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in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/iotdb.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new eaef430d2b9 Enforce REST query row limit as hard cap (#18149)
eaef430d2b9 is described below

commit eaef430d2b903e4700b315f9254887d0f6303eee
Author: Jackie Tien <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Tue Jul 14 09:13:49 2026 +0800

    Enforce REST query row limit as hard cap (#18149)
---
 .../src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_table_v1.yaml     |   1 +
 .../src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v1.yaml           |   1 +
 .../src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v2.yaml           |   1 +
 .../org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java   |   3 +
 .../org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java   |   3 +
 .../rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtils.java  |  71 +++++++
 .../table/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java      |  44 +---
 .../protocol/table/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java |   9 +-
 .../protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java   | 114 +++++------
 .../protocol/v1/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java    |  19 +-
 .../rest/protocol/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java  |   8 +-
 .../rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandler.java  |  65 +++++-
 .../protocol/v2/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java   | 114 +++++------
 .../protocol/v2/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java    |  19 +-
 .../rest/protocol/v2/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java  |  48 +----
 .../protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtilsTest.java   |  59 ++++++
 .../v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandlerTest.java        | 222 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandlerTest.java   | 119 +++++++++++
 .../src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties     |   3 +-
 .../src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties     |   3 +-
 .../src/test/resources/iotdb-system.properties     |   3 +-
 .../conf/iotdb-system.properties.template          |   4 +-
 22 files changed, 716 insertions(+), 217 deletions(-)

diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_table_v1.yaml 
b/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_table_v1.yaml
index 36cec631b54..27e347881c5 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_table_v1.yaml
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_table_v1.yaml
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ components:
         row_limit:
           type: integer
           format: int32
+          description: Maximum rows to return. The effective limit is capped 
by rest_query_default_row_size_limit.
 
     InsertTabletRequest:
       title: InsertTabletRequest
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v1.yaml 
b/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v1.yaml
index 18080c693ab..7149ddd1cd3 100644
--- a/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v1.yaml
+++ b/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v1.yaml
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ components:
         rowLimit:
           type: integer
           format: int32
+          description: Maximum rows to return. The effective limit is capped 
by rest_query_default_row_size_limit.
 
     InsertTabletRequest:
       title: InsertTabletRequest
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v2.yaml 
b/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v2.yaml
index 0cae51bef23..0ebb430b1b9 100644
--- a/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v2.yaml
+++ b/external-service-impl/rest-openapi/src/main/openapi3/iotdb_rest_v2.yaml
@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ components:
         row_limit:
           type: integer
           format: int32
+          description: Maximum rows to return. The effective limit is capped 
by rest_query_default_row_size_limit.
 
     PrefixPathList:
       title: PrefixPathList
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/en/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/en/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
index 1b4bf36432c..882bb16c558 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/en/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/en/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ public final class RestMessages {
   public static final String SQL_SHOULD_NOT_BE_NULL = "sql should not be null";
   public static final String ROW_LIMIT_SHOULD_BE_POSITIVE = "row_limit should 
be positive";
   public static final String ROW_LIMIT_CAMEL_SHOULD_BE_POSITIVE = "rowLimit 
should be positive";
+  public static final String
+      MESSAGE_DATASET_ROW_SIZE_EXCEEDED_THE_GIVEN_MAX_ROW_SIZE_ARG_7A3F6452 =
+          "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size (%d)";
   public static final String PREFIX_PATHS_NOT_NULL = "prefix_paths should not 
be null";
   public static final String TIMESTAMPS_NOT_NULL = "timestamps should not be 
null";
   public static final String IS_ALIGNED_NOT_NULL = "is_aligned should not be 
null";
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/zh/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/zh/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
index 23f3475cdc4..cb443b6ec97 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/zh/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/i18n/zh/org/apache/iotdb/rest/i18n/RestMessages.java
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ public final class RestMessages {
   public static final String SQL_SHOULD_NOT_BE_NULL = "sql 不能为空";
   public static final String ROW_LIMIT_SHOULD_BE_POSITIVE = "row_limit 应为正数";
   public static final String ROW_LIMIT_CAMEL_SHOULD_BE_POSITIVE = "rowLimit 
应为正数";
+  public static final String
+      MESSAGE_DATASET_ROW_SIZE_EXCEEDED_THE_GIVEN_MAX_ROW_SIZE_ARG_7A3F6452 =
+          "数据集行数超过给定的最大行数(%d)";
   public static final String PREFIX_PATHS_NOT_NULL = "prefix_paths 不能为空";
   public static final String TIMESTAMPS_NOT_NULL = "timestamps 不能为空";
   public static final String IS_ALIGNED_NOT_NULL = "is_aligned 不能为空";
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtils.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..583b1386b4f
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler;
+
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.i18n.RestMessages;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
+
+import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;
+
+public final class QueryRowLimitUtils {
+
+  /**
+   * Fallback used when {@code rest_query_default_row_size_limit} is missing 
or non-positive.
+   * Matches the built-in default in {@code IoTDBRestServiceConfig}; a 
non-positive configured value
+   * used to mean "unlimited" and is now treated as this cap instead of being 
clamped down to 1.
+   */
+  private static final int DEFAULT_ROW_SIZE_LIMIT = 10000;
+
+  private QueryRowLimitUtils() {}
+
+  public static int resolveActualRowSizeLimit(
+      Integer requestedRowSizeLimit, int configuredRowSizeLimit) {
+    int hardLimit = normalizeRowSizeLimit(configuredRowSizeLimit);
+    if (requestedRowSizeLimit == null) {
+      return hardLimit;
+    }
+    return normalizeRowSizeLimit(Math.min(requestedRowSizeLimit, hardLimit));
+  }
+
+  public static int normalizeRowSizeLimit(int rowSizeLimit) {
+    return rowSizeLimit > 0 ? rowSizeLimit : DEFAULT_ROW_SIZE_LIMIT;
+  }
+
+  public static boolean exceedsLimit(
+      int fetchedRowCount, int incomingRowCount, int actualRowSizeLimit) {
+    return incomingRowCount > 0
+        && (long) fetchedRowCount + incomingRowCount > 
normalizeRowSizeLimit(actualRowSizeLimit);
+  }
+
+  public static Response buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(int 
actualRowSizeLimit) {
+    int rowSizeLimit = normalizeRowSizeLimit(actualRowSizeLimit);
+    return Response.ok()
+        .entity(
+            new ExecutionStatus()
+                .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
+                .message(
+                    String.format(
+                        RestMessages
+                            
.MESSAGE_DATASET_ROW_SIZE_EXCEEDED_THE_GIVEN_MAX_ROW_SIZE_ARG_7A3F6452,
+                        rowSizeLimit)))
+        .build();
+  }
+}
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
index 4bc94553414..9067756d5c6 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
@@ -22,9 +22,8 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.commons.queryengine.plan.relational.sql.ast.Query;
 import org.apache.iotdb.commons.queryengine.plan.relational.sql.ast.Statement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.common.header.DatasetHeader;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.execution.IQueryExecution;
-import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.table.v1.model.QueryDataSet;
-import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
 
 import org.apache.tsfile.block.column.Column;
 import org.apache.tsfile.common.conf.TSFileConfig;
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
   private QueryDataSetHandler() {}
 
   /**
-   * @param actualRowSizeLimit max number of rows to return. no limit when 
actualRowSizeLimit <= 0.
+   * @param actualRowSizeLimit max number of rows to return.
    */
   public static Response fillQueryDataSet(
       IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement, int 
actualRowSizeLimit)
@@ -61,7 +60,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       IQueryExecution queryExecution, final int actualRowSizeLimit) throws 
IoTDBException {
     QueryDataSet targetDataSet = new QueryDataSet();
     int fetched = 0;
-    int columnNum = queryExecution.getOutputValueColumnCount();
 
     DatasetHeader header = queryExecution.getDatasetHeader();
     List<String> resultColumns = header.getRespColumns();
@@ -73,17 +71,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       targetDataSet.addValuesItem(new ArrayList<>());
     }
     while (true) {
-      if (0 < actualRowSizeLimit && actualRowSizeLimit <= fetched) {
-        return Response.ok()
-            .entity(
-                new ExecutionStatus()
-                    .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
-                    .message(
-                        String.format(
-                            "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size 
(%d)",
-                            actualRowSizeLimit)))
-            .build();
-      }
       Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
       if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
         if (fetched == 0) {
@@ -94,22 +81,22 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       }
       TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
       int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
 
       for (int k = 0; k < resultColumns.size(); k++) {
         Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(headerMap.get(resultColumns.get(k)));
         List<Object> targetDataSetColumn = targetDataSet.getValues().get(k);
         for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-          fetched++;
           if (column.isNull(i)) {
             targetDataSetColumn.add(null);
           } else {
             addTypedValueToTarget(targetDataSet.getDataTypes(), k, i, 
targetDataSetColumn, column);
           }
         }
-        if (k != columnNum - 1) {
-          fetched -= currentCount;
-        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
     targetDataSet.setValues(convertColumnToRow(targetDataSet.getValues()));
     return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
@@ -174,17 +161,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
     int fetched = 0;
     int columnNum = queryExecution.getOutputValueColumnCount();
     while (true) {
-      if (0 < actualRowSizeLimit && actualRowSizeLimit <= fetched) {
-        return Response.ok()
-            .entity(
-                new ExecutionStatus()
-                    .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
-                    .message(
-                        String.format(
-                            "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size 
(%d)",
-                            actualRowSizeLimit)))
-            .build();
-      }
       Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
       if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
         if (fetched == 0) {
@@ -199,21 +175,21 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
         targetDataSet.setValues(new ArrayList<>());
         return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
       }
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
       for (int k = 0; k < columnNum; k++) {
         Column column = 
tsBlock.getColumn(targetDataSetIndexToSourceDataSetIndex[k]);
         List<Object> targetDataSetColumn = targetDataSet.getValues().get(k);
         for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-          fetched++;
           if (column.isNull(i)) {
             targetDataSetColumn.add(null);
           } else {
             addTypedValueToTarget(targetDataSet.getDataTypes(), k, i, 
targetDataSetColumn, column);
           }
         }
-        if (k != columnNum - 1) {
-          fetched -= currentCount;
-        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
     targetDataSet.setValues(convertColumnToRow(targetDataSet.getValues()));
     return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
index 77197c3c088..a04ae7a16b4 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/table/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.StatementType;
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.crud.InsertTabletStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.CommonUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.SetThreadName;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.table.v1.NotFoundException;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.table.v1.RestApiService;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.table.v1.handler.ExceptionHandler;
@@ -63,11 +64,12 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
 
   private static final IoTDBConfig config = 
IoTDBDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig();
 
-  private final Integer defaultQueryRowLimit;
+  private final int defaultQueryRowLimit;
 
   public RestApiServiceImpl() {
     defaultQueryRowLimit =
-        
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit();
+        QueryRowLimitUtils.normalizeRowSizeLimit(
+            
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit());
   }
 
   public Response executeQueryInternal(
@@ -103,7 +105,8 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
             QueryDataSetHandler.fillQueryDataSet(
                 queryExecution,
                 statement,
-                sql.getRowLimit() == null ? defaultQueryRowLimit : 
sql.getRowLimit());
+                QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(
+                    sql.getRowLimit(), defaultQueryRowLimit));
         if (queryExecution.getQueryType() == QueryType.READ_WRITE) {
           return responseGenerateHelper(result);
         }
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
index 3918a07dd52..4cee0926e77 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.model.ShowAIDevic
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.model.ShowLoadedModelsStatement;
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.model.ShowModelsStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.sys.AuthorStatement;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.model.ExecutionStatus;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
 
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
   private QueryDataSetHandler() {}
 
   /**
-   * @param actualRowSizeLimit max number of rows to return. no limit when 
actualRowSizeLimit <= 0.
+   * @param actualRowSizeLimit max number of rows to return.
    */
   public static Response fillQueryDataSet(
       IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement, int 
actualRowSizeLimit)
@@ -152,7 +153,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       final long timePrecision)
       throws IoTDBException {
     int fetched = 0;
-    int columnNum = queryExecution.getOutputValueColumnCount();
 
     DatasetHeader header = queryExecution.getDatasetHeader();
     List<String> resultColumns = header.getRespColumns();
@@ -164,17 +164,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
     }
 
     while (true) {
-      if (0 < actualRowSizeLimit && actualRowSizeLimit <= fetched) {
-        return Response.ok()
-            .entity(
-                new org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus()
-                    .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
-                    .message(
-                        String.format(
-                            "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size 
(%d)",
-                            actualRowSizeLimit)))
-            .build();
-      }
       Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
       if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
         if (fetched == 0) {
@@ -186,6 +175,9 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       }
       TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
       int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
       // time column
       for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
         targetDataSet.addTimestampsItem(
@@ -197,17 +189,14 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
         Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(headerMap.get(resultColumns.get(k)));
         List<Object> targetDataSetColumn = targetDataSet.getValues().get(k);
         for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-          fetched++;
           if (column.isNull(i)) {
             targetDataSetColumn.add(null);
           } else {
             addTypedValueToTarget(dataTypes, k, i, targetDataSetColumn, 
column);
           }
         }
-        if (k != columnNum - 1) {
-          fetched -= currentCount;
-        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
     return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
   }
@@ -222,17 +211,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
     int fetched = 0;
     int columnNum = queryExecution.getOutputValueColumnCount();
     while (true) {
-      if (0 < actualRowSizeLimit && actualRowSizeLimit <= fetched) {
-        return Response.ok()
-            .entity(
-                new org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus()
-                    .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
-                    .message(
-                        String.format(
-                            "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size 
(%d)",
-                            actualRowSizeLimit)))
-            .build();
-      }
       Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
       if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
         if (fetched == 0) {
@@ -247,21 +225,21 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
         targetDataSet.setValues(new ArrayList<>());
         return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
       }
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
       for (int k = 0; k < columnNum; k++) {
         Column column = 
tsBlock.getColumn(targetDataSetIndexToSourceDataSetIndex[k]);
         List<Object> targetDataSetColumn = targetDataSet.getValues().get(k);
         for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-          fetched++;
           if (column.isNull(i)) {
             targetDataSetColumn.add(null);
           } else {
             addTypedValueToTarget(dataTypes, k, i, targetDataSetColumn, 
column);
           }
         }
-        if (k != columnNum - 1) {
-          fetched -= currentCount;
-        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
     return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
   }
@@ -291,44 +269,60 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
   }
 
   public static Response fillGrafanaVariablesResult(
-      IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement) throws 
IoTDBException {
+      IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement, int 
actualRowSizeLimit)
+      throws IoTDBException {
     List<String> results = new ArrayList<>();
-    Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
-    if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
-      return Response.ok().entity(results).build();
-    }
-    TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
-    int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
-    Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
+    int fetched = 0;
+    while (true) {
+      Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
+      if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
+        return Response.ok().entity(results).build();
+      }
+      TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
+      int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
+      Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-      String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
-      if (statement instanceof ShowChildPathsStatement) {
-        String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
-        results.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
-      } else {
-        results.add(nodePaths);
+      for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
+        String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
+        if (statement instanceof ShowChildPathsStatement) {
+          String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
+          results.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
+        } else {
+          results.add(nodePaths);
+        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
-    return Response.ok().entity(results).build();
   }
 
-  public static Response fillGrafanaNodesResult(IQueryExecution queryExecution)
-      throws IoTDBException {
+  public static Response fillGrafanaNodesResult(
+      IQueryExecution queryExecution, int actualRowSizeLimit) throws 
IoTDBException {
     List<String> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
-    Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
-    if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
+    if (queryExecution == null) {
       return Response.ok().entity(nodes).build();
     }
-    TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
-    int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
-    Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
+    int fetched = 0;
+    while (true) {
+      Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
+      if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
+        return Response.ok().entity(nodes).build();
+      }
+      TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
+      int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
+      Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-      String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
-      String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
-      nodes.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
+      for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
+        String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
+        String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
+        nodes.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
+      }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
-    return Response.ok().entity(nodes).build();
   }
 }
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
index 19b8ab8b38e..dcc17c43a59 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import org.apache.iotdb.commons.conf.CommonDescriptor;
 import org.apache.iotdb.commons.path.PartialPath;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.conf.IoTDBConfig;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.conf.IoTDBDescriptor;
+import org.apache.iotdb.db.conf.rest.IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.protocol.session.IClientSession;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.protocol.session.SessionManager;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.Coordinator;
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.crud.QueryStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.ShowStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.SetThreadName;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.AuthorizationHandler;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.GrafanaApiService;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.handler.ExceptionHandler;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.handler.QueryDataSetHandler;
@@ -68,11 +70,15 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
   private final AuthorizationHandler authorizationHandler;
 
   private final long timePrecision; // the default timestamp precision is ms
+  private final int defaultQueryRowLimit;
 
   public GrafanaApiServiceImpl() {
     partitionFetcher = ClusterPartitionFetcher.getInstance();
     schemaFetcher = ClusterSchemaFetcher.getInstance();
     authorizationHandler = new AuthorizationHandler();
+    defaultQueryRowLimit =
+        QueryRowLimitUtils.normalizeRowSizeLimit(
+            
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit());
 
     switch 
(CommonDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getTimestampPrecision()) {
       case "ns":
@@ -132,7 +138,8 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
       }
       IQueryExecution queryExecution = COORDINATOR.getQueryExecution(queryId);
       try (SetThreadName threadName = new 
SetThreadName(result.queryId.getId())) {
-        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaVariablesResult(queryExecution, 
statement);
+        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaVariablesResult(
+            queryExecution, statement, defaultQueryRowLimit);
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
       return 
Response.ok().entity(ExceptionHandler.tryCatchException(e)).build();
@@ -204,9 +211,11 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
       try (SetThreadName threadName = new 
SetThreadName(result.queryId.getId())) {
         if (((QueryStatement) statement).isAggregationQuery()
             && !((QueryStatement) statement).isGroupByTime()) {
-          return 
QueryDataSetHandler.fillAggregationPlanDataSet(queryExecution, 0);
+          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillAggregationPlanDataSet(
+              queryExecution, defaultQueryRowLimit);
         } else {
-          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillDataSetWithTimestamps(queryExecution, 
0, timePrecision);
+          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillDataSetWithTimestamps(
+              queryExecution, defaultQueryRowLimit, timePrecision);
         }
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -269,10 +278,10 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
         IQueryExecution queryExecution = 
COORDINATOR.getQueryExecution(queryId);
 
         try (SetThreadName threadName = new 
SetThreadName(result.queryId.getId())) {
-          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(queryExecution);
+          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(queryExecution, 
defaultQueryRowLimit);
         }
       } else {
-        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(null);
+        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(null, 
defaultQueryRowLimit);
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
       return 
Response.ok().entity(ExceptionHandler.tryCatchException(e)).build();
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
index b5b57ac10e7..4939e10a412 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.view.CreateTableV
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.CommonUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.SetThreadName;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.AuthorizationHandler;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.utils.InsertTabletSortDataUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.RestApiService;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.handler.ExceptionHandler;
@@ -70,14 +71,15 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
   private final ISchemaFetcher schemaFetcher;
   private final AuthorizationHandler authorizationHandler;
 
-  private final Integer defaultQueryRowLimit;
+  private final int defaultQueryRowLimit;
 
   public RestApiServiceImpl() {
     partitionFetcher = ClusterPartitionFetcher.getInstance();
     schemaFetcher = ClusterSchemaFetcher.getInstance();
     authorizationHandler = new AuthorizationHandler();
     defaultQueryRowLimit =
-        
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit();
+        QueryRowLimitUtils.normalizeRowSizeLimit(
+            
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit());
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
         return QueryDataSetHandler.fillQueryDataSet(
             queryExecution,
             statement,
-            sql.getRowLimit() == null ? defaultQueryRowLimit : 
sql.getRowLimit());
+            QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(sql.getRowLimit(), 
defaultQueryRowLimit));
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
       finish = true;
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandler.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandler.java
index 5bb5e1274ae..ccc06373463 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandler.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandler.java
@@ -19,15 +19,27 @@ package org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.handler;
 
 import org.apache.iotdb.common.rpc.thrift.TSStatus;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.protocol.session.IClientSession;
+import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableDeviceLastCache;
+import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableId;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.ExecutionStatus;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.PrefixPathList;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.QueryDataSet;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
 import org.apache.iotdb.service.rpc.thrift.TSLastDataQueryReq;
 
+import org.apache.tsfile.common.constant.TsFileConstant;
+import org.apache.tsfile.enums.TSDataType;
+import org.apache.tsfile.file.metadata.IDeviceID;
+import org.apache.tsfile.read.TimeValuePair;
+import org.apache.tsfile.utils.Pair;
+
 import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 
 public class FastLastHandler {
 
@@ -57,8 +69,7 @@ public class FastLastHandler {
         .build();
   }
 
-  public static void setupTargetDataSet(
-      org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.QueryDataSet dataSet) {
+  public static void setupTargetDataSet(QueryDataSet dataSet) {
     dataSet.addExpressionsItem("Timeseries");
     dataSet.addExpressionsItem("Value");
     dataSet.addExpressionsItem("DataType");
@@ -68,4 +79,54 @@ public class FastLastHandler {
     dataSet.setValues(new ArrayList<>());
     dataSet.setTimestamps(new ArrayList<>());
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Builds the fastLastQuery response directly from cached last values. The 
number of materialized
+   * entries is capped by {@code actualRowSizeLimit}; once exceeded an 
"exceeded max row size"
+   * response is returned instead of materializing the whole cache into heap.
+   *
+   * @param resultMap last values keyed by table/device/measurement, as filled 
by the schema cache
+   * @param actualRowSizeLimit hard cap on the number of returned rows
+   */
+  public static Response fillLastValueDataSet(
+      Map<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, 
TimeValuePair>>>> resultMap,
+      int actualRowSizeLimit) {
+    QueryDataSet targetDataSet = new QueryDataSet();
+    setupTargetDataSet(targetDataSet);
+    List<Object> timeseries = new ArrayList<>();
+    List<Object> valueList = new ArrayList<>();
+    List<Object> dataTypeList = new ArrayList<>();
+    int fetched = 0;
+
+    for (final Map.Entry<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, 
TimeValuePair>>>>
+        result : resultMap.entrySet()) {
+      for (final Map.Entry<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, 
TimeValuePair>>>
+          device2MeasurementLastEntry : result.getValue().entrySet()) {
+        final String deviceWithSeparator =
+            device2MeasurementLastEntry.getKey().toString() + 
TsFileConstant.PATH_SEPARATOR;
+        for (final Map.Entry<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>> 
measurementLastEntry :
+            device2MeasurementLastEntry.getValue().entrySet()) {
+          final TimeValuePair tvPair = 
measurementLastEntry.getValue().getRight();
+          if (tvPair == TableDeviceLastCache.PLACEHOLDER_EMPTY_COLUMN
+              || tvPair.getValue() == null) {
+            continue;
+          }
+          if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, 1, actualRowSizeLimit)) 
{
+            return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+          }
+          valueList.add(tvPair.getValue().getStringValue());
+          dataTypeList.add(tvPair.getValue().getDataType().name());
+          targetDataSet.addTimestampsItem(tvPair.getTimestamp());
+          timeseries.add(deviceWithSeparator + measurementLastEntry.getKey());
+          fetched++;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!timeseries.isEmpty()) {
+      targetDataSet.addValuesItem(timeseries);
+      targetDataSet.addValuesItem(valueList);
+      targetDataSet.addValuesItem(dataTypeList);
+    }
+    return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
+  }
 }
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
index b188454e179..34d03eac6ec 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/QueryDataSetHandler.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.model.ShowAIDevic
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.model.ShowLoadedModelsStatement;
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.model.ShowModelsStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.sys.AuthorStatement;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
 
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
   private QueryDataSetHandler() {}
 
   /**
-   * @param actualRowSizeLimit max number of rows to return. no limit when 
actualRowSizeLimit <= 0.
+   * @param actualRowSizeLimit max number of rows to return.
    */
   public static Response fillQueryDataSet(
       IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement, int 
actualRowSizeLimit)
@@ -145,7 +146,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       final long timePrecision)
       throws IoTDBException {
     int fetched = 0;
-    int columnNum = queryExecution.getOutputValueColumnCount();
 
     DatasetHeader header = queryExecution.getDatasetHeader();
     List<String> resultColumns = header.getRespColumns();
@@ -158,17 +158,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
     }
 
     while (true) {
-      if (0 < actualRowSizeLimit && actualRowSizeLimit <= fetched) {
-        return Response.ok()
-            .entity(
-                new ExecutionStatus()
-                    .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
-                    .message(
-                        String.format(
-                            "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size 
(%d)",
-                            actualRowSizeLimit)))
-            .build();
-      }
       Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
       if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
         if (fetched == 0) {
@@ -180,6 +169,9 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
       }
       TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
       int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
       // time column
       for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
         targetDataSet.addTimestampsItem(
@@ -191,17 +183,14 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
         Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(headerMap.get(resultColumns.get(k)));
         List<Object> targetDataSetColumn = targetDataSet.getValues().get(k);
         for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-          fetched++;
           if (column.isNull(i)) {
             targetDataSetColumn.add(null);
           } else {
             addTypedValueToTarget(targetDataSet.getDataTypes(), k, i, 
targetDataSetColumn, column);
           }
         }
-        if (k != columnNum - 1) {
-          fetched -= currentCount;
-        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
     return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
   }
@@ -216,17 +205,6 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
     int columnNum = queryExecution.getOutputValueColumnCount();
     List<String> dataTypes = targetDataSet.getDataTypes();
     while (true) {
-      if (0 < actualRowSizeLimit && actualRowSizeLimit <= fetched) {
-        return Response.ok()
-            .entity(
-                new ExecutionStatus()
-                    .code(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode())
-                    .message(
-                        String.format(
-                            "Dataset row size exceeded the given max row size 
(%d)",
-                            actualRowSizeLimit)))
-            .build();
-      }
       Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
       if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
         if (fetched == 0) {
@@ -241,21 +219,21 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
         targetDataSet.setValues(new ArrayList<>());
         return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
       }
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
       for (int k = 0; k < columnNum; k++) {
         Column column = 
tsBlock.getColumn(targetDataSetIndexToSourceDataSetIndex[k]);
         List<Object> targetDataSetColumn = targetDataSet.getValues().get(k);
         for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-          fetched++;
           if (column.isNull(i)) {
             targetDataSetColumn.add(null);
           } else {
             addTypedValueToTarget(dataTypes, k, i, targetDataSetColumn, 
column);
           }
         }
-        if (k != columnNum - 1) {
-          fetched -= currentCount;
-        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
     return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
   }
@@ -285,44 +263,60 @@ public class QueryDataSetHandler {
   }
 
   public static Response fillGrafanaVariablesResult(
-      IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement) throws 
IoTDBException {
+      IQueryExecution queryExecution, Statement statement, int 
actualRowSizeLimit)
+      throws IoTDBException {
     List<String> results = new ArrayList<>();
-    Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
-    if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
-      return Response.ok().entity(results).build();
-    }
-    TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
-    int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
-    Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
+    int fetched = 0;
+    while (true) {
+      Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
+      if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
+        return Response.ok().entity(results).build();
+      }
+      TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
+      int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
+      Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-      String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
-      if (statement instanceof ShowChildPathsStatement) {
-        String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
-        results.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
-      } else {
-        results.add(nodePaths);
+      for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
+        String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
+        if (statement instanceof ShowChildPathsStatement) {
+          String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
+          results.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
+        } else {
+          results.add(nodePaths);
+        }
       }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
-    return Response.ok().entity(results).build();
   }
 
-  public static Response fillGrafanaNodesResult(IQueryExecution queryExecution)
-      throws IoTDBException {
+  public static Response fillGrafanaNodesResult(
+      IQueryExecution queryExecution, int actualRowSizeLimit) throws 
IoTDBException {
     List<String> nodes = new ArrayList<>();
-    Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
-    if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent()) {
+    if (queryExecution == null) {
       return Response.ok().entity(nodes).build();
     }
-    TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
-    int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
-    Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
+    int fetched = 0;
+    while (true) {
+      Optional<TsBlock> optionalTsBlock = queryExecution.getBatchResult();
+      if (!optionalTsBlock.isPresent() || optionalTsBlock.get().isEmpty()) {
+        return Response.ok().entity(nodes).build();
+      }
+      TsBlock tsBlock = optionalTsBlock.get();
+      int currentCount = tsBlock.getPositionCount();
+      if (QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(fetched, currentCount, 
actualRowSizeLimit)) {
+        return 
QueryRowLimitUtils.buildRowSizeLimitExceededResponse(actualRowSizeLimit);
+      }
+      Column column = tsBlock.getColumn(0);
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
-      String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
-      String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
-      nodes.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
+      for (int i = 0; i < currentCount; i++) {
+        String nodePaths = column.getObject(i).toString();
+        String[] nodeSubPath = nodePaths.split("\\.");
+        nodes.add(nodeSubPath[nodeSubPath.length - 1]);
+      }
+      fetched += currentCount;
     }
-    return Response.ok().entity(nodes).build();
   }
 }
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
index e8701f89347..32834a5bced 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/GrafanaApiServiceImpl.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import org.apache.iotdb.commons.conf.CommonDescriptor;
 import org.apache.iotdb.commons.path.PartialPath;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.conf.IoTDBConfig;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.conf.IoTDBDescriptor;
+import org.apache.iotdb.db.conf.rest.IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.protocol.session.IClientSession;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.protocol.session.SessionManager;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.Coordinator;
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.crud.QueryStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.metadata.ShowStatement;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.SetThreadName;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.AuthorizationHandler;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.GrafanaApiService;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.handler.ExceptionHandler;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.handler.QueryDataSetHandler;
@@ -68,11 +70,15 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
   private final AuthorizationHandler authorizationHandler;
 
   private final long timePrecision; // the default timestamp precision is ms
+  private final int defaultQueryRowLimit;
 
   public GrafanaApiServiceImpl() {
     partitionFetcher = ClusterPartitionFetcher.getInstance();
     schemaFetcher = ClusterSchemaFetcher.getInstance();
     authorizationHandler = new AuthorizationHandler();
+    defaultQueryRowLimit =
+        QueryRowLimitUtils.normalizeRowSizeLimit(
+            
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit());
 
     switch 
(CommonDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getTimestampPrecision()) {
       case "ns":
@@ -132,7 +138,8 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
       }
       IQueryExecution queryExecution = COORDINATOR.getQueryExecution(queryId);
       try (SetThreadName threadName = new 
SetThreadName(result.queryId.getId())) {
-        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaVariablesResult(queryExecution, 
statement);
+        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaVariablesResult(
+            queryExecution, statement, defaultQueryRowLimit);
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
       return 
Response.ok().entity(ExceptionHandler.tryCatchException(e)).build();
@@ -204,9 +211,11 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
       try (SetThreadName threadName = new 
SetThreadName(result.queryId.getId())) {
         if (((QueryStatement) statement).isAggregationQuery()
             && !((QueryStatement) statement).isGroupByTime()) {
-          return 
QueryDataSetHandler.fillAggregationPlanDataSet(queryExecution, 0);
+          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillAggregationPlanDataSet(
+              queryExecution, defaultQueryRowLimit);
         } else {
-          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillDataSetWithTimestamps(queryExecution, 
0, timePrecision);
+          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillDataSetWithTimestamps(
+              queryExecution, defaultQueryRowLimit, timePrecision);
         }
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -269,10 +278,10 @@ public class GrafanaApiServiceImpl extends 
GrafanaApiService {
         IQueryExecution queryExecution = 
COORDINATOR.getQueryExecution(queryId);
 
         try (SetThreadName threadName = new 
SetThreadName(result.queryId.getId())) {
-          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(queryExecution);
+          return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(queryExecution, 
defaultQueryRowLimit);
         }
       } else {
-        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(null);
+        return QueryDataSetHandler.fillGrafanaNodesResult(null, 
defaultQueryRowLimit);
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
       return 
Response.ok().entity(ExceptionHandler.tryCatchException(e)).build();
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
index 6e2cef45b7f..cfe572ce9e0 100644
--- 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/impl/RestApiServiceImpl.java
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.analyze.schema.ISchemaFetcher;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.execution.ExecutionResult;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.execution.IQueryExecution;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.parser.StatementGenerator;
-import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableDeviceLastCache;
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableDeviceSchemaCache;
 import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableId;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.statement.Statement;
@@ -47,6 +46,7 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.schemaengine.schemaregion.ISchemaRegion;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.CommonUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.db.utils.SetThreadName;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.AuthorizationHandler;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler.QueryRowLimitUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.utils.InsertTabletSortDataUtils;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.NotFoundException;
@@ -60,12 +60,10 @@ import 
org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.handler.StatementConstructionHandler;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.InsertRecordsRequest;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.InsertTabletRequest;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.PrefixPathList;
-import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.QueryDataSet;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.SQL;
 import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
 import org.apache.iotdb.service.rpc.thrift.TSLastDataQueryReq;
 
-import org.apache.tsfile.common.constant.TsFileConstant;
 import org.apache.tsfile.enums.TSDataType;
 import org.apache.tsfile.file.metadata.IDeviceID;
 import org.apache.tsfile.read.TimeValuePair;
@@ -75,7 +73,6 @@ import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;
 import jakarta.ws.rs.core.SecurityContext;
 
 import java.time.ZoneId;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -99,14 +96,15 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
   private final ISchemaFetcher schemaFetcher;
   private final AuthorizationHandler authorizationHandler;
 
-  private final Integer defaultQueryRowLimit;
+  private final int defaultQueryRowLimit;
 
   public RestApiServiceImpl() {
     partitionFetcher = ClusterPartitionFetcher.getInstance();
     schemaFetcher = ClusterSchemaFetcher.getInstance();
     authorizationHandler = new AuthorizationHandler();
     defaultQueryRowLimit =
-        
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit();
+        QueryRowLimitUtils.normalizeRowSizeLimit(
+            
IoTDBRestServiceDescriptor.getInstance().getConfig().getRestQueryDefaultRowSizeLimit());
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -180,41 +178,9 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
         }
       }
 
-      // Cache hit: build response directly
-      QueryDataSet targetDataSet = new QueryDataSet();
-
-      FastLastHandler.setupTargetDataSet(targetDataSet);
-      List<Object> timeseries = new ArrayList<>();
-      List<Object> valueList = new ArrayList<>();
-      List<Object> dataTypeList = new ArrayList<>();
-
-      for (final Map.Entry<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, 
Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>>>>
-          result : resultMap.entrySet()) {
-        for (final Map.Entry<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, 
TimeValuePair>>>
-            device2MeasurementLastEntry : result.getValue().entrySet()) {
-          final String deviceWithSeparator =
-              device2MeasurementLastEntry.getKey().toString() + 
TsFileConstant.PATH_SEPARATOR;
-          for (final Map.Entry<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>> 
measurementLastEntry :
-              device2MeasurementLastEntry.getValue().entrySet()) {
-            final TimeValuePair tvPair = 
measurementLastEntry.getValue().getRight();
-            if (tvPair == TableDeviceLastCache.PLACEHOLDER_EMPTY_COLUMN
-                || tvPair.getValue() == null) {
-              continue;
-            }
-            valueList.add(tvPair.getValue().getStringValue());
-            dataTypeList.add(tvPair.getValue().getDataType().name());
-            targetDataSet.addTimestampsItem(tvPair.getTimestamp());
-            timeseries.add(deviceWithSeparator + 
measurementLastEntry.getKey());
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      if (!timeseries.isEmpty()) {
-        targetDataSet.addValuesItem(timeseries);
-        targetDataSet.addValuesItem(valueList);
-        targetDataSet.addValuesItem(dataTypeList);
-      }
+      // Cache hit: build response directly (capped by defaultQueryRowLimit).
       finish = true;
-      return Response.ok().entity(targetDataSet).build();
+      return FastLastHandler.fillLastValueDataSet(resultMap, 
defaultQueryRowLimit);
 
     } catch (Exception e) {
       finish = true;
@@ -398,7 +364,7 @@ public class RestApiServiceImpl extends RestApiService {
         return QueryDataSetHandler.fillQueryDataSet(
             queryExecution,
             statement,
-            sql.getRowLimit() == null ? defaultQueryRowLimit : 
sql.getRowLimit());
+            QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(sql.getRowLimit(), 
defaultQueryRowLimit));
       }
     } catch (Exception e) {
       finish = true;
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtilsTest.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtilsTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..996377dbead
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/handler/QueryRowLimitUtilsTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.handler;
+
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class QueryRowLimitUtilsTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void resolveActualRowSizeLimitShouldUseConfiguredLimitAsHardLimit() {
+    assertEquals(10, QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(null, 10));
+    assertEquals(10, QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(100, 10));
+    assertEquals(5, QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(5, 10));
+    // A caller-provided MAX_VALUE must be clamped down to the configured hard 
limit.
+    assertEquals(10, 
QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(Integer.MAX_VALUE, 10));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void 
resolveActualRowSizeLimitShouldFallBackToDefaultForNonPositiveConfig() {
+    // A non-positive rest_query_default_row_size_limit used to mean 
"unlimited"; it now falls back
+    // to the built-in default (10000) instead of being clamped down to a 
single row.
+    assertEquals(10000, QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(null, 0));
+    // A user request below the cap is still honored: min(100, default 10000) 
== 100.
+    assertEquals(100, QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(100, 0));
+    assertEquals(10000, QueryRowLimitUtils.resolveActualRowSizeLimit(null, 
-1));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void exceedsLimitShouldRejectOnlyRowsBeyondTheHardLimit() {
+    assertFalse(QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(0, 2, 2));
+    assertTrue(QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(2, 1, 2));
+    assertTrue(QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(0, 2, 1));
+    assertFalse(QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(0, 0, 1));
+    // A non-positive limit falls back to the default (10000), so small 
batches do not exceed it.
+    assertFalse(QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(0, 2, 0));
+    assertTrue(QueryRowLimitUtils.exceedsLimit(0, 10001, 0));
+  }
+}
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandlerTest.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandlerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..36a2ec1292e
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v1/handler/QueryDataSetHandlerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.handler;
+
+import org.apache.iotdb.commons.exception.IoTDBException;
+import org.apache.iotdb.commons.queryengine.common.SqlDialect;
+import org.apache.iotdb.commons.schema.column.ColumnHeader;
+import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.common.header.DatasetHeader;
+import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.analyze.QueryType;
+import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.execution.ExecutionResult;
+import org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.execution.IQueryExecution;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v1.model.QueryDataSet;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
+
+import org.apache.tsfile.enums.TSDataType;
+import org.apache.tsfile.read.common.block.TsBlock;
+import org.apache.tsfile.read.common.block.TsBlockBuilder;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.Queue;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class QueryDataSetHandlerTest {
+
+  @Test
+  public void fillDataSetWithTimestampsShouldAllowResultAtExactLimit() throws 
Exception {
+    Response response =
+        QueryDataSetHandler.fillDataSetWithTimestamps(
+            new TestQueryExecution(newTsBlock(1L, 11L, 2L, 22L)), 2, 1);
+
+    assertTrue(response.getEntity() instanceof QueryDataSet);
+    QueryDataSet dataSet = (QueryDataSet) response.getEntity();
+    assertEquals(Arrays.asList(1L, 2L), dataSet.getTimestamps());
+    assertEquals(Collections.singletonList(Arrays.asList(11L, 22L)), 
dataSet.getValues());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void fillDataSetWithTimestampsShouldRejectRowsBeyondLimit() throws 
Exception {
+    Response response =
+        QueryDataSetHandler.fillDataSetWithTimestamps(
+            new TestQueryExecution(newTsBlock(1L, 11L, 2L, 22L)), 1, 1);
+
+    assertTrue(response.getEntity() instanceof ExecutionStatus);
+    ExecutionStatus status = (ExecutionStatus) response.getEntity();
+    assertEquals(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode(), 
status.getCode().intValue());
+  }
+
+  private static TsBlock newTsBlock(long... timeAndValues) {
+    TsBlockBuilder builder = new 
TsBlockBuilder(Collections.singletonList(TSDataType.INT64));
+    for (int i = 0; i < timeAndValues.length; i += 2) {
+      builder.getTimeColumnBuilder().writeLong(timeAndValues[i]);
+      builder.getColumnBuilder(0).writeLong(timeAndValues[i + 1]);
+      builder.declarePosition();
+    }
+    return builder.build();
+  }
+
+  private static final class TestQueryExecution implements IQueryExecution {
+
+    private static final String COLUMN_NAME = "root.sg.d1.s1";
+
+    private final Queue<Optional<TsBlock>> batches = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    private final DatasetHeader datasetHeader;
+
+    private TestQueryExecution(TsBlock... tsBlocks) {
+      for (TsBlock tsBlock : tsBlocks) {
+        batches.add(Optional.of(tsBlock));
+      }
+      batches.add(Optional.empty());
+
+      datasetHeader =
+          new DatasetHeader(
+              Collections.singletonList(new ColumnHeader(COLUMN_NAME, 
TSDataType.INT64)), false);
+      
datasetHeader.setTreeColumnToTsBlockIndexMap(Collections.singletonList(COLUMN_NAME));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void start() {}
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop(Throwable t) {}
+
+    @Override
+    public void stopAndCleanup(Throwable t) {}
+
+    @Override
+    public void cancel() {}
+
+    @Override
+    public ExecutionResult getStatus() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Optional<TsBlock> getBatchResult() throws IoTDBException {
+      return batches.remove();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Optional<ByteBuffer> getByteBufferBatchResult() {
+      return Optional.empty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasNextResult() {
+      return !batches.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int getOutputValueColumnCount() {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public DatasetHeader getDatasetHeader() {
+      return datasetHeader;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public QueryType getQueryType() {
+      return QueryType.READ;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isQuery() {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isUserQuery() {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getQueryId() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getStartExecutionTime() {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void recordExecutionTime(long executionTime) {}
+
+    @Override
+    public void updateCurrentRpcStartTime(long startTime) {}
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isActive() {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getTotalExecutionTime() {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public long getTimeout() {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Optional<String> getExecuteSQL() {
+      return Optional.empty();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getStatementType() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public SqlDialect getSQLDialect() {
+      return SqlDialect.TREE;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getUser() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String getClientHostname() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isDebug() {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git 
a/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandlerTest.java
 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandlerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a275813c393
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/external-service-impl/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/iotdb/rest/protocol/v2/handler/FastLastHandlerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.handler;
+
+import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableDeviceLastCache;
+import 
org.apache.iotdb.db.queryengine.plan.relational.metadata.fetcher.cache.TableId;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.model.ExecutionStatus;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rest.protocol.v2.model.QueryDataSet;
+import org.apache.iotdb.rpc.TSStatusCode;
+
+import org.apache.tsfile.enums.TSDataType;
+import org.apache.tsfile.file.metadata.IDeviceID;
+import org.apache.tsfile.read.TimeValuePair;
+import org.apache.tsfile.utils.Pair;
+import org.apache.tsfile.utils.TsPrimitiveType;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;
+
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+
+public class FastLastHandlerTest {
+
+  private static final String DEVICE = "root.sg25.d1";
+
+  @Test
+  public void fillLastValueDataSetShouldReturnAllEntriesWhenUnderLimit() {
+    Map<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>>>> 
resultMap =
+        newResultMap("s1", "s2", "s3");
+
+    Response response = FastLastHandler.fillLastValueDataSet(resultMap, 5);
+
+    assertTrue(response.getEntity() instanceof QueryDataSet);
+    QueryDataSet dataSet = (QueryDataSet) response.getEntity();
+    assertEquals(3, dataSet.getTimestamps().size());
+    // [timeseries, valueList, dataTypeList], each holding one row per 
measurement
+    assertEquals(3, dataSet.getValues().size());
+    assertEquals(3, dataSet.getValues().get(0).size());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void fillLastValueDataSetShouldCapAtLimitAndReportError() {
+    // Regression for the fastLastQuery cache-hit path: a warm cache with more 
entries than the
+    // configured limit must NOT materialize the whole result into heap.
+    Map<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>>>> 
resultMap =
+        newResultMap("s1", "s2", "s3", "s4", "s5");
+
+    Response response = FastLastHandler.fillLastValueDataSet(resultMap, 2);
+
+    assertTrue(response.getEntity() instanceof ExecutionStatus);
+    ExecutionStatus status = (ExecutionStatus) response.getEntity();
+    assertEquals(TSStatusCode.QUERY_PROCESS_ERROR.getStatusCode(), 
status.getCode().intValue());
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void fillLastValueDataSetShouldSkipPlaceholderAndNullEntries() {
+    Map<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>>>> 
resultMap =
+        newResultMap("s1", "placeholder", "nullValue", "s4");
+
+    Response response = FastLastHandler.fillLastValueDataSet(resultMap, 10);
+
+    assertTrue(response.getEntity() instanceof QueryDataSet);
+    QueryDataSet dataSet = (QueryDataSet) response.getEntity();
+    // Only the two real entries (s1, s4) are materialized; placeholder/null 
entries are skipped.
+    assertEquals(2, dataSet.getTimestamps().size());
+  }
+
+  /** Builds a single-table/single-device resultMap; the special names insert 
sentinel entries. */
+  private static Map<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, 
TimeValuePair>>>>
+      newResultMap(String... measurementNames) {
+    Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>> measurements = new 
HashMap<>();
+    long timestamp = 100L;
+    for (String name : measurementNames) {
+      measurements.put(name, newEntry(name, timestamp++));
+    }
+    Map<TableId, Map<IDeviceID, Map<String, Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair>>>> 
resultMap =
+        new HashMap<>();
+    resultMap.put(
+        new TableId("root", "sg25"),
+        new HashMap<>(
+            Collections.singletonMap(
+                IDeviceID.Factory.DEFAULT_FACTORY.create(DEVICE), 
measurements)));
+    return resultMap;
+  }
+
+  private static Pair<TSDataType, TimeValuePair> newEntry(String name, long 
timestamp) {
+    if ("placeholder".equals(name)) {
+      return new Pair<>(TSDataType.INT64, 
TableDeviceLastCache.PLACEHOLDER_EMPTY_COLUMN);
+    }
+    if ("nullValue".equals(name)) {
+      return new Pair<>(TSDataType.INT64, new TimeValuePair(timestamp, null));
+    }
+    return new Pair<>(
+        TSDataType.INT64,
+        new TimeValuePair(timestamp, 
TsPrimitiveType.getByType(TSDataType.INT64, timestamp)));
+  }
+}
diff --git a/iotdb-client/session/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties 
b/iotdb-client/session/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties
index 2ec58b5db32..5c2150a3789 100644
--- a/iotdb-client/session/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties
+++ b/iotdb-client/session/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ enable_rest_service=true
 # the binding port of the REST service
 # rest_service_port=18080
 
-# the default row limit to a REST query response when the rowSize parameter is 
not given in request
+# The maximum row limit for REST and Grafana query responses.
+# The request rowLimit/row_limit value cannot exceed this limit.
 # rest_query_default_row_size_limit=10000
 
 # Whether to display rest service interface information through OpenAPI. eg: 
http://ip:port/openapi.json
diff --git a/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties 
b/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties
index b753b0519ee..d22cfaa6372 100644
--- a/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties
+++ b/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-common.properties
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ enable_rest_service=true
 # Whether to display rest service interface information through OpenAPI. eg: 
http://ip:port/openapi.json
 # enable_swagger=false
 
-# the default row limit to a REST query response when the rowSize parameter is 
not given in request
+# The maximum row limit for REST and Grafana query responses.
+# The request rowLimit/row_limit value cannot exceed this limit.
 # rest_query_default_row_size_limit=10000
 
 # is SSL enabled
diff --git a/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-system.properties 
b/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-system.properties
index a7a2a08bd1f..4cde9826f07 100644
--- a/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-system.properties
+++ b/iotdb-core/datanode/src/test/resources/iotdb-system.properties
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ enable_rest_service=true
 # Whether to display rest service interface information through OpenAPI. eg: 
http://ip:port/openapi.json
 # enable_swagger=false
 
-# the default row limit to a REST query response when the rowSize parameter is 
not given in request
+# The maximum row limit for REST and Grafana query responses.
+# The request rowLimit/row_limit value cannot exceed this limit.
 # rest_query_default_row_size_limit=10000
 
 # is SSL enabled
diff --git 
a/iotdb-core/node-commons/src/assembly/resources/conf/iotdb-system.properties.template
 
b/iotdb-core/node-commons/src/assembly/resources/conf/iotdb-system.properties.template
index 4c06d0c4298..c54878bfe1b 100644
--- 
a/iotdb-core/node-commons/src/assembly/resources/conf/iotdb-system.properties.template
+++ 
b/iotdb-core/node-commons/src/assembly/resources/conf/iotdb-system.properties.template
@@ -607,7 +607,9 @@ rest_service_port=18080
 # Datatype: boolean
 enable_swagger=false
 
-# the default row limit to a REST query response when the rowSize parameter is 
not given in request
+# The maximum row limit for REST and Grafana query responses.
+# The request rowLimit/row_limit value cannot exceed this limit.
+# A non-positive value is invalid and falls back to the default (10000); it no 
longer means unlimited.
 # effectiveMode: restart
 # Datatype: int
 rest_query_default_row_size_limit=10000

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