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commit 3ec73bc78cf3490f94bc2b51d617ed15e68c5c09
Author: Andy Seaborne <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Mon Feb 16 14:16:50 2026 +0000

    Reformat QueryIterators
---
 .../jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIter2.java    | 121 ++++++++--------
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAbortable.java |  27 ++--
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterAddTripleTerm.java    |   1 -
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterCommonParent.java     |  70 +++++----
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConcat.java    | 131 ++++++++---------
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConvert.java   |  65 ++++-----
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterDefaulting.java       | 113 ++++++++-------
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinct.java  | 156 ++++++++++-----------
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctMem.java      |  38 +++--
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctReduced.java  |  62 ++++----
 .../iterator/QueryIterDistinguishedVars.java       |  17 +--
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterGroup.java     |  38 ++---
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterNullIterator.java     |  23 ++-
 .../jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPath.java |  57 ++++----
 .../jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPeek.java |  80 ++++++-----
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIterProcessBinding.java   |  50 +++----
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterReduced.java   |  42 +++---
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSingleton.java |  50 +++----
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSlice.java     |  71 +++++-----
 .../jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSub.java  |  44 +++---
 .../jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTopN.java | 123 ++++++++--------
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTracked.java   |  52 ++++---
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterYieldN.java    |  83 +++++------
 .../sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCheck.java |  26 ++--
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCloseable.java    |  18 ++-
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIteratorLogging.java      |  48 +++----
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIteratorResultSet.java    |  24 ++--
 .../engine/iterator/QueryIteratorTiming.java       |  90 ++++++------
 28 files changed, 818 insertions(+), 902 deletions(-)

diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIter2.java 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIter2.java
index 68fa3ff967..dcfdcc2edb 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIter2.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIter2.java
@@ -21,77 +21,74 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.Plan ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.Plan;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 
 /**
- * This class marks a QueryIter that takes two QueryIterators as input. */
-public abstract class QueryIter2 extends QueryIter
-{
-    private QueryIterator leftInput ; 
-    private QueryIterator rightInput ;
-    
-    public QueryIter2(QueryIterator left, QueryIterator right, 
ExecutionContext execCxt)
-    { 
-        super(execCxt) ;
-        this.leftInput = left ;
-        this.rightInput = right ;
+ * This class marks a QueryIter that takes two QueryIterators as input.
+ */
+public abstract class QueryIter2 extends QueryIter {
+    private QueryIterator leftInput;
+    private QueryIterator rightInput;
+
+    public QueryIter2(QueryIterator left, QueryIterator right, 
ExecutionContext execCxt) {
+        super(execCxt);
+        this.leftInput = left;
+        this.rightInput = right;
     }
-    
-    protected QueryIterator getLeft()   { return leftInput ; } 
-    protected QueryIterator getRight()  { return rightInput ; } 
-    
+
+    protected QueryIterator getLeft()   { return leftInput ; }
+    protected QueryIterator getRight()  { return rightInput ; }
+
     @Override
-    protected final
-    void closeIterator()
-    {
-        closeSubIterator() ;
-        performClose(leftInput) ;
-        performClose(rightInput) ;
-        leftInput = null ;
-        rightInput = null ;
+    protected final void closeIterator() {
+        closeSubIterator();
+        performClose(leftInput);
+        performClose(rightInput);
+        leftInput = null;
+        rightInput = null;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected final
-    void requestCancel()
-    {
-        requestSubCancel() ;
-        performRequestCancel(leftInput) ;
-        performRequestCancel(rightInput) ;
+    protected final void requestCancel() {
+        requestSubCancel();
+        performRequestCancel(leftInput);
+        performRequestCancel(rightInput);
     }
-    
+
     /** Cancellation of the query execution is happening */
-    protected abstract void requestSubCancel() ;
-    
-    /** Pass on the close method - no need to close the left or right 
QueryIterators passed to the QueryIter2 constructor */
-    protected abstract void closeSubIterator() ;
-    
+    protected abstract void requestSubCancel();
+
+    /**
+     * Pass on the close method - no need to close the left or right 
QueryIterators
+     * passed to the QueryIter2 constructor
+     */
+    protected abstract void closeSubIterator();
+
     // Do better
     @Override
-    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    { 
-        out.println(Lib.className(this)) ;
-        out.incIndent() ;
-        
-        out.print(Plan.startMarker) ;
-        out.incIndent() ;
-        getLeft().output(out, sCxt) ;
-        out.decIndent() ;
-        //out.ensureStartOfLine() ;
-        out.println(Plan.finishMarker) ;
-        
-        out.print(Plan.startMarker) ;
-        out.incIndent() ;
-        getRight().output(out, sCxt) ;
-        out.decIndent() ;
-        //out.ensureStartOfLine() ;
-        out.println(Plan.finishMarker) ;
-        
-        out.decIndent() ;
+    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
+        out.println(Lib.className(this));
+        out.incIndent();
+
+        out.print(Plan.startMarker);
+        out.incIndent();
+        getLeft().output(out, sCxt);
+        out.decIndent();
+        // out.ensureStartOfLine() ;
+        out.println(Plan.finishMarker);
+
+        out.print(Plan.startMarker);
+        out.incIndent();
+        getRight().output(out, sCxt);
+        out.decIndent();
+        // out.ensureStartOfLine() ;
+        out.println(Plan.finishMarker);
+
+        out.decIndent();
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAbortable.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAbortable.java
index 6a527715ac..e00fbdf50e 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAbortable.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAbortable.java
@@ -29,33 +29,30 @@ import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 
 /** QueryIterator that calls a list of abort actions when a cancel happens. */
-public class QueryIterAbortable extends QueryIterPlainWrapper
-{
-    final private QueryIterator originalInput ;
-    private List<Abortable> killList ;
+public class QueryIterAbortable extends QueryIterPlainWrapper {
+    final private QueryIterator originalInput;
+    private List<Abortable> killList;
 
     // The original input needs closing as well.
-    public QueryIterAbortable(Iterator<Binding> iterBinding, List<Abortable> 
killList, QueryIterator originalInput, ExecutionContext execCxt)
-    {
-        super(iterBinding, execCxt) ;
-        this.originalInput = originalInput ;
-        this.killList = killList ;
+    public QueryIterAbortable(Iterator<Binding> iterBinding, List<Abortable> 
killList, QueryIterator originalInput,
+                              ExecutionContext execCxt) {
+        super(iterBinding, execCxt);
+        this.originalInput = originalInput;
+        this.killList = killList;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()
-    {
+    protected void closeIterator() {
         if ( originalInput != null )
             originalInput.close();
-        super.closeIterator() ;
+        super.closeIterator();
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void requestCancel()
-    {
+    protected void requestCancel() {
         if ( killList != null )
             for ( Abortable it : killList )
-                it.abort() ;
+                it.abort();
         if ( originalInput != null )
             originalInput.cancel();
     }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAddTripleTerm.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAddTripleTerm.java
index cbb25ca5e7..809b3b9c31 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAddTripleTerm.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterAddTripleTerm.java
@@ -77,5 +77,4 @@ public class QueryIterAddTripleTerm extends 
QueryIterProcessBinding {
     protected void details(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
         out.print(this.getClass().getSimpleName()+": ["+var+"] " + triple);
     }
-
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterCommonParent.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterCommonParent.java
index a7c2546452..86c7a2df22 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterCommonParent.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterCommonParent.java
@@ -21,63 +21,59 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.Iterator ;
+import java.util.Iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.logging.Log ;
-import org.apache.jena.graph.Node ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQInternalErrorException ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.jena.graph.Node;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQInternalErrorException;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingBuilder;
 
 /**
- * Yield new bindings, with a fixed parent, with values from an iterator.
- * Parent must not have variables in common with the iterator stream.
+ * Yield new bindings, with a fixed parent, with values from an iterator. 
Parent must
+ * not have variables in common with the iterator stream.
  */
-public class QueryIterCommonParent extends QueryIterConvert
-{
-    public QueryIterCommonParent(QueryIterator input, Binding binding, 
ExecutionContext execCxt)
-    {
-        super(input, new ConverterExtend(binding) , execCxt) ;
+public class QueryIterCommonParent extends QueryIterConvert {
+    public QueryIterCommonParent(QueryIterator input, Binding binding, 
ExecutionContext execCxt) {
+        super(input, new ConverterExtend(binding), execCxt);
     }
 
     // Extend (with checking) an iterator stream of binding to have a common 
parent.
-    static class ConverterExtend implements QueryIterConvert.Converter
-    {
-        private Binding parentBinding ;
+    static class ConverterExtend implements QueryIterConvert.Converter {
+        private Binding parentBinding;
 
-        ConverterExtend(Binding parent) { parentBinding = parent ; }
+        ConverterExtend(Binding parent) {
+            parentBinding = parent;
+        }
 
         @Override
-        public Binding convert(Binding b)
-        {
+        public Binding convert(Binding b) {
             if ( parentBinding == null || parentBinding.isEmpty() )
-                return b ;
+                return b;
 
             // This is the result.
-            BindingBuilder b2 = Binding.builder(parentBinding) ;
+            BindingBuilder b2 = Binding.builder(parentBinding);
 
-            // Copy the resultSet bindings to the combined result binding with 
checking.
-            for ( Iterator<Var> iter = b.vars() ; iter.hasNext(); )
-            {
+            // Copy the resultSet bindings to the combined result binding with
+            // checking.
+            for ( Iterator<Var> iter = b.vars() ; iter.hasNext() ; ) {
                 Var v = iter.next();
-                Node n = b.get(v) ;
-                if ( b2.contains(v) )
-                {
-                    Node n2 = b2.get(v) ;
+                Node n = b.get(v);
+                if ( b2.contains(v) ) {
+                    Node n2 = b2.get(v);
                     if ( n2.equals(n) )
-                        Log.warn(this, "Binding already for "+v+" (same 
value)" ) ;
-                    else
-                    {
-                        Log.error(this, "Binding already for "+v+" (different 
values)" ) ;
-                        throw new ARQInternalErrorException("Incompatible 
bindings for "+v) ;
+                        Log.warn(this, "Binding already for " + v + " (same 
value)");
+                    else {
+                        Log.error(this, "Binding already for " + v + " 
(different values)");
+                        throw new ARQInternalErrorException("Incompatible 
bindings for " + v);
                     }
                 }
-                b2.add(v, n) ;
+                b2.add(v, n);
             }
-            return b2.build() ;
+            return b2.build();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConcat.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConcat.java
index 57705f8d67..c8e2e8a3aa 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConcat.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConcat.java
@@ -33,114 +33,97 @@ import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
 
-
 /**
- * A query iterator that joins two or more iterators into a single iterator. 
*/ 
+ * A query iterator that joins two or more iterators into a single iterator.
+ */
 
-public class QueryIterConcat extends QueryIter
-{
-    boolean initialized = false ;
-    List<QueryIterator> iteratorList = new ArrayList<>() ;
-    Iterator<QueryIterator> iterator ;
-    QueryIterator currentQIter = null ;
+public class QueryIterConcat extends QueryIter {
+    boolean initialized = false;
+    List<QueryIterator> iteratorList = new ArrayList<>();
+    Iterator<QueryIterator> iterator;
+    QueryIterator currentQIter = null;
 
-    Binding binding ;
-    boolean doneFirst = false ;
+    Binding binding;
+    boolean doneFirst = false;
 
-    public QueryIterConcat(ExecutionContext context)
-    {
-        super(context) ;
+    public QueryIterConcat(ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(context);
     }
 
-    private void init()
-    {
-        if ( ! initialized )
-        {
-            currentQIter = null ;
+    private void init() {
+        if ( !initialized ) {
+            currentQIter = null;
             if ( iterator == null )
-                iterator = iteratorList.listIterator() ;
+                iterator = iteratorList.listIterator();
             if ( iterator.hasNext() )
-                currentQIter = iterator.next() ;
-            initialized = true ;
+                currentQIter = iterator.next();
+            initialized = true;
         }
     }
-    
-    public void add(QueryIterator qIter)
-    {
+
+    public void add(QueryIterator qIter) {
         if ( qIter != null )
-            iteratorList.add(qIter) ; 
+            iteratorList.add(qIter);
     }
-    
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         if ( isFinished() )
-            return false ;
+            return false;
 
-        init() ;
+        init();
         if ( currentQIter == null )
-            return false ;
-        
-        while ( ! currentQIter.hasNext() )
-        {
+            return false;
+
+        while (!currentQIter.hasNext()) {
             // End sub iterator
-            //currentQIter.close() ;
-            currentQIter = null ;
+            // currentQIter.close() ;
+            currentQIter = null;
             if ( iterator.hasNext() )
-                currentQIter = iterator.next() ;
-            if ( currentQIter == null )
-            {
+                currentQIter = iterator.next();
+            if ( currentQIter == null ) {
                 // No more.
-                //close() ;
-                return false ;
+                // close() ;
+                return false;
             }
         }
-        
-        return true ;
+
+        return true;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
-        if ( ! hasNextBinding() )
-            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this)) ; 
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        if ( !hasNextBinding() )
+            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this));
         if ( currentQIter == null )
-            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this)) ; 
-        
-        Binding binding = currentQIter.nextBinding() ;
-        return binding ;
+            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this));
+
+        Binding binding = currentQIter.nextBinding();
+        return binding;
     }
 
-    
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()
-    {
-        for ( QueryIterator qIter : iteratorList )
-        {
-            performClose( qIter );
+    protected void closeIterator() {
+        for ( QueryIterator qIter : iteratorList ) {
+            performClose(qIter);
         }
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected void requestCancel()
-    {
-        for ( QueryIterator qIter : iteratorList )
-        {
-            performRequestCancel( qIter );
+    protected void requestCancel() {
+        for ( QueryIterator qIter : iteratorList ) {
+            performRequestCancel(qIter);
         }
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    { 
-        out.println(Lib.className(this)) ;
-        out.incIndent() ;
-        for ( QueryIterator qIter : iteratorList )
-        {
-            qIter.output( out, sCxt );
+    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
+        out.println(Lib.className(this));
+        out.incIndent();
+        for ( QueryIterator qIter : iteratorList ) {
+            qIter.output(out, sCxt);
         }
-        out.decIndent() ;
-        out.ensureStartOfLine() ;
+        out.decIndent();
+        out.ensureStartOfLine();
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConvert.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConvert.java
index 2b97398cf3..6e46ab830a 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConvert.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterConvert.java
@@ -21,55 +21,48 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 
+/**
+ * Iterator over another QueryIterator, applying a converter function to each 
object
+ * that is returned by .next()
+ */
 
-/** Iterator over another QueryIterator, applying a converter function
- *  to each object that is returned by .next() */
-
-public class QueryIterConvert extends QueryIter1
-{
-    public interface Converter
-    {
-        public Binding convert(Binding obj) ;
+public class QueryIterConvert extends QueryIter1 {
+    public interface Converter {
+        public Binding convert(Binding obj);
     }
-    
-    Converter converter ; 
-    
-    public QueryIterConvert(QueryIterator iter, Converter c, ExecutionContext 
context)
-    { 
-        super(iter, context) ;
-        converter = c ;
+
+    private Converter converter;
+
+    public QueryIterConvert(QueryIterator iter, Converter c, ExecutionContext 
context) {
+        super(iter, context);
+        converter = c;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected void 
-    closeSubIterator() {}
-    
+    protected void closeSubIterator() {}
+
     @Override
-    protected void 
-    requestSubCancel() {}
+    protected void requestSubCancel() {}
 
     @Override
-    public boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
-        return getInput().hasNext() ;
+    public boolean hasNextBinding() {
+        return getInput().hasNext();
     }
 
     @Override
-    public Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
-        return converter.convert(getInput().nextBinding()) ;
+    public Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        return converter.convert(getInput().nextBinding());
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void details(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext cxt)
-    { 
-        out.println(Lib.className(this)) ;
+    protected void details(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext cxt) {
+        out.println(Lib.className(this));
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDefaulting.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDefaulting.java
index 047e4cb824..f56723ab99 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDefaulting.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDefaulting.java
@@ -21,82 +21,81 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.NoSuchElementException ;
-
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-
-/** An iterator that returns at least one element from another iterator
- *  or a default value (once) if the wrapped iterator returns nothing. */ 
-
-public class QueryIterDefaulting extends QueryIterSub
-{
-    Binding defaultObject ;
-    
-    boolean returnDefaultObject = false ;
-    boolean haveReturnedSomeObject = false ; 
-
-    public QueryIterDefaulting(QueryIterator cIter, Binding _defaultObject, 
ExecutionContext qCxt) 
-    {
-        super(cIter, qCxt) ;
-        defaultObject = _defaultObject ;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
+
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+
+/**
+ * An iterator that returns at least one element from another iterator or a 
default
+ * value (once) if the wrapped iterator returns nothing.
+ */
+
+public class QueryIterDefaulting extends QueryIterSub {
+    Binding defaultObject;
+
+    boolean returnDefaultObject = false;
+    boolean haveReturnedSomeObject = false;
+
+    public QueryIterDefaulting(QueryIterator cIter, Binding _defaultObject, 
ExecutionContext qCxt) {
+        super(cIter, qCxt);
+        defaultObject = _defaultObject;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the returned binding was the default object. Undef if 
before
+     * the iterator's first .hasNext()
+     */
+    public boolean wasDefaultObject() {
+        return returnDefaultObject;
     }
 
-    /** Returns true if the returned binding was the default object. Undef if 
before the iterator's first .hasNext() */
-    public boolean wasDefaultObject()
-    { return returnDefaultObject ; }
-    
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         if ( isFinished() )
-            return false ;
+            return false;
 
         if ( iter != null && iter.hasNext() )
-            return true ;
-        
-        // Wrapped iterator has ended (or does not exist).  Have we returned 
anything yet? 
-        
+            return true;
+
+        // Wrapped iterator has ended (or does not exist). Have we returned 
anything
+        // yet?
+
         if ( haveReturnedSomeObject )
-            return false ;
-        
-        returnDefaultObject = true ;
-        return true ;
+            return false;
+
+        returnDefaultObject = true;
+        return true;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
         if ( isFinished() )
-            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this)) ;
-        
-        if ( returnDefaultObject )
-        {
-            haveReturnedSomeObject = true ;
-            return defaultObject ;
+            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this));
+
+        if ( returnDefaultObject ) {
+            haveReturnedSomeObject = true;
+            return defaultObject;
         }
 
-        Binding binding = null ;
+        Binding binding = null;
         if ( iter != null && iter.hasNext() )
-            binding = iter.next() ;
-        else
-        {
+            binding = iter.next();
+        else {
             if ( haveReturnedSomeObject )
-                throw new NoSuchElementException("DefaultingIterator - without 
hasNext call first") ;
-            binding = defaultObject ;
+                throw new NoSuchElementException("DefaultingIterator - without 
hasNext call first");
+            binding = defaultObject;
         }
-        
-        haveReturnedSomeObject = true ;
-        return binding ;
+
+        haveReturnedSomeObject = true;
+        return binding;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void requestSubCancel()
-    {}
+    protected void requestSubCancel() {}
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeSubIterator()
-    {}
+    protected void closeSubIterator() {}
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinct.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinct.java
index 35a8a6b262..b6ef1cbaa8 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinct.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinct.java
@@ -19,145 +19,145 @@
  *   SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator ;
+package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.* ;
+import java.util.*;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.data.* ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.InternalErrorException ;
-import org.apache.jena.query.ARQ ;
-import org.apache.jena.query.SortCondition ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQException ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingComparator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingProjectNamed ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.data.*;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.InternalErrorException;
+import org.apache.jena.query.ARQ;
+import org.apache.jena.query.SortCondition;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQException;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingComparator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingProjectNamed;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.system.SerializationFactoryFinder;
 
 /**
- * A QueryIterator that suppresses items already seen. This will stream results
- * until a threshold is passed. At that point, it will fill a disk-backed
- * {@link DistinctDataNet}, then yield   
- * not  return any results until the input iterator has been exhausted.
- * 
+ * A QueryIterator that suppresses items already seen. This will stream 
results until
+ * a threshold is passed. At that point, it will fill a disk-backed
+ * {@link DistinctDataNet}, then yield, not return any results until the input
+ * iterator has been exhausted.
+ *
  * @see DistinctDataBag
  */
-public class QueryIterDistinct extends QueryIter1
-{
-    private long memThreshold = Long.MAX_VALUE ;    // Default "off" value.
-    /*package*/ DistinctDataBag<Binding> db = null ;
-    private Iterator<Binding> iterator = null ;
-    private Set<Binding> seen = new HashSet<>() ;
-    private Binding slot = null ;
-    private final  List<SortCondition> preserveOrder;
+public class QueryIterDistinct extends QueryIter1 {
+    private long memThreshold = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+    // Default "off" value.
+    /* package */ DistinctDataBag<Binding> db = null;
+    private Iterator<Binding> iterator = null;
+    private Set<Binding> seen = new HashSet<>();
+    private Binding slot = null;
+    private final List<SortCondition> preserveOrder;
 
     public QueryIterDistinct(QueryIterator qIter, List<SortCondition> 
preserveOrder, ExecutionContext execCxt) {
-        super(qIter, execCxt) ;
-        this.preserveOrder = (preserveOrder!=null) ? preserveOrder : 
Collections.emptyList();
+        super(qIter, execCxt);
+        this.preserveOrder = (preserveOrder != null) ? preserveOrder : 
Collections.emptyList();
         if ( execCxt != null ) {
-            memThreshold = 
execCxt.getContext().getLong(ARQ.spillToDiskThreshold, memThreshold) ;
+            memThreshold = 
execCxt.getContext().getLong(ARQ.spillToDiskThreshold, memThreshold);
             if ( memThreshold < 0 )
-                throw new ARQException("Bad spillToDiskThreshold: 
"+memThreshold) ;
+                throw new ARQException("Bad spillToDiskThreshold: " + 
memThreshold);
         }
     }
-    
+
     @Override
     protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         if ( slot != null )
-            return true ;
+            return true;
         if ( iterator != null )
             // Databag active.
-            return iterator.hasNext() ;
-       
+            return iterator.hasNext();
+
         // At this point, we are currently in the initial pre-threshold mode.
         if ( seen.size() < memThreshold ) {
-            Binding b = getInputNextUnseen() ;
+            Binding b = getInputNextUnseen();
             if ( b == null )
-                return false ;
-            seen.add(b) ;
-            slot = b ;
-            return true ;
+                return false;
+            seen.add(b);
+            slot = b;
+            return true;
         }
-        
+
         // Hit the threshold.
-        loadDataBag() ;
-        // Switch to iterating from the data bag.  
-        iterator = db.iterator() ;
+        loadDataBag();
+        // Switch to iterating from the data bag.
+        iterator = db.iterator();
         // Leave slot null.
-        return iterator.hasNext() ;
+        return iterator.hasNext();
     }
-    
+
     /**
-     * Load the data bag with. Filter incoming by the already seen in-memory 
elements. 
-     * 
+     * Load the data bag with. Filter incoming by the already seen in-memory
+     * elements.
+     * <p>
      * For DISTINCT-ORDER, and if DISTINCT spills then we need to take
      * account of the ORDER. The normal (non-spill case) already preserves the 
input
      * order, passing through the first occurence. It is only if a spill 
happens that
      * we need to ensure the spill buckets respect sort order.
-     */  
+     */
     private void loadDataBag() {
-        ThresholdPolicy<Binding> policy = 
ThresholdPolicyFactory.policyFromContext(super.getExecContext().getContext()) ;
-        Comparator<Binding> comparator = new BindingComparator(preserveOrder, 
super.getExecContext()) ;
-        this.db = BagFactory.newDistinctBag(policy, 
SerializationFactoryFinder.bindingSerializationFactory(), comparator) ;
-        for(;;) {
-            Binding b = getInputNextUnseen() ;
+        ThresholdPolicy<Binding> policy = 
ThresholdPolicyFactory.policyFromContext(super.getExecContext().getContext());
+        Comparator<Binding> comparator = new BindingComparator(preserveOrder, 
super.getExecContext());
+        this.db = BagFactory.newDistinctBag(policy, 
SerializationFactoryFinder.bindingSerializationFactory(), comparator);
+        for ( ;; ) {
+            Binding b = getInputNextUnseen();
             if ( b == null )
-                break ;
-            db.add(b) ;
+                break;
+            db.add(b);
         }
     }
-    
-    /** Return the next binding from the input filtered by seen.
-     * This does not update seen.
-     * Returns null on end of input.
-    */
+
+    /**
+     * Return the next binding from the input filtered by seen. This does not 
update
+     * seen. Returns null on end of input.
+     */
     private Binding getInputNextUnseen() {
-        while( getInput().hasNext() ) {
-            Binding b = getInputNext() ;
+        while (getInput().hasNext()) {
+            Binding b = getInputNext();
             if ( seen.contains(b) )
-                continue ;
-            return b ;
+                continue;
+            return b;
         }
-        return null ;
+        return null;
     }
 
     /** Return the binding from the input, hiding any variables to be ignored. 
*/
     private Binding getInputNext() {
-        Binding b = getInput().next() ;
+        Binding b = getInput().next();
         // Hide unnamed and internal variables.
-        b = new BindingProjectNamed(b) ;
-        return b ;
+        b = new BindingProjectNamed(b);
+        return b;
     }
 
     @Override
     protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
         if ( slot != null ) {
-            Binding b = slot ;
-            slot = null ;
-            return b ;
+            Binding b = slot;
+            slot = null;
+            return b;
         }
         if ( iterator != null ) {
-            Binding b = iterator.next() ;
-            return b ;
+            Binding b = iterator.next();
+            return b;
         }
-        throw new InternalErrorException() ;
+        throw new InternalErrorException();
     }
 
     @Override
     protected void closeSubIterator() {
         if ( db != null ) {
-            iterator = null ;
-            db.close() ;
+            iterator = null;
+            db.close();
         }
-        db = null ;
+        db = null;
     }
 
     // We don't need to do anything. We're a QueryIter1
     // and that handles the cancellation of the wrapped
     // iterator.
     @Override
-    protected void requestSubCancel()
-    { }
+    protected void requestSubCancel() {}
 
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctMem.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctMem.java
index 84c72cbad5..b1f9745eca 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctMem.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctMem.java
@@ -19,38 +19,34 @@
  *   SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator ;
+package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.HashSet ;
-import java.util.Set ;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
 
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 
 /** Memory limited QueryIterDistinct */
-public class QueryIterDistinctMem extends QueryIterDistinctReduced
-{
-    private Set<Binding> seen = new HashSet<>() ;
+public class QueryIterDistinctMem extends QueryIterDistinctReduced {
+    private Set<Binding> seen = new HashSet<>();
 
-    public QueryIterDistinctMem(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext context)
-    {
-        super(iter, context)  ;
+    public QueryIterDistinctMem(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(iter, context);
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeSubIterator()
-    {
-        seen = null ;
-        super.closeSubIterator() ;
+    protected void closeSubIterator() {
+        seen = null;
+        super.closeSubIterator();
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected boolean isFreshSighting(Binding binding)
-    {
+    protected boolean isFreshSighting(Binding binding) {
         if ( seen.contains(binding) )
-            return false ;
-        seen.add(binding) ;
-        return true ;
+            return false;
+        seen.add(binding);
+        return true;
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctReduced.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctReduced.java
index 75f24aee3a..2c38d28ebf 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctReduced.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinctReduced.java
@@ -21,62 +21,56 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingProjectNamed ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingProjectNamed;
 
 /** Implementation skeleton for DISTINCT and REDUCED. */
 
 public abstract class QueryIterDistinctReduced extends QueryIter1
 {
-    private Binding slot = null ;       // ready to go.
-    
+    private Binding slot = null;       // ready to go.
+
     public QueryIterDistinctReduced(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext 
context)
-    { super(iter, context)  ; }
+    { super(iter, context) ; }
 
-    // Subclasses will want to implement this as well. 
+    // Subclasses will want to implement this as well.
     @Override
     protected void closeSubIterator()
-    { slot = null ; }
+    { slot = null; }
 
     @Override
     protected void requestSubCancel()
     { }
-    
+
     @Override
-    final
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
+    final protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         // Already waiting to go.
         if ( slot != null )
-            return true ;
-        
+            return true;
+
         // Always moves.
-        for ( ; getInput().hasNext() ; )
-        {
-            Binding b = getInput().nextBinding() ;
+        for ( ; getInput().hasNext() ; ) {
+            Binding b = getInput().nextBinding();
             // Hide unnamed and internal variables.
-            // Don't need to worry about rename scope vars 
-            // (they are projected away in sub-SELECT ?var { ... }) 
-            b = new BindingProjectNamed(b) ;
-            if ( isFreshSighting(b) )
-            {
-                slot = b ;
-                return true ;
+            // Don't need to worry about rename scope vars
+            // (they are projected away in sub-SELECT ?var { ... })
+            b = new BindingProjectNamed(b);
+            if ( isFreshSighting(b) ) {
+                slot = b;
+                return true;
             }
         }
-        return false ;
+        return false;
     }
 
     @Override
-    final
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
-        Binding r = slot ;
-        slot = null ;
-        return r ;
+    final protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        Binding r = slot;
+        slot = null;
+        return r;
     }
-    
-    protected abstract boolean isFreshSighting(Binding binding) ;
+
+    protected abstract boolean isFreshSighting(Binding binding);
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinguishedVars.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinguishedVars.java
index bf7c826a6b..156311dadb 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinguishedVars.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterDistinguishedVars.java
@@ -26,25 +26,22 @@ import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingProjectNamed ;
 
-/** Filter bindings for distinguished variables only 
+/** Filter bindings for distinguished variables only
  *  Currently unused. */
 
 public class QueryIterDistinguishedVars extends QueryIterConvert
 {
 
-    public QueryIterDistinguishedVars(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext 
context)
-    {
-        super(iter, conv, context) ;
+    public QueryIterDistinguishedVars(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext 
context) {
+        super(iter, conv, context);
     }
 
-    static Converter conv = new ProjectWrap() ;
+    static Converter conv = new ProjectWrap();
 
-    static class ProjectWrap implements Converter
-    {
+    static class ProjectWrap implements Converter {
         @Override
-        public Binding convert(Binding binding)
-        {
-            return new BindingProjectNamed(binding) ;
+        public Binding convert(Binding binding) {
+            return new BindingProjectNamed(binding);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterGroup.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterGroup.java
index c8c2deb774..9584354946 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterGroup.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterGroup.java
@@ -21,27 +21,27 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList ;
-import java.util.Collection ;
-import java.util.Iterator ;
-import java.util.List ;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import org.apache.commons.collections4.MultiMapUtils;
 import org.apache.commons.collections4.MultiValuedMap;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.Iter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.IteratorDelayedInitialization ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Pair ;
-import org.apache.jena.graph.Node ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.VarExprList ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.Iter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.IteratorDelayedInitialization;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Pair;
+import org.apache.jena.graph.Node;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.VarExprList;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingBuilder;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingFactory ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.ExprAggregator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.NodeValue ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.aggregate.Accumulator ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingFactory;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.ExprAggregator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.NodeValue;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.aggregate.Accumulator;
 
 public class QueryIterGroup extends QueryIterPlainWrapper
 {
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ public class QueryIterGroup extends QueryIterPlainWrapper
         super.closeIterator();
     }
 
-       private static Pair<Var, Accumulator> placeholder = 
Pair.create((Var)null, (Accumulator)null) ;
+       private static Pair<Var, Accumulator> placeholder = 
Pair.create((Var)null, (Accumulator)null);
 
     private static Iterator<Binding> calc(final QueryIterator iter,
                                           final VarExprList groupVarExpr,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public class QueryIterGroup extends QueryIterPlainWrapper
                 if ( noInput ) {
                     if ( hasGroupBy )
                         // GROUP
-                        return Iter.nullIterator() ;
+                        return Iter.nullIterator();
                     if ( ! hasAggregators ) {
                         // No GROUP BY, no aggregators. One result row of no 
columns.
                         return 
Iter.singletonIterator(BindingFactory.binding());
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterNullIterator.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterNullIterator.java
index ffe4d997e0..11e8faa445 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterNullIterator.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterNullIterator.java
@@ -34,28 +34,27 @@ import 
org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
 
 public class QueryIterNullIterator extends QueryIter
 {
-    public static QueryIterator create(ExecutionContext qCxt) { return new 
QueryIterNullIterator(qCxt) ; }
-    
-    // Or QueryIterYieldN with N = 0 ;
-    // but sometimes it clearer just to w-r-i-t-e the code.
-    
+    public static QueryIterator create(ExecutionContext qCxt) { return new 
QueryIterNullIterator(qCxt); }
+
     public QueryIterNullIterator(ExecutionContext qCxt) { super(qCxt) ; }
 
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    { return false ; }
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
+        return false;
+    }
 
     @Override
     protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    { throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this)) ; }
+    { throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this)); }
 
     @Override
     protected void closeIterator() {}
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected void requestCancel() { }
+    protected void requestCancel() {}
 
     @Override
-    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    { out.println(Lib.className(this)) ; }
+    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
+        out.println(Lib.className(this));
+    }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPath.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPath.java
index 1b88e9cda9..37c2d15b2b 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPath.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPath.java
@@ -21,43 +21,38 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.TriplePath ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.path.PathLib ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.TriplePath;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.path.PathLib;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 
-public class QueryIterPath extends QueryIterRepeatApply
-{
-    private TriplePath triplePath ;
-    private Var varSubject = null ;
-    private Var varObject = null ;
-    
+public class QueryIterPath extends QueryIterRepeatApply {
+    private TriplePath triplePath;
+    private Var varSubject = null;
+    private Var varObject = null;
 
-    public QueryIterPath(TriplePath triplePath, QueryIterator input, 
ExecutionContext context)
-    {
-        super(input, context) ;
-        this.triplePath = triplePath ;
+    public QueryIterPath(TriplePath triplePath, QueryIterator input, 
ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(input, context);
+        this.triplePath = triplePath;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected QueryIterator nextStage(Binding binding)
-    {
-        QueryIterator qIter = PathLib.execTriplePath(binding, triplePath, 
getExecContext()) ;
-        return qIter ; 
+    protected QueryIterator nextStage(Binding binding) {
+        QueryIterator qIter = PathLib.execTriplePath(binding, triplePath, 
getExecContext());
+        return qIter;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected void details(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    {
-        out.print(Lib.className(this)) ;
-        out.println() ;
-        out.incIndent() ;
-        out.print(triplePath.toString()) ; 
-        out.decIndent() ;
+    protected void details(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
+        out.print(Lib.className(this));
+        out.println();
+        out.incIndent();
+        out.print(triplePath.toString());
+        out.decIndent();
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPeek.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPeek.java
index ddb4ce5c9a..99fb7c57ea 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPeek.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterPeek.java
@@ -21,63 +21,61 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQInternalErrorException ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQInternalErrorException;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 
-public class QueryIterPeek extends QueryIter1
-{
-    private Binding binding = null ;
-    private boolean closed = false ;
+public class QueryIterPeek extends QueryIter1 {
+    private Binding binding = null;
+    private boolean closed = false;
 
-    public static QueryIterPeek create(QueryIterator iterator, 
ExecutionContext cxt)
-    {
-        if ( iterator instanceof QueryIterPeek)
-            return (QueryIterPeek)iterator ;
-        return new QueryIterPeek(iterator, cxt) ;
+    public static QueryIterPeek create(QueryIterator iterator, 
ExecutionContext cxt) {
+        if ( iterator instanceof QueryIterPeek )
+            return (QueryIterPeek)iterator;
+        return new QueryIterPeek(iterator, cxt);
     }
 
-    private QueryIterPeek(QueryIterator iterator, ExecutionContext cxt)
-    {
-        super(iterator, cxt) ;
+    private QueryIterPeek(QueryIterator iterator, ExecutionContext cxt) {
+        super(iterator, cxt);
     }
 
-    /** Returns the next binding without moving on.  Returns "null" for no 
such element. */
-    public Binding peek()
-    {
-        if ( closed ) return null ;
-        if ( ! hasNextBinding() )
-            return null ;
-        return binding ;
+    /**
+     * Returns the next binding without moving on. Returns "null" for no such
+     * element.
+     */
+    public Binding peek() {
+        if ( closed )
+            return null;
+        if ( !hasNextBinding() )
+            return null;
+        return binding;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         if ( binding != null )
-            return true ;
-        if ( ! getInput().hasNext() )
-            return false ;
-        binding = getInput().nextBinding() ;
-        return true ;
+            return true;
+        if ( !getInput().hasNext() )
+            return false;
+        binding = getInput().nextBinding();
+        return true;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
-        if ( ! hasNextBinding() )
-            throw new ARQInternalErrorException("No next binding") ;
-        Binding b = binding ;
-        binding = null ;
-        return b ;
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        if ( !hasNextBinding() )
+            throw new ARQInternalErrorException("No next binding");
+        Binding b = binding;
+        binding = null;
+        return b;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeSubIterator()
-    { closed = true ; }
+    protected void closeSubIterator() {
+        closed = true;
+    }
 
     @Override
-    protected void requestSubCancel()
-    { }
+    protected void requestSubCancel() {}
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterProcessBinding.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterProcessBinding.java
index 6fd8487af7..162ada058e 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterProcessBinding.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterProcessBinding.java
@@ -19,17 +19,17 @@
  *   SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
  */
 
-package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator ;
+package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.NoSuchElementException ;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
 import org.apache.jena.query.QueryCancelledException;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQInternalErrorException ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.ARQInternalErrorException;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 
 /**
  * An iterator that applies a condition. The condition may return a different
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ public abstract class QueryIterProcessBinding extends 
QueryIter1 {
      * Process the binding - return null for "not accept". Subclasses may 
return a
      * different Binding to the argument and the result is the returned 
Binding.
      */
-    abstract public Binding accept(Binding binding) ;
+    abstract public Binding accept(Binding binding);
 
-    private Binding nextBinding ;
-    private final AtomicBoolean signalCancel ;
+    private Binding nextBinding;
+    private final AtomicBoolean signalCancel;
 
     public QueryIterProcessBinding(QueryIterator qIter, ExecutionContext 
context) {
-        super(qIter, context) ;
-        nextBinding = null ;
+        super(qIter, context);
+        nextBinding = null;
         AtomicBoolean signal;
         try {
             signal = context.getCancelSignal();
@@ -67,27 +67,27 @@ public abstract class QueryIterProcessBinding extends 
QueryIter1 {
     protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         // Needs to be idempotent.?
         if ( isFinished() )
-            return false ;
+            return false;
 
         if ( nextBinding != null )
-            return true ;
+            return true;
 
         // Null iterator.
         if ( getInput() == null )
-            throw new ARQInternalErrorException(Lib.className(this) + ": Null 
iterator") ;
+            throw new ARQInternalErrorException(Lib.className(this) + ": Null 
iterator");
 
         while (getInput().hasNext()) {
             checkCancelled();
             // Skip forward until a binding to return is found.
-            Binding input = getInput().nextBinding() ;
-            Binding output = accept(input) ;
+            Binding input = getInput().nextBinding();
+            Binding output = accept(input);
             if ( output != null ) {
-                nextBinding = output ;
-                return true ;
+                nextBinding = output;
+                return true;
             }
         }
-        nextBinding = null ;
-        return false ;
+        nextBinding = null;
+        return false;
     }
 
     private final void checkCancelled() {
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ public abstract class QueryIterProcessBinding extends 
QueryIter1 {
     @Override
     public Binding moveToNextBinding() {
         if ( hasNext() ) {
-            Binding r = nextBinding ;
-            nextBinding = null ;
-            return r ;
+            Binding r = nextBinding;
+            nextBinding = null;
+            return r;
         }
-        throw new NoSuchElementException() ;
+        throw new NoSuchElementException();
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterReduced.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterReduced.java
index 440f32fd51..afae8d6d88 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterReduced.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterReduced.java
@@ -21,36 +21,34 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.ArrayList ;
-import java.util.List ;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
 
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
 
-public class QueryIterReduced extends QueryIterDistinctReduced
-{
-    List<Binding> window = new ArrayList<>() ;
-    int N = 1 ;
-    
-    public QueryIterReduced(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext context)
-    { super(iter, context)  ; }
+public class QueryIterReduced extends QueryIterDistinctReduced {
+    List<Binding> window = new ArrayList<>();
+    int N = 1;
+
+    public QueryIterReduced(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(iter, context);
+    }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeSubIterator()
-    {
-        window = null ;
-        super.closeSubIterator() ;
+    protected void closeSubIterator() {
+        window = null;
+        super.closeSubIterator();
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected boolean isFreshSighting(Binding b)
-    {
+    protected boolean isFreshSighting(Binding b) {
         if ( window.contains(b) )
-            return false ;
+            return false;
         if ( window.size() >= N )
-            window.remove(window.size()-1) ;
-        window.add(0, b) ;
-        return true ;
+            window.remove(window.size() - 1);
+        window.add(0, b);
+        return true;
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSingleton.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSingleton.java
index 351a13136b..b4d56de563 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSingleton.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSingleton.java
@@ -21,46 +21,38 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.graph.Node ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingFactory ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.graph.Node;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.core.Var;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingFactory;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 
 /** A singleton iterator */
 
-public class QueryIterSingleton extends QueryIterYieldN
-{
+public class QueryIterSingleton extends QueryIterYieldN {
     // A common usage?
-    public static QueryIterSingleton create(Binding parent, Var var, Node 
value, ExecutionContext execCxt)
-    {
-        Binding b = BindingFactory.binding(parent, var, value) ;
-        return QueryIterSingleton.create(b, execCxt) ;
+    public static QueryIterSingleton create(Binding parent, Var var, Node 
value, ExecutionContext execCxt) {
+        Binding b = BindingFactory.binding(parent, var, value);
+        return QueryIterSingleton.create(b, execCxt);
     }
-    
-    public static QueryIterSingleton create(Binding binding, ExecutionContext 
execCxt)
-    {
-        return new QueryIterSingleton(binding, execCxt) ;
+
+    public static QueryIterSingleton create(Binding binding, ExecutionContext 
execCxt) {
+        return new QueryIterSingleton(binding, execCxt);
     }
 
     private QueryIterSingleton(Binding binding) // Not needed
     {
-        this(binding, null) ;
+        this(binding, null);
     }
-    
-    protected QueryIterSingleton(Binding binding, ExecutionContext context)
-    {
-        super(1, binding, context) ;
+
+    protected QueryIterSingleton(Binding binding, ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(1, binding, context);
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    {
-        out.print("QueryIterSingleton "+binding);
+    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
+        out.print("QueryIterSingleton " + binding);
     }
-    
-//    @Override
-//    public void closeIterator() { super.closeIterator() ; }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSlice.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSlice.java
index 204f22c388..2d9d4895b0 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSlice.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSlice.java
@@ -34,67 +34,66 @@ public class QueryIterSlice extends QueryIter1
     long count = 0 ;
     long limit ;
     long offset ;
-    
+
     /** Create an iterator that limits the number of returns of
      * another CloseableIterator.
-     * 
-     * @param cIter            The closable iterator to throttle 
+     *
+     * @param cIter            The closable iterator to throttle
      * @param startPosition    Offset of start after - 0 is the no-op.
-     * @param numItems         Maximum number of items to yield.  
+     * @param numItems         Maximum number of items to yield.
      */
-    
-    public QueryIterSlice(QueryIterator cIter, long startPosition, long 
numItems, ExecutionContext context)
-    {
-        super(cIter, context) ;
-        
-        offset = startPosition ;
+
+    public QueryIterSlice(QueryIterator cIter, long startPosition, long 
numItems, ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(cIter, context);
+
+        offset = startPosition;
         if ( offset == Query.NOLIMIT )
-            offset = 0 ;
-        
-        limit = numItems ;
+            offset = 0;
+
+        limit = numItems;
         if ( limit == Query.NOLIMIT )
-            limit = Long.MAX_VALUE ;
+            limit = Long.MAX_VALUE;
 
         if ( limit < 0 )
-            throw new QueryExecException("Negative LIMIT: "+limit) ;
+            throw new QueryExecException("Negative LIMIT: " + limit);
         if ( offset < 0 )
-            throw new QueryExecException("Negative OFFSET: "+offset) ;
-        
-        count = 0 ;
+            throw new QueryExecException("Negative OFFSET: " + offset);
+
+        count = 0;
         // Offset counts from 0 (the no op).
-        for ( int i = 0 ; i < offset ; i++ )
-        {
+        for ( int i = 0 ; i < offset ; i++ ) {
             // Not subtle
-            if ( !cIter.hasNext() ) { close() ; break ; }
-            cIter.next() ;
+            if ( !cIter.hasNext() ) {
+                close();
+                break;
+            }
+            cIter.next();
         }
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
         if ( isFinished() )
             return false;
-        
-        if ( ! getInput().hasNext() )
-            return false ;
-        
+
+        if ( !getInput().hasNext() )
+            return false;
+
         if ( count >= limit )
-            return false ;
+            return false;
 
-        return true ;
+        return true;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
-        count ++ ;
-        return getInput().nextBinding() ;
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        count++;
+        return getInput().nextBinding();
     }
 
     @Override
     protected void closeSubIterator() {}
-    
+
     @Override
     protected void requestSubCancel() {}
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSub.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSub.java
index d70423cdd4..11cf328619 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSub.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterSub.java
@@ -30,34 +30,32 @@ import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
  */
 public abstract class QueryIterSub extends QueryIter
 {
-    protected QueryIterator iter ; 
-    
-    public QueryIterSub(QueryIterator input, ExecutionContext execCxt)
-    { 
-        super(execCxt) ;
-        this.iter = input ;
+    protected QueryIterator iter ;
+
+    public QueryIterSub(QueryIterator input, ExecutionContext execCxt) {
+        super(execCxt);
+        this.iter = input;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected final
-    void closeIterator()
-    {
-        closeSubIterator() ;
-        performClose(iter) ;
-        iter = null ;
+    protected final void closeIterator() {
+        closeSubIterator();
+        performClose(iter);
+        iter = null;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected final
-    void requestCancel()
-    {
-        requestSubCancel() ;
-        performRequestCancel(iter) ;
+    protected final void requestCancel() {
+        requestSubCancel();
+        performRequestCancel(iter);
     }
-    
+
     /** Cancellation of the query execution is happening */
-    protected abstract void requestSubCancel() ;
-    
-    /** Pass on the close method - no need to close the QueryIterator passed 
to the QueryIter1 constructor */
+    protected abstract void requestSubCancel();
+
+    /**
+     * Pass on the close method - no need to close the QueryIterator passed to 
the
+     * QueryIter1 constructor
+     */
     protected abstract void closeSubIterator() ;
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTopN.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTopN.java
index c82f707f2d..95f5b7f82b 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTopN.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTopN.java
@@ -23,68 +23,69 @@ package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
 import static java.util.Arrays.asList;
 
-import java.util.Arrays ;
-import java.util.Comparator ;
-import java.util.Iterator ;
-import java.util.List ;
-import java.util.PriorityQueue ;
-
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.Iter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.IteratorDelayedInitialization ;
-import org.apache.jena.query.Query ;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.PriorityQueue;
+
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.Iter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.iterator.IteratorDelayedInitialization;
+import org.apache.jena.query.Query;
 import org.apache.jena.query.QueryCancelledException;
-import org.apache.jena.query.QueryExecException ;
-import org.apache.jena.query.SortCondition ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingComparator ;
+import org.apache.jena.query.QueryExecException;
+import org.apache.jena.query.SortCondition;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.BindingComparator;
 
 public class QueryIterTopN extends QueryIterPlainWrapper
 {
-    /* We want to keep the N least elements (overall return is an ascending 
sequence so limit+ascending = least).
+    /*
+     * We want to keep the N least elements (overall return is an ascending 
sequence so limit+ascending = least).
      * To do that we keep a priority heap of upto N elements, ordered 
descending.
      * To keep another element, it must be less than the max so far.
      * This leaves the least N in the heap.
      */
        private final QueryIterator embeddedIterator;      // Keep a record of 
the underlying source for .cancel.
-    private PriorityQueue<Binding> heap ;
-    private long limit ;
-    private final boolean distinct ;
+    private PriorityQueue<Binding> heap;
+    private long limit;
+    private final boolean distinct;
 
     public QueryIterTopN(QueryIterator qIter, List<SortCondition> conditions, 
long numItems, boolean distinct, ExecutionContext context) {
-        this(qIter, new BindingComparator(conditions, context), numItems, 
distinct, context) ;
+        this(qIter, new BindingComparator(conditions, context), numItems, 
distinct, context);
     }
 
     public QueryIterTopN(QueryIterator qIter, Comparator<Binding> comparator, 
long numItems, boolean distinct, ExecutionContext context) {
-        super(null, context) ;
-        this.embeddedIterator = qIter ;
-        this.distinct = distinct ;
+        super(null, context);
+        this.embeddedIterator = qIter;
+        this.distinct = distinct;
 
-        limit = numItems ;
+        limit = numItems;
         if ( limit == Query.NOLIMIT )
-            limit = Long.MAX_VALUE ;
+            limit = Long.MAX_VALUE;
 
         if ( limit < 0 )
-            throw new QueryExecException("Negative LIMIT: " + limit) ;
+            throw new QueryExecException("Negative LIMIT: " + limit);
 
         if ( limit == 0 ) {
             // Keep Java happy.
-            Iterator<Binding> iter0 = Iter.nullIterator() ;
-            setIterator(iter0) ;
-            qIter.close() ;
-            return ;
+            Iterator<Binding> iter0 = Iter.nullIterator();
+            setIterator(iter0);
+            qIter.close();
+            return;
         }
 
         // Keep heap with maximum accessible.
-        this.heap = new PriorityQueue<>((int)numItems, comparator.reversed()) ;
-        this.setIterator(sortTopN(qIter, comparator)) ;
+        this.heap = new PriorityQueue<>((int)numItems, comparator.reversed());
+        this.setIterator(sortTopN(qIter, comparator));
     }
 
     @Override
     public void requestCancel() {
-        this.embeddedIterator.cancel() ;
-        super.requestCancel() ;
+        this.embeddedIterator.cancel();
+        super.requestCancel();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -97,38 +98,38 @@ public class QueryIterTopN extends QueryIterPlainWrapper
         return new IteratorDelayedInitialization<Binding>() {
             @Override
             protected Iterator<Binding> initializeIterator() {
-               try {
-                       while ( qIter.hasNext() ) {
-                           Binding binding = qIter.next() ;
-                           if ( heap.size() < limit )
-                               add(binding) ;
-                           else {
-                               Binding currentMaxLeastN = heap.peek() ;
-                               if ( comparator.compare(binding, 
currentMaxLeastN) < 0 )
-                                   add(binding) ;
-                           }
-                       }
-                       qIter.close() ;
-                       Binding[] y = heap.toArray(new Binding[]{}) ;
-                       heap = null ;
-                       Arrays.sort(y, comparator) ;
-                       return asList(y).iterator() ;
-                   }
-               catch (QueryCancelledException e) {
-                       QueryIterTopN.this.close();
-                       this.close();
-                       throw e;
-               }
-               }
-        } ;
+                try {
+                    while ( qIter.hasNext() ) {
+                        Binding binding = qIter.next();
+                        if ( heap.size() < limit )
+                            add(binding);
+                        else {
+                            Binding currentMaxLeastN = heap.peek();
+                            if ( comparator.compare(binding, currentMaxLeastN) 
< 0 )
+                                add(binding);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    qIter.close();
+                    Binding[] y = heap.toArray(new Binding[]{});
+                    heap = null;
+                    Arrays.sort(y, comparator);
+                    return asList(y).iterator();
+                }
+                catch (QueryCancelledException e) {
+                    QueryIterTopN.this.close();
+                    this.close();
+                    throw e;
+                }
+            }
+        };
     }
 
     private void add(Binding binding) {
         if ( distinct && heap.contains(binding) )
-            return ;
+            return;
         if ( heap.size() >= limit )
-            heap.poll() ;  // Remove front element.
-        heap.add(binding) ;
+            heap.poll();  // Remove front element.
+        heap.add(binding);
     }
 
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTracked.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTracked.java
index f1ddff0536..79d2113137 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTracked.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterTracked.java
@@ -21,46 +21,44 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.util.iterator.NiceIterator ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.util.iterator.NiceIterator;
 
 /** Track a QueryIterator */
 
-public class QueryIterTracked extends QueryIter
-{
-    QueryIterator iterator = null ;
-    
+public class QueryIterTracked extends QueryIter {
+    QueryIterator iterator = null;
+
     /** Use QueryIter.makeTracked */
-    QueryIterTracked(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext execCxt)
-    {
-        super(execCxt) ;
-        iterator = iter ;
+    QueryIterTracked(QueryIterator iter, ExecutionContext execCxt) {
+        super(execCxt);
+        iterator = iter;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding() { return iterator.hasNext() ; } 
-    
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
+        return iterator.hasNext();
+    }
+
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() { return iterator.next() ; }
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        return iterator.next();
+    }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()
-    {
-        if ( iterator != null )
-        {
-            NiceIterator.close(iterator) ;
-            iterator = null ;
+    protected void closeIterator() {
+        if ( iterator != null ) {
+            NiceIterator.close(iterator);
+            iterator = null;
         }
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected void requestCancel()
-    {
-        if ( iterator != null )
-        {
-               iterator.cancel();
+    protected void requestCancel() {
+        if ( iterator != null ) {
+            iterator.cancel();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterYieldN.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterYieldN.java
index 19aa39f95f..526e2c5257 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterYieldN.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIterYieldN.java
@@ -21,67 +21,60 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.NoSuchElementException ;
+import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 
 /** A query iterator that yields the same thing N times. */
 
-public class QueryIterYieldN extends QueryIter
-{
-    protected int limitYielded ;
-    protected int countYielded = 0 ;
-    protected Binding binding ;
-    
-    public QueryIterYieldN(int num, Binding b)
-    {
-        this(num, b, null) ;
+public class QueryIterYieldN extends QueryIter {
+    protected int limitYielded;
+    protected int countYielded = 0;
+    protected Binding binding;
+
+    public QueryIterYieldN(int num, Binding b) {
+        this(num, b, null);
     }
-    
-    public QueryIterYieldN(int num, Binding b, ExecutionContext context)
-    {
-        super(context) ;
-        binding = b ;
-        limitYielded = num ;
+
+    public QueryIterYieldN(int num, Binding b, ExecutionContext context) {
+        super(context);
+        binding = b;
+        limitYielded = num;
     }
-    
-    public Binding getBinding() { return binding ; }
-    
+
+    public Binding getBinding() {
+        return binding;
+    }
+
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    {
-        return countYielded < limitYielded ;
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
+        return countYielded < limitYielded;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    {
-        if ( ! hasNextBinding() )
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        if ( !hasNextBinding() )
             // Try to get the class name as specific as possible for subclasses
-            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this)) ;
-        countYielded++ ;
-        return binding ;
+            throw new NoSuchElementException(Lib.className(this));
+        countYielded++;
+        return binding;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()
-    {
-        //binding = null ;
+    protected void closeIterator() {
+        // binding = null ;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected void requestCancel()
-    {
-    }
-    
+    protected void requestCancel() {}
+
     @Override
-    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    {
-        out.print("QueryIterYieldN: "+limitYielded+" of "+binding);
+    public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt) {
+        out.print("QueryIterYieldN: " + limitYielded + " of " + binding);
     }
 
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCheck.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCheck.java
index ad3a8226f3..a1f56b347d 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCheck.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCheck.java
@@ -21,22 +21,22 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import java.util.Iterator ;
+import java.util.Iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.logging.Log ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.jena.query.QueryException;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.SystemARQ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.ExecutionContext;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 import org.apache.jena.sparql.util.Symbol;
 
 /** Query iterator that checks everything was closed correctly */
 public class QueryIteratorCheck extends QueryIteratorWrapper
 {
-    private ExecutionContext execCxt ;
+    private ExecutionContext execCxt;
 
     /**
      * Whether detection of open iterator should raise an {@link 
OpenIteratorException}.
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ public class QueryIteratorCheck extends QueryIteratorWrapper
      */
     public static class OpenIteratorException extends RuntimeException {
         private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
-        public OpenIteratorException() { super() ; }
-        public OpenIteratorException(Throwable cause) { super(cause) ; }
-        public OpenIteratorException(String msg) { super(msg) ; }
-        public OpenIteratorException(String msg, Throwable cause) { super(msg, 
cause) ; }
+        public OpenIteratorException() { super(); }
+        public OpenIteratorException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); }
+        public OpenIteratorException(String msg) { super(msg); }
+        public OpenIteratorException(String msg, Throwable cause) { super(msg, 
cause); }
     }
 
     private QueryIteratorCheck(QueryIterator qIter, ExecutionContext execCxt) {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public class QueryIteratorCheck extends QueryIteratorWrapper
     // Be silent about ourselves.
     @Override
     public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext sCxt)
-    { iterator.output(out, sCxt) ; }
+    { iterator.output(out, sCxt); }
 
     public static void checkForOpenIterators(ExecutionContext execContext)
     { dump(execContext, false); }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCloseable.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCloseable.java
index ce65012a8b..b902a91a2a 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCloseable.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorCloseable.java
@@ -26,18 +26,16 @@ import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.QueryIterator ;
 
 public class QueryIteratorCloseable extends QueryIteratorWrapper
 {
-    private Closeable closeable ;
+    private Closeable closeable;
 
-    public QueryIteratorCloseable(QueryIterator qIter, Closeable closeable)
-    {
-        super(qIter) ;
-        this.closeable = closeable ;
+    public QueryIteratorCloseable(QueryIterator qIter, Closeable closeable) {
+        super(qIter);
+        this.closeable = closeable;
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    public void close()
-    { 
-        closeable.close() ;
-        super.close() ;
+    public void close() {
+        closeable.close();
+        super.close();
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorLogging.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorLogging.java
index 34a403031a..a7b74ac0c8 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorLogging.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorLogging.java
@@ -27,47 +27,41 @@ import org.slf4j.Logger ;
 import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory ;
 
 
-/** Intercept and print iterator operations */ 
+/** Intercept and print iterator operations */
 
-public class QueryIteratorLogging extends QueryIteratorWrapper
-{
-    private Logger log = null ;  
-    private boolean logging = true ;        // Fine grain control of logging.
+public class QueryIteratorLogging extends QueryIteratorWrapper {
+    private Logger log = null;
+    private boolean logging = true;        // Fine grain control of logging.
 
-    public QueryIteratorLogging(QueryIterator input)
-    {
-        super(input) ;
-        log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(input.getClass()) ;
+    public QueryIteratorLogging(QueryIterator input) {
+        super(input);
+        log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(input.getClass());
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()
-    { 
-        boolean b = super.hasNextBinding() ;
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
+        boolean b = super.hasNextBinding();
         if ( logging )
-            log.info("hasNextBinding: "+b) ;
-        return b ;
+            log.info("hasNextBinding: " + b);
+        return b;
     }
-         
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()
-    { 
-        Binding binding = super.moveToNextBinding() ;
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        Binding binding = super.moveToNextBinding();
         if ( logging )
-            log.info("moveToNextBinding: "+binding) ;
-        return binding ;
+            log.info("moveToNextBinding: " + binding);
+        return binding;
     }
 
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()
-    {
+    protected void closeIterator() {
         if ( logging )
-            log.info("closeIterator") ;
+            log.info("closeIterator");
         super.closeIterator();
     }
-    
+
     public void loggingOn()                 { logging(true) ; }
     public void loggingOff()                { logging(false) ; }
-    public void logging(boolean state)      { logging = state ; } 
+    public void logging(boolean state)      { logging = state ; }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorResultSet.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorResultSet.java
index 5c1cab439a..3a5e1d206b 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorResultSet.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorResultSet.java
@@ -21,29 +21,29 @@
 
 package org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.iterator;
 
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter ;
-import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib ;
-import org.apache.jena.query.ResultSet ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding ;
-import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext ;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.io.IndentedWriter;
+import org.apache.jena.atlas.lib.Lib;
+import org.apache.jena.query.ResultSet;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.engine.binding.Binding;
+import org.apache.jena.sparql.serializer.SerializationContext;
 
 public class QueryIteratorResultSet extends QueryIteratorBase
 {
-    private ResultSet resultSet ; 
-    public QueryIteratorResultSet(ResultSet rs) { resultSet = rs ; }
-    
+    private ResultSet resultSet;
+    public QueryIteratorResultSet(ResultSet rs) { resultSet = rs; }
+
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()          { resultSet = null ; }
+    protected void closeIterator()          { resultSet = null; }
     @Override
     protected void requestCancel()          { }
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding()      { return resultSet.hasNext() ; }
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding()      { return resultSet.hasNext(); }
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()   { return resultSet.nextBinding() ; 
}
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding()   { return resultSet.nextBinding(); }
 
     @Override
     public void output(IndentedWriter out, SerializationContext cxt)
     {
-        out.print(Lib.className(this)) ;
+        out.print(Lib.className(this));
     }
 }
diff --git 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorTiming.java
 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorTiming.java
index f1b82927f0..565e366ead 100644
--- 
a/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorTiming.java
+++ 
b/jena-arq/src/main/java/org/apache/jena/sparql/engine/iterator/QueryIteratorTiming.java
@@ -30,60 +30,62 @@ import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory ;
 public class QueryIteratorTiming extends QueryIteratorWrapper
 {
     static private Logger log = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(QueryIteratorTiming.class) ;
-    
-    static final public int NotStarted = -2 ;
-    static final public int NotFinished = -1 ;
-    
-    public static QueryIteratorTiming time(QueryIterator iter) { return new 
QueryIteratorTiming(iter) ; }
-    
-    private QueryIteratorTiming(QueryIterator iter)
-    {
-        super(iter) ;
+
+    static final public int NotStarted = -2;
+    static final public int NotFinished = -1;
+
+    public static QueryIteratorTiming time(QueryIterator iter) {
+        return new QueryIteratorTiming(iter);
+    }
+
+    private QueryIteratorTiming(QueryIterator iter) {
+        super(iter);
     }
-    
+
     @Override
-    protected boolean hasNextBinding() { start() ; return 
super.hasNextBinding() ; }
-    
+    protected boolean hasNextBinding() {
+        start();
+        return super.hasNextBinding();
+    }
+
     @Override
-    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() { start() ; return 
super.moveToNextBinding() ; }
-    
+    protected Binding moveToNextBinding() {
+        start();
+        return super.moveToNextBinding();
+    }
+
     @Override
-    protected void closeIterator()
-    {
-        super.closeIterator() ;
-        stop() ;
+    protected void closeIterator() {
+        super.closeIterator();
+        stop();
     }
 
-    private Timer timer = null ; 
-    private long milliseconds = NotStarted ;
-    
-    private void start()
-    {
-        if ( timer == null )
-        {
-            timer = new Timer() ;
-            timer.startTimer() ;
-            milliseconds = NotFinished ;
+    private Timer timer = null;
+    private long milliseconds = NotStarted;
+
+    private void start() {
+        if ( timer == null ) {
+            timer = new Timer();
+            timer.startTimer();
+            milliseconds = NotFinished;
         }
     }
 
-    private void stop()
-    {
-        if ( timer == null )
-        {
-            milliseconds = 0 ; 
-            return ;
+    private void stop() {
+        if ( timer == null ) {
+            milliseconds = 0;
+            return;
         }
-            
-        milliseconds = timer.endTimer() ;
-        
-//        if ( log.isDebugEnabled() )
-//            log.debug("Iterator: {} milliseconds", milliseconds) ;
-        log.info("Execution: {} milliseconds", milliseconds) ;
+        milliseconds = timer.endTimer();
+        log.info("Execution: {} milliseconds", milliseconds);
     }
-    
-    /** Return the elapsed time, in milliseconds, between the first call to 
this iterator and the close call.
-     *  Returns the time, or NotStarted (-2) or NotFinished (-1).
+
+    /**
+     * Return the elapsed time, in milliseconds, between the first call to this
+     * iterator and the close call. Returns the time, or NotStarted (-2) or
+     * NotFinished (-1).
      */
-    public long getMillis() { return milliseconds ; }
+    public long getMillis() {
+        return milliseconds;
+    }
 }


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