation, not bind.
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Standard allow-list (by name).</strong> Common Functional Java
carriers —
+<code>fj.data.Option</code>, <code>fj.data.List</code>,
<code>fj.data.Stream</code>, <code>fj.data.Validation</code>
+and <code>fj.P1</code> — are recognised by fully-qualified name using that
library’s
+<code>bind</code>/<code>map</code> convention. Groovy takes no dependency on
Functional Java; the
+names are matched reflectively and the generator closure is adapted to
+<code>fj.F</code>. <code>fj.data.Either</code> is not directly monadic in
Functional Java (bind
+lives on its <code>.right()</code>/<code>.left()</code> projections) and is
not a carrier.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Structural match.</strong> A type offering a single-argument
<code>flatMap</code> (and, for
+the map role, <code>map</code>) qualifies without further declaration. This
covers
+third-party libraries and user types that follow the convention.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong><code>@Monadic</code> opt-in.</strong> A type annotated
<code>@groovy.transform.Monadic</code>
+participates even where its methods diverge from the structural convention.
+The annotation may declare alternative names:</p>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">@Monadic(bind =
'chain', map = 'transform')
+class Result<A> {
+ <B> Result<B> chain(Function<A, Result<B>> f) {
... }
+ <B> Result<B> transform(Function<A, B> f) { ... }
+}</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>When both attributes are omitted the annotation merely opts the type in and
+the structural defaults (<code>flatMap</code>, <code>map</code>) apply. The
annotation is matched
+by simple name, in the manner of
<code>@Reducer</code>/<code>@Associative</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_behaviour_under_compilestatic">Behaviour under
<code>@CompileStatic</code></h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Under dynamic Groovy, the rewritten code is ordinary method dispatch; a
+value that does not respond to the resolved bind method fails at runtime
+with the usual <code>MissingMethodException</code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Under <code>@CompileStatic</code>/<code>@TypeChecked</code>, the
<code>groovy.typecheckers.MonadicChecker</code>
+type-checking extension (GEP-8) is activated via the <code>extensions</code>
member:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre class="prettyprint highlight"><code
data-lang="groovy">@CompileStatic(extensions =
'groovy.typecheckers.MonadicChecker')</code></pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The extension:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>rejects, at compile time, any <code>DO</code> whose carrier fails all
participation
+tests, with an error naming the offending type and the missing method
+shape;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>types each generator’s bound name as the carrier’s element
type, so the
+body type-checks;</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>restores the comprehension’s result type, so chained and nested use
+type-checks rather than degrading to <code>Object</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Dependent generators (a later generator whose source expression uses an
+earlier bound name) and nested comprehensions are supported under static
+compilation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_scoping_return_break_continue">Scoping, <code>return</code>,
<code>break</code>, <code>continue</code></h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The desugared form turns the body into a chain of closure bodies. The
+consequences are the same as for any closure-bodied rewrite, and the same
+as the <code>@Parallel</code> for-loop transform documents:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>break</code> and <code>continue</code> are not supported inside the
body and produce a
+compile error. The corresponding monadic notion — short-circuiting — is
+delivered by the carrier and propagates naturally through the chain.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>return</code> inside a generator source expression or the body
returns from
+the enclosing closure, following the standard Groovy closure rule.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Names bound by earlier generators are visible to later generators and to
+the body by closure capture.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The body closure must not declare parameters; generator names are already
+in scope.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_error_semantics">Error semantics</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>An exception thrown inside a generator source expression or inside the body
+propagates through the bind chain according to the carrier’s own rules;
the
+macro introduces no <code>try</code>/<code>catch</code>. For
<code>Awaitable</code> and <code>CompletableFuture</code>
+the exception is captured into the resulting carrier and surfaces on
+<code>await</code>/<code>join</code>. For <code>Optional</code> and
<code>Stream</code> the JDK semantics apply. For
+<code>@Monadic</code> user types the exception path is whatever the type
implements.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_runtime_model">Runtime model</h3>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The macro emits calls to a bind/map dispatcher rather than to a
+carrier-specific method, because at the point of expansion the carrier type
+is unknown. The dispatcher resolves the bind/map method per the
+participation rules and invokes it, adapting the generator closure to the
+declared functional-interface or <code>Closure</code> parameter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The macro and the type-checking extension are <strong>compile-time
only</strong>: the
+macro expands and vanishes, and the extension runs only during static
+compilation. The dispatcher is runtime support and resides in the core
+runtime, so a program compiled with <code>DO</code> requires only the core
<code>groovy</code>
+jar at run time. The macro library and the type-checkers module are
+compile-time dependencies.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_relationship_to_the_concurrency_primitives">Relationship to the
concurrency primitives</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p><code>DO</code> is a value-composition notation; it complements rather than
competes
+with Groovy’s concurrency surface.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong><code>Awaitable</code> / <code>DataflowVariable</code></strong> are
primary motivating carriers.
+Imperative <code>async</code>/<code>await</code> is the right tool when code
reads as a sequence
+of dependent steps to run now; <code>DO</code> is the right tool when the
composed
+<code>Awaitable</code> is the deliverable and will be combined further (raced,
+gathered, scheduled) before being awaited.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Parallel collections and <code>@Parallel</code></strong> are
deliberately <strong>not</strong> <code>DO</code>
+participants. <code>collectParallel</code>/<code>collectManyParallel</code>
are <code>map</code>/<code>flatMap</code>
+with parallel semantics; emitting them from a comprehension would silently
+change the execution model. Collection participation, where offered, is
+sequential.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Generators, <code>for await</code>, channels, actors and
agents</strong> are stream or
+message-passing tools, orthogonal to <code>DO</code>. A composed
<code>Awaitable</code> produced
+by <code>DO</code> may of course be consumed by an outer
<code>async</code>/<code>await</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The language specification’s tool-selection matrix carries a row for
<code>DO</code>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_comparison_with_related_constructs">Comparison with related
constructs</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Monadic comprehensions occupy a design space shared with Scala’s
<code>for</code>,
+Haskell’s <code>do</code>, F#'s computation expressions, and
Kotlin’s coroutine-based
+composition. The table cross-references the load-bearing features of
<code>DO</code>
+against the closest analogue in each.</p>
+</div>
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 14.2857%;">
+<col style="width: 21.4285%;">
+<col style="width: 21.4285%;">
+<col style="width: 21.4285%;">
+<col style="width: 21.4288%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Feature</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Groovy <code>DO</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Scala <code>for</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Haskell <code>do</code></th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">F# computation expr.</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Underlying
abstraction</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Allow-list
(by type and by name) + structural duck typing + <code>@Monadic</code>; no
abstraction hierarchy.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Name-based
desugaring to
<code>flatMap</code>/<code>map</code>/<code>withFilter</code>/<code>foreach</code>;
no type-class.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The
<code>Monad</code> type class, backed by higher-kinded types.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Builder
methods (<code>Bind</code>, <code>Return</code>, …) on a user-supplied builder
type.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Implicit
<code>pure</code>/<code>return</code></p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">No. The
body must yield a carrier value.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Inferred
via the trailing <code>yield</code> form.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Yes;
<code>return</code> is a type-class member.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Yes;
<code>Return</code> on the builder.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Guards /
filtering</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">No.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Yes;
<code>if</code> guards desugar to <code>withFilter</code>.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Yes; via
<code>MonadPlus</code>.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Yes; via
builder methods.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">Mixed-carrier composition</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">No; one
carrier per <code>DO</code>. Nest for more.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">No;
transformers/libraries fill the gap.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">No;
transformers fill the gap.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Yes, via
<code>Bind</code> overloads on the builder.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">Carrier-shape enforcement</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock"><code>@CompileStatic</code> via a type-checking extension;
runtime <code>MissingMethodException</code> otherwise.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">Compile-time via name resolution.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">Compile-time via the type class.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">Compile-time via builder-method resolution.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">Carrier-method-name conventions</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Structural
(<code>flatMap</code>/<code>map</code>) + allow-list + <code>@Monadic</code>
override.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Fixed
names
(<code>flatMap</code>/<code>map</code>/<code>withFilter</code>/<code>foreach</code>).</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Fixed
type-class operations.</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Fixed
builder-method names.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>A few qualitative observations follow:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Abstraction commitment is the dividing line.</strong> Haskell and
Scala invest
+in language-level abstraction so a single <code>do</code>/<code>for</code>
form works
+generically. Groovy aligns most closely with Scala — no type-class, name-
+based desugaring, structural participation — the differences being the
+allow-list (for stdlib/third-party carriers with non-conventional names)
+and the <code>@Monadic</code> opt-in (for user types).</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Implicit <code>pure</code> is an inference problem, not a design
one.</strong> Scala and
+F# synthesise <code>pure</code> because they have target-typed inference;
Groovy
+declines the inference in this version and requires the body to produce a
+carrier value explicitly.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong><code>@Monadic</code> has no exact analogue.</strong> Scala does
not need it because the
+conventional method names are universal in its ecosystem; F# does not need
+it because the builder is the opt-in. Groovy needs it because the
+conventional names are not universally followed across the JVM ecosystem,
+and structural matching alone is too narrow.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_cross_version_evolution">Cross-version evolution</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
+<colgroup>
+<col style="width: 14.2857%;">
+<col style="width: 14.2857%;">
+<col style="width: 71.4286%;">
+</colgroup>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Version</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Year</th>
+<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Change</th>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">6.0</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">2026</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Initial
release (incubating). The <code>DO</code> macro; the bind/map dispatcher and
+carrier registry in the core runtime; <code>@groovy.transform.Monadic</code>;
the
+<code>groovy.typecheckers.MonadicChecker</code> type-checking extension; the
standard
+allow-list (<code>Optional</code>, <code>Stream</code>,
<code>CompletableFuture</code>, <code>CompletionStage</code>,
+<code>Awaitable</code>, <code>DataflowVariable</code>) and the by-name
recognition of common
+Functional Java carriers; general single-abstract-method coercion of the
+generator closure.</p></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">7.0</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p
class="tableblock">TBD</p></td>
+<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Candidate:
user-configurable carrier registration, symmetric across the
+type checker and the runtime dispatcher. No other spec-level changes
+planned at the time of writing. This GEP is the canonical location to
+record future changes.</p></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_non_goals_and_potential_future_extensions">Non-goals and potential
future extensions</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>The following are deliberately out of scope. Any of them would warrant a
+follow-up revision of this document or a successor GEP.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Higher-kinded types.</strong> No language-level support for
abstracting over
+type constructors.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Implicit <code>pure</code>/<code>unit</code> lifting in the
body.</strong> This version requires the
+body to produce a carrier value. A future revision may add it when
+target-type inference can be made to flow reliably through the rewritten
+chain.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Guard clauses</strong> (<code>if</code> filters inside
<code>DO</code>). Not all carriers support
+filtering; adding guards would restrict the participant set or require
+carrier-specific filter desugaring.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Mixed-carrier comprehensions.</strong> Each <code>DO</code> works
over a single carrier;
+nesting is the workaround.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Parallel desugaring.</strong> A form emitting
<code>collectParallel</code>/
+<code>collectManyParallel</code> would change the execution model and is not
offered.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>Synthesis of <code>flatMap</code>/<code>map</code> from a single
user-supplied bind</strong> via the
+<code>@Monadic</code> annotation, in the spirit of generated boilerplate.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>A <code>Functor</code>/<code>Applicative</code>/<code>Monad</code>
interface hierarchy</strong> in <code>groovy.lang</code>.
+Structural participation plus <code>@Monadic</code> covers the same ground
without
+committing the language to a hierarchy that is awkward without
+higher-kinded types.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><strong>User-configurable carrier registration.</strong> The built-in
allow-list ships
+now; a configuration channel symmetric across the checker and the runtime
+dispatcher is candidate future work (see Cross-version evolution).</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_references_and_useful_links">References and useful links</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://groovy.apache.org/wiki/GEP-8.html";>GEP-8: type-checking
+extensions</a> — the mechanism the <code>@CompileStatic</code> rules rely
on.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><a href="https://groovy.apache.org/wiki/GEP-22.html";>GEP-22: Traits</a> —
referenced
+for the structural-participation pattern and the spec-style format adopted
+here.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The language specification chapter on monadic comprehensions contains
+worked tutorial examples that complement this spec-only document.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>The Groovy specification chapters on async/await, dataflow, and parallel
+collections — the concurrency carriers and the tool-selection matrix that
+<code>DO</code> extends.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Scala <code>for</code>-comprehensions and Haskell <code>do</code>-notation
— the closest
+analogue notations.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>Yallop & White, <em>Lightweight Higher-Kinded Polymorphism</em> — the
formal
+basis for the higher-kinded-type simulations this proposal makes
+unnecessary for the common case.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_reference_implementation">Reference implementation</h3>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>org.apache.groovy.macrolib.MacroLibGroovyMethods</code> — hosts the
<code>DO</code>
+macro method, registered alongside the other macro-library entries; parses
+the generator list, validates the <code>name in expression</code> shape, and
emits the
+nested bind chain. Compile-time only.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>org.apache.groovy.runtime.Comprehensions</code> — the runtime bind/map
+dispatcher; resolves participation and invokes the carrier method, adapting
+the generator closure to the declared parameter type. Core runtime support.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>org.apache.groovy.runtime.MonadicCarrierRegistry</code> — the standard
+allow-list, both type-keyed and name-keyed; shared by the dispatcher and
+the type checker.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>groovy.transform.Monadic</code> — the opt-in annotation; a pure
marker with
+optional <code>bind</code>/<code>map</code> string attributes and no AST
transformation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>groovy.typecheckers.MonadicChecker</code> — the type-checking
extension that
+enforces the monadic shape and supplies static types under
<code>@CompileStatic</code>.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>Public API:</p>
+</div>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p><code>groovy.transform.Monadic</code> (since 6.0.0)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>the <code>DO</code> macro, in the <code>groovy-macro-library</code> module
(since 6.0.0)</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p><code>groovy.typecheckers.MonadicChecker</code>, in the
<code>groovy-typecheckers</code>
+module (since 6.0.0)</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect2">
+<h3 id="_representative_jira_issues">Representative JIRA issues</h3>
+<div class="ulist">
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>GROOVY-XXXX: introduce the <code>DO</code> monadic-comprehension macro.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>GROOVY-XXXX: bind/map dispatcher and carrier registry in the core
+runtime.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>GROOVY-XXXX: <code>@groovy.transform.Monadic</code> annotation.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>GROOVY-XXXX: <code>groovy.typecheckers.MonadicChecker</code> type-checking
+extension.</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>GROOVY-XXXX: language-specification chapter with inline-tested examples
+and the tool-selection matrix row.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1">
+<h2 id="_update_history">Update history</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph">
+<p>1 (2026-05-19) Initial draft. Specifies the <code>DO</code> macro, the
<code>@Monadic</code>
+annotation, the type-checking extension, the standard carrier allow-list
+(including by-name recognition of Functional Java), the runtime model and
+its dependency footprint, the relationship to the Groovy concurrency
+primitives, the comparison with Scala <code>for</code>, Haskell
<code>do</code>, Kotlin
+coroutines and F# computation expressions, and the deliberate non-goals.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></div></div></div></div><footer id='footer'>
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