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jamesbognar pushed a commit to branch master
in repository https://gitbox.apache.org/repos/asf/juneau.git


The following commit(s) were added to refs/heads/master by this push:
     new 3ce71b229f Unit tests
3ce71b229f is described below

commit 3ce71b229fb9c3a0a5055b5e2bef373f23d9e078
Author: James Bognar <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Tue Dec 2 19:12:34 2025 -0800

    Unit tests
---
 TODO.md                                            |   4 +-
 .../apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo.java   |   6 +-
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/ConstructorInfo.java    |  15 +-
 .../apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementFlag.java |   8 +-
 .../apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo.java |  16 -
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo.java     |   3 +-
 .../apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo.java   |  13 +-
 .../apache/juneau/commons/reflect/MethodInfo.java  |   7 -
 .../apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility.java  |  19 +-
 .../juneau/commons/utils/AssertionUtils.java       |  46 +-
 .../org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils.java     |  96 ++++
 .../juneau/commons/collections/Cache2_Test.java    |   3 +-
 .../juneau/commons/collections/Cache_Test.java     |   7 +-
 .../commons/reflect/AnnotationProvider_Test.java   | 174 +++----
 .../commons/reflect/AnnotationTraversal_Test.java  |  50 ++
 .../commons/reflect/BeanRuntimeException_Test.java |   2 +-
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo_Test.java     | 522 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo_Test.java   |  93 +---
 .../commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo_Test.java       |  24 +
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo_Test.java     |   6 +
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/PackageInfo_Test.java   |  13 +-
 .../commons/reflect/ReflectionUtils_Test.java      |   9 +
 .../juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility_Test.java    | 251 ++++++++++
 .../apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils_Test.java    | 134 ++++++
 24 files changed, 1257 insertions(+), 264 deletions(-)

diff --git a/TODO.md b/TODO.md
index 8e40c274fa..547b30d4d7 100644
--- a/TODO.md
+++ b/TODO.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # TODO List
 
-**Last generated TODO number: TODO-91**
+**Last generated TODO number: TODO-93**
 
 This file tracks pending tasks for the Apache Juneau project. For completed 
items, see [TODO-completed.md](TODO-completed.md).
 
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ This file tracks pending tasks for the Apache Juneau project. 
For completed item
 - [ ] TODO-29 Finish setting up SonarQube analysis in git workflow.
 - [ ] TODO-54 Search for places in code where Calendar should be replaced with 
ZonedDateTime.
 - [ ] TODO-90 Investigate replacing `StringUtils.parseIsoCalendar()` with 
java.time APIs and removing the helper if possible.
+- [ ] TODO-92 Investigate if `ClassInfo.asSubclass(Class<U>)` can return a 
`ClassInfoTyped<U>` object instead of `ClassInfo` for better type safety.
+- [ ] TODO-93 Investigate if `ReflectionUtils.info(Class<?>)` should return a 
`ClassInfoTyped` object instead of `ClassInfo` for better type safety.
 
 ## Framework Improvements
 
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo.java
index 50f6344fe7..7cfa631cb2 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo.java
@@ -1462,11 +1462,7 @@ public class ClassInfo extends ElementInfo implements 
Annotatable {
        public List<ClassInfo> getPermittedSubclasses() {
                if (inner == null || ! inner.isSealed())
                        return u(l());
-               Class<?>[] permitted = inner.getPermittedSubclasses();
-               List<ClassInfo> l = listOfSize(permitted.length);
-               for (Class<?> cc : permitted)
-                       l.add(of(cc));
-               return u(l);
+               return 
u(stream(inner.getPermittedSubclasses()).map(ClassInfo::of).toList());
        }
 
        /**
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ConstructorInfo.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ConstructorInfo.java
index 5adce5fcf9..3edfa135b4 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ConstructorInfo.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ConstructorInfo.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
 
 import static org.apache.juneau.commons.utils.AssertionUtils.*;
+import static org.apache.juneau.commons.utils.Utils.*;
 
 import java.lang.reflect.*;
 
@@ -184,13 +185,13 @@ public class ConstructorInfo extends ExecutableInfo 
implements Comparable<Constr
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T newInstance(Object...args) throws ExecutableException {
-               try {
-                       return (T)inner.newInstance(args);
-               } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
-                       throw new ExecutableException(e.getTargetException());
-               } catch (Exception e) {
-                       throw new ExecutableException(e);
-               }
+               return safe(() -> {
+                       try {
+                               return (T)inner.newInstance(args);
+                       } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+                               throw new 
ExecutableException(e.getTargetException());
+                       }
+               }, e -> new ExecutableException(e));
        }
 
        /**
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementFlag.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementFlag.java
index 62dda272ad..a7f7e70fdc 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementFlag.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementFlag.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
  * <h5 class='section'>Modifier Flags:</h5>
  * <p>
  * Standard Java modifiers: <c>PUBLIC</c>, <c>PRIVATE</c>, <c>PROTECTED</c>, 
<c>STATIC</c>, <c>FINAL</c>,
- * <c>SYNCHRONIZED</c>, <c>VOLATILE</c>, <c>TRANSIENT</c>, <c>NATIVE</c>, 
<c>ABSTRACT</c>, <c>STRICT</c>.
+ * <c>SYNCHRONIZED</c>, <c>VOLATILE</c>, <c>TRANSIENT</c>, <c>NATIVE</c>, 
<c>ABSTRACT</c>.
  * Each has a corresponding <c>NOT_*</c> flag.
  *
  * <h5 class='section'>Attribute Flags:</h5>
@@ -141,12 +141,6 @@ public enum ElementFlag {
        /** NOT_ABSTRACT (negated) */
        NOT_ABSTRACT,
 
-       /** STRICT modifier */
-       STRICT,
-
-       /** NOT_STRICT (negated) */
-       NOT_STRICT,
-
        // Non-modifier attributes
 
        /** ANNOTATION (is an annotation type) */
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo.java
index 221f5fc48f..2228602119 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo.java
@@ -118,8 +118,6 @@ public abstract class ElementInfo {
                        case INTERFACE -> isInterface();
                        case ABSTRACT -> isAbstract();
                        case NOT_ABSTRACT -> isNotAbstract();
-                       case STRICT -> isStrict();
-                       case NOT_STRICT -> isNotStrict();
                        default -> throw rex("Invalid flag for element: {0}", 
flag);
                };
        }
@@ -236,13 +234,6 @@ public abstract class ElementInfo {
         */
        public boolean isNotStatic() { return ! Modifier.isStatic(modifiers); }
 
-       /**
-        * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this element is not strict.
-        *
-        * @return <jk>true</jk> if this element is not strict.
-        */
-       public boolean isNotStrict() { return ! Modifier.isStrict(modifiers); }
-
        /**
         * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this element is not synchronized.
         *
@@ -292,13 +283,6 @@ public abstract class ElementInfo {
         */
        public boolean isStatic() { return Modifier.isStatic(modifiers); }
 
-       /**
-        * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this element is strict.
-        *
-        * @return <jk>true</jk> if this element is strict.
-        */
-       public boolean isStrict() { return Modifier.isStrict(modifiers); }
-
        /**
         * Returns <jk>true</jk> if this element is synchronized.
         *
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo.java
index dc32bd735b..e36204fa39 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo.java
@@ -711,8 +711,7 @@ public abstract class ExecutableInfo extends AccessibleInfo 
{
         */
        @Override
        public final boolean setAccessible() {
-               if (!nn(inner))
-                       return false;
+               // inner can never be null - constructor asserts non-null via 
assertArgNotNull
                return safeOpt(() -> {
                        inner.setAccessible(true);
                        return true;
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo.java
index 4c4639225d..7c375fe85b 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 import java.util.function.*;
 import java.util.stream.*;
 
+import org.apache.juneau.commons.function.*;
 import org.apache.juneau.commons.utils.*;
 
 /**
@@ -176,12 +177,10 @@ public class FieldInfo extends AccessibleInfo implements 
Comparable<FieldInfo>,
         */
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public <T> T get(Object o) throws BeanRuntimeException {
-               try {
+               return safe(() -> {
                        inner.setAccessible(true);
                        return (T)inner.get(o);
-               } catch (Exception e) {
-                       throw bex(e);
-               }
+               }, e -> bex(e));
        }
 
        @Override /* Annotatable */
@@ -400,12 +399,10 @@ public class FieldInfo extends AccessibleInfo implements 
Comparable<FieldInfo>,
         * @throws BeanRuntimeException Field was not accessible or field does 
not belong to object.
         */
        public void set(Object o, Object value) throws BeanRuntimeException {
-               try {
+               safe((Snippet)() -> {
                        inner.setAccessible(true);
                        inner.set(o, value);
-               } catch (Exception e) {
-                       throw bex(e);
-               }
+               }, e -> bex(e));
        }
 
        
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/MethodInfo.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/MethodInfo.java
index 6401bc2e01..c58978958b 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/MethodInfo.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/MethodInfo.java
@@ -688,11 +688,4 @@ public class MethodInfo extends ExecutableInfo implements 
Comparable<MethodInfo>
 
                return result;
        }
-
-       MethodInfo findMatchingOnClass(ClassInfo c) {
-               for (var m2 : c.getDeclaredMethods())
-                       if (hasName(m2.getName()) && 
hasParameterTypes(m2.getParameters().stream().map(ParameterInfo::getParameterType).toArray(ClassInfo[]::new)))
-                               return m2;
-               return null;
-       }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility.java
index 324974f054..150afd6063 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
  */
 package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
 
+import static org.apache.juneau.commons.utils.AssertionUtils.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.commons.utils.ClassUtils.*;
 
 import java.beans.beancontext.*;
@@ -115,14 +116,14 @@ public enum Visibility {
         * Security exceptions thrown on the call to {@link 
Constructor#setAccessible(boolean)} are quietly ignored.
         *
         * @param <T> The class type.
-        * @param x The constructor.
+        * @param x The constructor. Must not be <jk>null</jk>.
         * @return
         *      The same constructor if visibility requirements met, or 
<jk>null</jk> if visibility requirement not
         *      met or call to {@link Constructor#setAccessible(boolean)} 
throws a security exception.
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException If <c>x</c> is <jk>null</jk>.
         */
        public <T> Constructor<T> transform(Constructor<T> x) {
-               if (x == null)
-                       return null;
+               assertArgNotNull("x", x);
                if (isVisible(x))
                        if (! setAccessible(x))
                                return null;
@@ -135,14 +136,14 @@ public enum Visibility {
         * <p>
         * Security exceptions thrown on the call to {@link 
Field#setAccessible(boolean)} are quietly ignored.
         *
-        * @param x The field.
+        * @param x The field. Must not be <jk>null</jk>.
         * @return
         *      The same field if visibility requirements met, or <jk>null</jk> 
if visibility requirement not
         *      met or call to {@link Field#setAccessible(boolean)} throws a 
security exception.
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException If <c>x</c> is <jk>null</jk>.
         */
        public Field transform(Field x) {
-               if (x == null)
-                       return null;
+               assertArgNotNull("x", x);
                if (isVisible(x))
                        if (! setAccessible(x))
                                return null;
@@ -155,14 +156,14 @@ public enum Visibility {
         * <p>
         * Security exceptions thrown on the call to {@link 
Method#setAccessible(boolean)} are quietly ignored.
         *
-        * @param x The method.
+        * @param x The method. Must not be <jk>null</jk>.
         * @return
         *      The same method if visibility requirements met, or 
<jk>null</jk> if visibility requirement not
         *      met or call to {@link Method#setAccessible(boolean)} throws a 
security exception.
+        * @throws IllegalArgumentException If <c>x</c> is <jk>null</jk>.
         */
        public Method transform(Method x) {
-               if (x == null)
-                       return null;
+               assertArgNotNull("x", x);
                if (isVisible(x))
                        if (! setAccessible(x))
                                return null;
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/AssertionUtils.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/AssertionUtils.java
index 9d2e9012bf..b8e22005c8 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/AssertionUtils.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/AssertionUtils.java
@@ -110,9 +110,8 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @return The same object.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the specified string is 
<jk>null</jk> or blank.
         */
-       @SuppressWarnings("null")
        public static final String assertArgNotNullOrBlank(String name, String 
o) throws IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(o != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", name);
+               assertArgNotNull(name, o);
                assertArg(! o.isBlank(), "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be blank.", 
name);
                return o;
        }
@@ -137,8 +136,8 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException Constructed exception.
         */
        public static final void assertArgsNotNull(String name1, Object o1, 
String name2, Object o2) throws IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(o1 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name1);
-               assertArg(o2 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name2);
+               assertArgNotNull(name1, o1);
+               assertArgNotNull(name2, o2);
        }
 
        /**
@@ -163,9 +162,9 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException Constructed exception.
         */
        public static final void assertArgsNotNull(String name1, Object o1, 
String name2, Object o2, String name3, Object o3) throws 
IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(o1 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name1);
-               assertArg(o2 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name2);
-               assertArg(o3 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name3);
+               assertArgNotNull(name1, o1);
+               assertArgNotNull(name2, o2);
+               assertArgNotNull(name3, o3);
        }
 
        /**
@@ -182,10 +181,10 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException Constructed exception.
         */
        public static final void assertArgsNotNull(String name1, Object o1, 
String name2, Object o2, String name3, Object o3, String name4, Object o4) 
throws IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(o1 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name1);
-               assertArg(o2 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name2);
-               assertArg(o3 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name3);
-               assertArg(o4 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name4);
+               assertArgNotNull(name1, o1);
+               assertArgNotNull(name2, o2);
+               assertArgNotNull(name3, o3);
+               assertArgNotNull(name4, o4);
        }
 
        /**
@@ -205,11 +204,11 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         */
        public static final void assertArgsNotNull(String name1, Object o1, 
String name2, Object o2, String name3, Object o3, String name4, Object o4, 
String name5, Object o5)
                throws IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(o1 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name1);
-               assertArg(o2 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name2);
-               assertArg(o3 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name3);
-               assertArg(o4 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name4);
-               assertArg(o5 != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", 
name5);
+               assertArgNotNull(name1, o1);
+               assertArgNotNull(name2, o2);
+               assertArgNotNull(name3, o3);
+               assertArgNotNull(name4, o4);
+               assertArgNotNull(name5, o5);
        }
 
        /**
@@ -232,10 +231,10 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @return The object cast to the specified type.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the object is not an 
instance of the specified type.
         */
-       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked" })
        public static final <T> T assertType(Class<T> type, Object o) throws 
IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(type != null, "Type cannot be null.");
-               assertArg(o != null, "Object cannot be null.");
+               assertArgNotNull("type", type);
+               assertArgNotNull("o", o);
                if (! type.isInstance(o))
                        throw illegalArg("Object is not an instance of {0}: 
{1}", cn(type), cn(o));
                return (T)o;
@@ -262,10 +261,10 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @return The object cast to the specified type.
         * @throws RuntimeException Thrown if the object is not an instance of 
the specified type (the exception is provided by the supplier).
         */
-       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+       @SuppressWarnings({ "unchecked" })
        public static final <T> T assertType(Class<T> type, Object o, 
java.util.function.Supplier<? extends RuntimeException> exceptionSupplier) 
throws RuntimeException {
-               assertArg(type != null, "Type cannot be null.");
-               assertArg(o != null, "Object cannot be null.");
+               assertArgNotNull("type", type);
+               assertArgNotNull("o", o);
                if (! type.isInstance(o))
                        throw exceptionSupplier.get();
                return (T)o;
@@ -316,9 +315,8 @@ public class AssertionUtils {
         * @return The same object.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException Thrown if the specified varargs 
array or any of its elements are <jk>null</jk>.
         */
-       @SuppressWarnings("null")
        public static final <T> T[] assertVarargsNotNull(String name, T[] o) 
throws IllegalArgumentException {
-               assertArg(o != null, "Argument ''{0}'' cannot be null.", name);
+               assertArgNotNull(name, o);
                for (var i = 0; i < o.length; i++)
                        assertArg(nn(o[i]), "Argument ''{0}'' parameter {1} 
cannot be null.", name, i);
                return o;
diff --git 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils.java
 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils.java
index b43b7ced47..be1109d3bb 100644
--- 
a/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils.java
+++ 
b/juneau-core/juneau-commons/src/main/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils.java
@@ -1376,6 +1376,35 @@ public class Utils {
                }
        }
 
+       /**
+        * Runs a snippet of code with a custom exception mapper.
+        *
+        * <p>
+        * This method allows you to define a function that converts any thrown 
throwable into a runtime exception.
+        * This is useful when you need to wrap exceptions in a specific 
runtime exception type.
+        *
+        * <h5 class='section'>Example:</h5>
+        * <p class='bjava'>
+        *      <jc>// Wrap code execution with custom exception handling</jc>
+        *      Utils.<jsm>safe</jsm>(() -&gt; {
+        *              <jc>// some code that may throw</jc>
+        *      }, <jv>e</jv> -&gt; <jk>new</jk> 
CustomRuntimeException(<jv>e</jv>));
+        * </p>
+        *
+        * @param snippet The snippet of code to run.
+        * @param exceptionMapper A function that converts the thrown throwable 
into a runtime exception.
+        * @throws RuntimeException The exception returned by the exception 
mapper if the snippet throws a throwable.
+        */
+       public static void safe(Snippet snippet, Function<Throwable, 
RuntimeException> exceptionMapper) {
+               try {
+                       snippet.run();
+               } catch (RuntimeException t) {
+                       throw t;
+               } catch (Throwable t) {
+                       throw exceptionMapper.apply(t);
+               }
+       }
+
        /**
         * Used to wrap code that returns a value but throws an exception.
         * Useful in cases where you're trying to execute code in a fluent 
method call
@@ -1395,6 +1424,41 @@ public class Utils {
                }
        }
 
+       /**
+        * Used to wrap code that returns a value but throws an exception, with 
a custom exception mapper.
+        *
+        * <p>
+        * This method allows you to define a function that converts any thrown 
exception into a runtime exception.
+        * This is useful when you need to wrap exceptions in a specific 
runtime exception type (e.g., {@link ExecutableException}).
+        *
+        * <h5 class='section'>Example:</h5>
+        * <p class='bjava'>
+        *      <jc>// Wrap a constructor invocation with custom exception 
handling</jc>
+        *      <jk>return</jk> Utils.<jsm>safe</jsm>(() -&gt; {
+        *              <jk>try</jk> {
+        *                      <jk>return</jk> 
(<jk>T</jk>)inner.newInstance(args);
+        *              } <jk>catch</jk> (InvocationTargetException <jv>e</jv>) 
{
+        *                      <jk>throw new</jk> 
ExecutableException(<jv>e</jv>.getTargetException());
+        *              }
+        *      }, <jv>e</jv> -&gt; <jk>new</jk> 
ExecutableException(<jv>e</jv>));
+        * </p>
+        *
+        * @param <T> The return type.
+        * @param s The supplier that may throw an exception.
+        * @param exceptionMapper A function that converts the thrown exception 
into a runtime exception.
+        * @return The result of the supplier execution.
+        * @throws RuntimeException The exception returned by the exception 
mapper if the supplier throws an exception.
+        */
+       public static <T> T safe(ThrowingSupplier<T> s, Function<Exception, 
RuntimeException> exceptionMapper) {
+               try {
+                       return s.get();
+               } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+                       throw e;
+               } catch (Exception e) {
+                       throw exceptionMapper.apply(e);
+               }
+       }
+
        /**
         * Executes a supplier that may throw an exception and returns an 
Optional.
         *
@@ -1446,6 +1510,38 @@ public class Utils {
                }
        }
 
+       /**
+        * Allows you to wrap a supplier that throws an exception with a custom 
exception mapper.
+        *
+        * <p>
+        * This method allows you to define a function that converts any thrown 
throwable into a runtime exception.
+        * This is useful when you need to wrap exceptions in a specific 
runtime exception type.
+        *
+        * <h5 class='section'>Example:</h5>
+        * <p class='bjava'>
+        *      <jc>// Wrap a supplier with custom exception handling</jc>
+        *      <jk>return</jk> Utils.<jsm>safeSupplier</jsm>(() -&gt; {
+        *              <jc>// some code that may throw</jc>
+        *              <jk>return</jk> <jv>result</jv>;
+        *      }, <jv>e</jv> -&gt; <jk>new</jk> 
CustomRuntimeException(<jv>e</jv>));
+        * </p>
+        *
+        * @param <T> The supplier type.
+        * @param supplier The supplier throwing an exception.
+        * @param exceptionMapper A function that converts the thrown throwable 
into a runtime exception.
+        * @return The supplied result.
+        * @throws RuntimeException The exception returned by the exception 
mapper if the supplier threw a throwable.
+        */
+       public static <T> T 
safeSupplier(ThrowableUtils.SupplierWithThrowable<T> supplier, 
Function<Throwable, RuntimeException> exceptionMapper) {
+               try {
+                       return supplier.get();
+               } catch (RuntimeException t) {
+                       throw t;
+               } catch (Throwable t) {
+                       throw exceptionMapper.apply(t);
+               }
+       }
+
        /**
         * Helper method for creating StringBuilder objects.
         *
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache2_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache2_Test.java
index ee9cd12df3..b34c199f52 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache2_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache2_Test.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.commons.collections.CacheMode.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.junit.bct.BctAssertions.*;
 
+import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
 
@@ -726,7 +727,7 @@ class Cache2_Test extends TestBase {
 
                // Verify each thread's cache is independent - same thread 
should get same cached value
                var threadValues2 = new ConcurrentHashMap<Thread, String>();
-               var threads = new 
java.util.ArrayList<Thread>(threadValues.keySet());
+               var threads = new ArrayList<>(threadValues.keySet());
 
                future1 = java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> 
{
                        var value = x.get("user", 123, () -> 
"should-not-be-called");
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache_Test.java
index 04d7a155b3..21b145350b 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/collections/Cache_Test.java
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import static 
org.apache.juneau.commons.collections.CacheMode.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.junit.bct.BctAssertions.*;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
+import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.*;
 
@@ -106,11 +107,11 @@ class Cache_Test extends TestBase {
 
                // Null keys are now allowed
                assertEquals("value-null", cache.get(null, () -> "value-null"));
-               
+
                // Verify caching works with null keys
                assertEquals("value-null", cache.get(null)); // Cached (hit #1)
                assertEquals(1, cache.getCacheHits());
-               
+
                assertEquals("value-null", cache.get(null)); // Cached (hit #2)
                assertEquals(2, cache.getCacheHits());
        }
@@ -1023,7 +1024,7 @@ class Cache_Test extends TestBase {
 
                // Verify each thread's cache is independent - same thread 
should get same cached value
                var threadValues2 = new ConcurrentHashMap<Thread, String>();
-               var threads = new 
java.util.ArrayList<Thread>(threadValues.keySet());
+               var threads = new ArrayList<>(threadValues.keySet());
 
                future1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
                        var value = cache.get("key1", () -> 
"should-not-be-called");
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationProvider_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationProvider_Test.java
index 33b320a588..f15f41e068 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationProvider_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationProvider_Test.java
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
 import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.*;
 import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.AnnotationTraversal.*;
-import static org.apache.juneau.commons.utils.CollectionUtils.*;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.*;
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, ci, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
                assertEquals("class", 
annotations.get(0).getValue().orElse(null));
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(ChildClass.class);
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, ci, SELF, 
PARENTS);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find annotation on child class
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var annotations = provider.find(ParentAnnotation.class, ci, 
SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.isEmpty());
        }
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var annotations = provider.find(ci, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                assertTrue(annotations.stream().anyMatch(a -> 
a.isType(TestAnnotation.class)));
@@ -204,9 +203,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
field, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
                assertEquals(1, annotations.get(0).getInt("value").orElse(0));
@@ -222,14 +221,14 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                // Call with SELF traversal - should include both runtime 
annotations (line 1040) and declared annotations (line 1041)
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, field, 
SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find both the runtime annotation and the declared 
annotation (if any)
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1, "Should find at least the 
runtime annotation");
-               
+
                // Verify runtime annotation is found
                var runtimeAnnotationFound = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> 
a.getValue().orElse("").equals("runtimeField"))
@@ -243,9 +242,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, field, 
SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.isEmpty());
        }
@@ -260,9 +259,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(field, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                assertTrue(annotations.stream().anyMatch(a -> 
a.isType(MultiTargetAnnotation.class)));
@@ -278,9 +277,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var constructor = ci.getPublicConstructor(x -> 
x.getParameterCount() == 0).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(constructor);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
constructor, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
                assertEquals(2, annotations.get(0).getInt("value").orElse(0));
@@ -296,9 +295,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var constructor = ci.getPublicConstructor(x -> 
x.getParameterCount() == 0).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(constructor);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(constructor, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                assertTrue(annotations.stream().anyMatch(a -> 
a.isType(MultiTargetAnnotation.class)));
@@ -314,9 +313,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                MethodInfo method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("method1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
method, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
                assertEquals(3, annotations.get(0).getInt("value").orElse(0));
@@ -332,9 +331,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("method1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(method, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                assertTrue(annotations.stream().anyMatch(a -> 
a.isType(MultiTargetAnnotation.class)));
@@ -352,9 +351,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNotNull(method);
                ParameterInfo param = method.getParameter(0);
                assertNotNull(param);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
param, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
                assertEquals(4, annotations.get(0).getInt("value").orElse(0));
@@ -372,9 +371,9 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNotNull(method);
                var param = method.getParameter(0);
                assertNotNull(param);
-               
+
                var annotations = provider.find(param, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                assertTrue(annotations.stream().anyMatch(a -> 
a.isType(MultiTargetAnnotation.class)));
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
        void l01_has_typedClass_exists_returnsTrue() {
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
-               
+
                assertTrue(provider.has(TestAnnotation.class, ci, SELF));
        }
 
@@ -396,7 +395,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
        void l02_has_typedClass_notExists_returnsFalse() {
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
-               
+
                assertFalse(provider.has(ParentAnnotation.class, ci, SELF));
        }
 
@@ -410,7 +409,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                ConstructorInfo constructor = ci.getPublicConstructor(x -> 
x.getParameterCount() == 0).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(constructor);
-               
+
                assertTrue(provider.has(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
constructor, SELF));
        }
 
@@ -420,7 +419,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                ConstructorInfo constructor = ci.getPublicConstructor(x -> 
x.getParameterCount() == 0).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(constructor);
-               
+
                assertFalse(provider.has(TestAnnotation.class, constructor, 
SELF));
        }
 
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                FieldInfo field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                assertTrue(provider.has(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, field, 
SELF));
        }
 
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                FieldInfo field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                assertFalse(provider.has(TestAnnotation.class, field, SELF));
        }
 
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                MethodInfo method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("method1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                assertTrue(provider.has(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, method, 
SELF));
        }
 
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                MethodInfo method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("method1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                assertFalse(provider.has(TestAnnotation.class, method, SELF));
        }
 
@@ -484,7 +483,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNotNull(method);
                ParameterInfo param = method.getParameter(0);
                assertNotNull(param);
-               
+
                assertTrue(provider.has(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, param, 
SELF));
        }
 
@@ -496,7 +495,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNotNull(method);
                ParameterInfo param = method.getParameter(0);
                assertNotNull(param);
-               
+
                assertFalse(provider.has(TestAnnotation.class, param, SELF));
        }
 
@@ -509,10 +508,10 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                // This test covers line 991-992 - default traversals for 
ClassInfo (PARENTS, PACKAGE)
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(ChildClass.class);
-               
+
                // Call with no traversals - should use default (PARENTS, 
PACKAGE)
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, ci);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find annotation from child class
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
@@ -525,10 +524,10 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                MethodInfo method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("method1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                // Call with no traversals - should use default (SELF, 
MATCHING_METHODS, DECLARING_CLASS, RETURN_TYPE, PACKAGE)
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
method);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
        }
@@ -540,10 +539,10 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                FieldInfo field = ci.getPublicField(x -> 
x.hasName("field1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(field);
-               
+
                // Call with no traversals - should use default (SELF)
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
field);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
        }
@@ -555,10 +554,10 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                ConstructorInfo constructor = ci.getPublicConstructor(x -> 
x.getParameterCount() == 0).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(constructor);
-               
+
                // Call with no traversals - should use default (SELF)
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
constructor);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(1, annotations.size());
        }
@@ -572,10 +571,10 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNotNull(method);
                ParameterInfo param = method.getParameter(0);
                assertNotNull(param);
-               
+
                // Call with no traversals - should use default (SELF, 
MATCHING_PARAMETERS, PARAMETER_TYPE)
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
param);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
        }
@@ -585,14 +584,14 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                // This test covers line 1014 - when getPackage() returns null
                // Primitive types and arrays of primitives have no package
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create().build();
-               
+
                // int.class has no package (getPackage() returns null)
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(int.class);
                assertNull(ci.getPackage(), "int.class should have no package");
-               
+
                // Call with PACKAGE traversal - should handle null package 
gracefully
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, ci, 
AnnotationTraversal.PACKAGE);
-               
+
                // Should not throw exception, just return empty list
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                assertEquals(0, annotations.size());
@@ -605,17 +604,17 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(MatchingMethodChild.class);
                MethodInfo method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("matchingMethod")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                // Verify the matching methods order: [child, interface, parent]
                var matchingMethods = method.getMatchingMethods();
                assertTrue(matchingMethods.size() >= 3, "Should have at least 
child, interface, and parent methods. Found: " + matchingMethods.size());
-               
+
                // Verify we can find the parent method in the matching methods
                var parentMethod = matchingMethods.stream()
                        .filter(m -> 
MatchingMethodParent.class.equals(m.getDeclaringClass().inner()))
                        .findFirst();
                assertTrue(parentMethod.isPresent(), "Parent method should be 
in matching methods");
-               
+
                // Verify the parent method has the annotation
                var parentMethodAnnotations = 
parentMethod.get().getDeclaredAnnotations(MultiTargetAnnotation.class).toList();
                assertTrue(parentMethodAnnotations.size() > 0, "Parent method 
should have annotation. Found " + parentMethodAnnotations.size() + " 
annotations");
@@ -626,22 +625,22 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        parentAnnotationValue = 
parentMethodAnnotation.getValue(Integer.class, "value").orElse(null);
                }
                assertEquals(20, parentAnnotationValue, "Parent method 
annotation should have value 20. Annotation: " + parentMethodAnnotation);
-               
+
                // Skip the first (child method) - should have interface and 
parent
                var methodsAfterSkip = 
matchingMethods.stream().skip(1).toList();
                assertTrue(methodsAfterSkip.size() >= 2, "Should have interface 
and parent methods after skipping child");
-               
+
                // Call with MATCHING_METHODS traversal - should include 
annotations from parent and interface methods
                // Note: skip(1) skips the child method itself, so we get 
interface and parent
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
method, MATCHING_METHODS);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find annotations from:
                // 1. Interface method (value=10) - from declared interfaces of 
child class
                // 2. Parent class method (value=20) - from parent class
                // Note: The child method itself is skipped by .skip(1)
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 2, "Should find annotations 
from parent and interface matching methods. Found: " + annotations.size());
-               
+
                // Debug: print what we found
                var foundValues = annotations.stream()
                        .map(a -> {
@@ -653,7 +652,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        })
                        .filter(v -> v != null)
                        .toList();
-               
+
                // Verify we have the interface annotation (value=10) - comes 
first after skip(1)
                var interfaceAnnotation = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> {
@@ -665,7 +664,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        })
                        .findFirst();
                assertTrue(interfaceAnnotation.isPresent(), "Should find 
annotation from interface method. Found values: " + foundValues);
-               
+
                // Verify we have the parent annotation (value=20) - comes 
after interface
                var parentAnnotation = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> {
@@ -688,11 +687,11 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNotNull(method);
                ParameterInfo param = method.getParameter(0);
                assertNotNull(param);
-               
+
                // Verify the matching parameters order: [child, interface, 
parent]
                var matchingParameters = param.getMatchingParameters();
                assertTrue(matchingParameters.size() >= 3, "Should have at 
least child, interface, and parent parameters. Found: " + 
matchingParameters.size());
-               
+
                // Verify we can find the parent parameter in the matching 
parameters
                var parentParameter = matchingParameters.stream()
                        .filter(p -> {
@@ -704,7 +703,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        })
                        .findFirst();
                assertTrue(parentParameter.isPresent(), "Parent parameter 
should be in matching parameters");
-               
+
                // Verify the parent parameter has the annotation
                var parentParameterAnnotations = 
parentParameter.get().getAnnotations(MultiTargetAnnotation.class).toList();
                assertTrue(parentParameterAnnotations.size() > 0, "Parent 
parameter should have annotation. Found " + parentParameterAnnotations.size() + 
" annotations");
@@ -714,22 +713,22 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        parentParameterValue = 
parentParameterAnnotation.getValue(Integer.class, "value").orElse(null);
                }
                assertEquals(200, parentParameterValue, "Parent parameter 
annotation should have value 200. Annotation: " + parentParameterAnnotation);
-               
+
                // Skip the first (child parameter) - should have interface and 
parent
                var parametersAfterSkip = 
matchingParameters.stream().skip(1).toList();
                assertTrue(parametersAfterSkip.size() >= 2, "Should have 
interface and parent parameters after skipping child");
-               
+
                // Call with MATCHING_PARAMETERS traversal - should include 
annotations from parent and interface parameters
                // Note: skip(1) skips the child parameter itself, so we get 
interface and parent
                var annotations = provider.find(MultiTargetAnnotation.class, 
param, MATCHING_PARAMETERS);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find annotations from:
                // 1. Interface parameter (value=100) - from declared 
interfaces of child class
                // 2. Parent class parameter (value=200) - from parent class
                // Note: The child parameter itself is skipped by .skip(1)
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 2, "Should find annotations 
from parent and interface matching parameters. Found: " + annotations.size());
-               
+
                // Debug: print what we found
                var foundValues = annotations.stream()
                        .map(a -> {
@@ -741,7 +740,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        })
                        .filter(v -> v != null)
                        .toList();
-               
+
                // Verify we have the interface parameter annotation 
(value=100) - comes first after skip(1)
                var interfaceAnnotation = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> {
@@ -753,7 +752,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        })
                        .findFirst();
                assertTrue(interfaceAnnotation.isPresent(), "Should find 
annotation from interface parameter. Found values: " + foundValues);
-               
+
                // Verify we have the parent parameter annotation (value=200) - 
comes after interface
                var parentAnnotation = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> {
@@ -777,15 +776,15 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                MethodInfo method = ci.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("method1")).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(method);
-               
+
                // Call with SELF traversal - should trigger runtimeCache.get() 
which calls load() for Method
                // This covers line 1072: annotationMap.find(mi.inner())
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, method, 
SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find the runtime annotation
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1, "Should find at least the 
runtime annotation");
-               
+
                // Verify runtime annotation is found
                var runtimeAnnotationFound = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> 
a.getValue().orElse("").equals("runtimeMethod"))
@@ -804,15 +803,15 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                ConstructorInfo constructor = ci.getPublicConstructor(x -> 
x.getParameterCount() == 0).orElse(null);
                assertNotNull(constructor);
-               
+
                // Call with SELF traversal - should trigger runtimeCache.get() 
which calls load() for Constructor
                // This covers line 1080: annotationMap.find(ci.inner())
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, 
constructor, SELF);
-               
+
                assertNotNull(annotations);
                // Should find the runtime annotation
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1, "Should find at least the 
runtime annotation");
-               
+
                // Verify runtime annotation is found
                var runtimeAnnotationFound = annotations.stream()
                        .filter(a -> 
a.getValue().orElse("").equals("runtimeConstructor"))
@@ -847,7 +846,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        .logOnExit(true)
                        .build();
                assertNotNull(provider1);
-               
+
                var provider2 = AnnotationProvider.create()
                        .logOnExit(false)
                        .build();
@@ -887,6 +886,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        return TestAnnotation.class;
                }
 
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
                public Class<?>[] onClass() {
                        return onClass;
                }
@@ -930,6 +930,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        return TestAnnotation.class;
                }
 
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
                public String[] on() {
                        return on;
                }
@@ -958,17 +959,17 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                // This test covers line 245 - the varargs version that 
converts to list
                var runtimeAnnotation1 = new RuntimeTestAnnotation(new 
Class<?>[]{TestClass.class}, "runtime1");
                var runtimeAnnotation2 = new RuntimeTestAnnotation(new 
Class<?>[]{ParentClass.class}, "runtime2");
-               
+
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create()
                        .addRuntimeAnnotations(runtimeAnnotation1, 
runtimeAnnotation2)  // Varargs - covers line 245
                        .build();
-               
+
                assertNotNull(provider);
-               
+
                // Verify the runtime annotations are applied
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, ci, SELF);
-               
+
                // Should find the runtime annotation
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                var runtimeAnnotation = annotations.stream()
@@ -982,17 +983,17 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                // This test covers line 343 - the on() method returning 
String[] is processed
                var className = TestClass.class.getName();
                var runtimeAnnotation = new RuntimeOnAnnotation(new 
String[]{className}, "runtimeOn");
-               
+
                var provider = AnnotationProvider.create()
                        .addRuntimeAnnotations(runtimeAnnotation)
                        .build();
-               
+
                assertNotNull(provider);
-               
+
                // Verify the runtime annotation is applied using on() method
                var ci = ClassInfo.of(TestClass.class);
                var annotations = provider.find(TestAnnotation.class, ci, SELF);
-               
+
                // Should find the runtime annotation
                assertTrue(annotations.size() >= 1);
                var runtimeAnnotationFound = annotations.stream()
@@ -1013,6 +1014,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        return TestAnnotation.class;
                }
 
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
                public String onClass() {  // Wrong return type - should be 
Class[]
                        return "invalid";
                }
@@ -1045,6 +1047,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        return TestAnnotation.class;
                }
 
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
                public String on() {  // Wrong return type - should be String[]
                        return "invalid";
                }
@@ -1069,7 +1072,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
        void 
n02_addRuntimeAnnotations_invalidOnClassReturnType_throwsException() {
                // This test covers line 334 - onClass() method with wrong 
return type
                var invalidAnnotation = new InvalidOnClassAnnotation();
-               
+
                assertThrows(BeanRuntimeException.class, () -> {
                        AnnotationProvider.create()
                                .addRuntimeAnnotations(invalidAnnotation)
@@ -1081,7 +1084,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
        void n03_addRuntimeAnnotations_invalidOnReturnType_throwsException() {
                // This test covers line 341 - on() method with wrong return 
type
                var invalidAnnotation = new InvalidOnAnnotation();
-               
+
                assertThrows(BeanRuntimeException.class, () -> {
                        AnnotationProvider.create()
                                .addRuntimeAnnotations(invalidAnnotation)
@@ -1101,6 +1104,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
                        return TestAnnotation.class;
                }
 
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
                public Class<?>[] onClass() {
                        throw new RuntimeException("Test exception from 
onClass()");
                }
@@ -1125,7 +1129,7 @@ class AnnotationProvider_Test extends TestBase {
        void n05_addRuntimeAnnotations_throwingOnClass_coversLine349() {
                // This test covers line 349 - exception during method 
invocation (not BeanRuntimeException)
                var throwingAnnotation = new ThrowingOnClassAnnotation();
-               
+
                // The exception from onClass() will be caught and wrapped in 
BeanRuntimeException
                assertThrows(BeanRuntimeException.class, () -> {
                        AnnotationProvider.create()
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationTraversal_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationTraversal_Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32d0081b43
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/AnnotationTraversal_Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+import org.apache.juneau.*;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
+
+class AnnotationTraversal_Test extends TestBase {
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // getOrder()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a001_getOrder() {
+               // Test all enum values and their order values
+               assertEquals(10, AnnotationTraversal.SELF.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(20, AnnotationTraversal.PARENTS.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(20, 
AnnotationTraversal.MATCHING_METHODS.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(20, 
AnnotationTraversal.MATCHING_PARAMETERS.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(30, AnnotationTraversal.RETURN_TYPE.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(30, AnnotationTraversal.PARAMETER_TYPE.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(35, 
AnnotationTraversal.DECLARING_CLASS.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(40, AnnotationTraversal.PACKAGE.getOrder());
+               assertEquals(999, AnnotationTraversal.REVERSE.getOrder());
+               
+               // Verify order values are as expected (lower values = higher 
precedence)
+               assertTrue(AnnotationTraversal.SELF.getOrder() < 
AnnotationTraversal.PARENTS.getOrder());
+               assertTrue(AnnotationTraversal.PARENTS.getOrder() < 
AnnotationTraversal.RETURN_TYPE.getOrder());
+               assertTrue(AnnotationTraversal.RETURN_TYPE.getOrder() < 
AnnotationTraversal.DECLARING_CLASS.getOrder());
+               assertTrue(AnnotationTraversal.DECLARING_CLASS.getOrder() < 
AnnotationTraversal.PACKAGE.getOrder());
+               assertTrue(AnnotationTraversal.PACKAGE.getOrder() < 
AnnotationTraversal.REVERSE.getOrder());
+       }
+}
+
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/BeanRuntimeException_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/BeanRuntimeException_Test.java
index 6dc642a43e..e441da1477 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/BeanRuntimeException_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/BeanRuntimeException_Test.java
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class BeanRuntimeException_Test extends TestBase {
 
        @Test
        void 
d06_constructor_withNullCauseNullClassAndNullMessage_handlesNulls() {
-               var ex = new BeanRuntimeException(null, null, null);
+               var ex = new BeanRuntimeException((Class<?>)null, null, 
(Object)null);
                assertNotNull(ex);
                assertNull(ex.getCause());
                assertNull(ex.getMessage());
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo_Test.java
index e70c683617..81bd3afad8 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ClassInfo_Test.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
 
 import static java.lang.annotation.ElementType.*;
 import static java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.*;
-import static org.apache.juneau.Context.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.TestUtils.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.ClassArrayFormat.*;
 import static org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.ClassInfo.*;
@@ -36,15 +35,12 @@ import java.util.stream.*;
 
 import org.apache.juneau.*;
 import org.apache.juneau.annotation.*;
-import org.apache.juneau.commons.collections.*;
 import org.apache.juneau.commons.collections.Value;
 import org.apache.juneau.svl.*;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
 
 public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
 
-       private static final 
org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.AnnotationProvider AP = 
org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.AnnotationProvider.INSTANCE;
-
        @Documented
        @Target(TYPE)
        @Retention(RUNTIME)
@@ -511,6 +507,30 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                // For types without inner class, should return null
                var ci3 = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
                assertNull(ci3.arrayType());
+
+               // Test when inner.arrayType() returns null (line 391)
+               // Note: Most classes' arrayType() returns a valid array class
+               // The null check at line 391 handles the case when 
inner.arrayType() returns null
+               // This is a defensive check, but in practice most classes have 
valid array types
+               // The line is covered by the null inner check above
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // asSubclass(Class<?>)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a002b_asSubclass() {
+               // Valid cast
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of(String.class);
+               var result = ci.asSubclass(CharSequence.class);
+               assertSame(ci, result);
+
+               // Invalid cast - should throw
+               assertThrows(ClassCastException.class, () -> 
ci.asSubclass(Integer.class));
+
+               // For types without inner class, should return null
+               var ci2 = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci2.asSubclass(CharSequence.class));
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -646,6 +666,66 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertNull(pTypeGenericArgInfo.getClassLoader());
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // canAcceptArg(Object)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a011b_canAcceptArg() {
+               // Valid argument
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String.class).canAcceptArg("test"));
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Integer.class).canAcceptArg(42));
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(int.class).canAcceptArg(42));
+
+               // Null argument - non-primitive
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String.class).canAcceptArg(null));
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Integer.class).canAcceptArg(null));
+
+               // Null argument - primitive (should return false)
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(int.class).canAcceptArg(null));
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(boolean.class).canAcceptArg(null));
+
+               // Invalid argument
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).canAcceptArg(42));
+
+               // For types without inner class, should return false
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.canAcceptArg("test"));
+               assertFalse(ci.canAcceptArg(null));
+
+               // Test primitive-to-wrapper and wrapper-to-primitive 
conversions (line 435)
+               // Primitive can accept wrapper
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(int.class).canAcceptArg(Integer.valueOf(42)));
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(long.class).canAcceptArg(Long.valueOf(42L)));
+               // Wrapper can accept primitive (via autoboxing, but isInstance 
won't work, so need wrapper check)
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Integer.class).canAcceptArg(42));
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Long.class).canAcceptArg(42L));
+               // Number can accept int (parent type)
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Number.class).canAcceptArg(42));
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Number.class).canAcceptArg(Integer.valueOf(42)));
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // cast(Object)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a011c_cast() {
+               // Valid cast
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of(String.class);
+               var result = ci.cast("test");
+               assertEquals("test", result);
+
+               // Null object - should return null
+               assertNull(ci.cast(null));
+
+               // Invalid cast - should throw
+               assertThrows(ClassCastException.class, () -> ci.cast(42));
+
+               // For types without inner class, should return null
+               var ci2 = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci2.cast("test"));
+               assertNull(ci2.cast(null));
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // getComponentType()
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -665,6 +745,50 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertEquals(pTypeDimensionalInfo, 
pTypeDimensionalInfo.getComponentType());
                assertEquals(pTypeGenericInfo, 
pTypeGenericInfo.getComponentType());
                assertEquals(pTypeGenericArgInfo, 
pTypeGenericArgInfo.getComponentType());
+
+               // For types without inner class, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.componentType());
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // descriptorString()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a012b_descriptorString() {
+               // Test descriptor string for various types
+               assertEquals("Ljava/lang/String;", 
ClassInfo.of(String.class).descriptorString());
+               assertEquals("I", ClassInfo.of(int.class).descriptorString());
+               assertEquals("[Ljava/lang/String;", 
ClassInfo.of(String[].class).descriptorString());
+
+               // For types without inner class, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.descriptorString());
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // equals(Object)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a012c_equals() {
+               // Same class
+               var ci1 = ClassInfo.of(String.class);
+               var ci2 = ClassInfo.of(String.class);
+               assertEquals(ci1, ci2);
+
+               // Different classes
+               var ci3 = ClassInfo.of(Integer.class);
+               assertNotEquals(ci1, ci3);
+
+               // Same type
+               assertEquals(pTypeInfo, ClassInfo.of(pType));
+
+               // Different types
+               assertNotEquals(pTypeInfo, pTypeDimensionalInfo);
+
+               // Not a ClassInfo
+               assertNotEquals(ci1, "not a ClassInfo");
+               assertNotEquals(ci1, null);
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -764,14 +888,27 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        @Test
        void a019_getDeclaredMemberClasses() {
+               // Test with class that has declared member classes (line 822)
                var memberClasses = MM.class.getDeclaredClasses();
                assertNotNull(memberClasses);
                // MM has MN as a member class
                assertTrue(memberClasses.length > 0);
 
+               // Test getDeclaredMemberClasses when inner is not null
+               var mmCi = ClassInfo.of(MM.class);
+               var declaredMemberClasses = mmCi.getDeclaredMemberClasses();
+               assertNotNull(declaredMemberClasses);
+               assertFalse(declaredMemberClasses.isEmpty());
+
                // For types without inner class, should return empty list
                var empty = pTypeGenericArgInfo.getDeclaredMemberClasses();
                assertTrue(empty.isEmpty());
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return empty list
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               var empty2 = ci.getDeclaredMemberClasses();
+               assertNotNull(empty2);
+               assertTrue(empty2.isEmpty());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -816,6 +953,10 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                // For top-level classes, should return null
                var declaring2 = aClass.getDeclaringClass();
                assertNull(declaring2);
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getDeclaringClass());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -841,6 +982,10 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        @Test
        void a024_getEnclosingClass() {
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getEnclosingClass());
+
                // For member classes, should return enclosing class
                var enclosing = aTypeInfo.getEnclosingClass();
                assertNotNull(enclosing);
@@ -856,6 +1001,14 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        @Test
        void a025_getEnclosingConstructor() {
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getEnclosingConstructor());
+
+               // For classes not declared in constructor, should return null 
(line 954)
+               // Regular classes don't have enclosing constructors
+               assertNull(aClass.getEnclosingConstructor());
+               
assertNull(ClassInfo.of(String.class).getEnclosingConstructor());
                // Local class in method should not have enclosing constructor
                class LocalClass {}
                var local = ClassInfo.of(LocalClass.class);
@@ -868,6 +1021,14 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        @Test
        void a026_getEnclosingMethod() {
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getEnclosingMethod());
+
+               // For classes not declared in method, should return null (line 
970)
+               // Regular classes don't have enclosing methods
+               assertNull(aClass.getEnclosingMethod());
+               assertNull(ClassInfo.of(String.class).getEnclosingMethod());
                // Local class should have an enclosing method
                class LocalClass {}
                var local = ClassInfo.of(LocalClass.class);
@@ -933,14 +1094,27 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        @Test
        void a031_getMemberClasses() {
+               // Test with class that has member classes (line 1029)
                var memberClasses = MM.class.getClasses();
                assertNotNull(memberClasses);
                // MM has MN as a public member class
                assertTrue(memberClasses.length > 0);
 
+               // Test getMemberClasses when inner is not null
+               var mmCi = ClassInfo.of(MM.class);
+               var memberClassesList = mmCi.getMemberClasses();
+               assertNotNull(memberClassesList);
+               assertFalse(memberClassesList.isEmpty());
+
                // For types without inner class, should return empty list
                var empty = pTypeGenericArgInfo.getMemberClasses();
                assertTrue(empty.isEmpty());
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return empty list
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               var empty2 = ci.getMemberClasses();
+               assertNotNull(empty2);
+               assertTrue(empty2.isEmpty());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -986,6 +1160,11 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        void a035_getNameCanonical() {
                assertEquals("org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.AClass", 
aClass.getNameCanonical());
                
assertEquals("org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect.ClassInfo_Test.A1", 
aTypeInfo.getNameCanonical());
+
+               // For ParameterizedType, should return null
+               assertNull(pTypeInfo.getNameCanonical());
+               assertNull(pTypeDimensionalInfo.getNameCanonical());
+               assertNull(pTypeGenericInfo.getNameCanonical());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1078,6 +1257,19 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                // Equivalent methods
                assertEquals(ci.getName(), ci.getNameFormatted(FULL, false, 
'$', BRACKETS));
                assertEquals(ci.getNameSimple(), ci.getNameFormatted(SIMPLE, 
false, '$', BRACKETS));
+
+               // ParameterizedType case - should extract raw type
+               var ci10 = pTypeInfo;
+               var formatted = ci10.getNameFormatted(SIMPLE, false, '$', 
BRACKETS);
+               assertNotNull(formatted);
+               assertTrue(formatted.contains("Map"));
+
+               // SIMPLE format with null class but ParameterizedType - 
extracts raw type (line 314-316)
+               var ci11 = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               var formatted2 = ci11.getNameFormatted(SIMPLE, false, '$', 
BRACKETS);
+               assertNotNull(formatted2);
+               // When inner is null but isParameterizedType is true, code 
extracts raw type and uses its simple name
+               assertEquals("Map", formatted2);
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1310,6 +1502,10 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        @Test
        void a047_getParameterType() {
+               // Test complex type variable resolution with nested generics 
(line 1372)
+               // This tests the type variable resolution in getParameterType 
when dealing with nested inner classes
+               // Note: Testing nested generic type variable resolution 
requires complex scenarios
+               // The code path at line 1372 is triggered when resolving type 
variables in nested inner classes
                // Simple map
                check("String", ma.getParameterType(0, HashMap.class));
                check("Integer", ma.getParameterType(1, HashMap.class));
@@ -1409,6 +1605,26 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                var permitted = aClass.getPermittedSubclasses();
                assertNotNull(permitted);
                assertTrue(permitted.isEmpty());
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return empty list
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               var empty = ci.getPermittedSubclasses();
+               assertNotNull(empty);
+               assertTrue(empty.isEmpty());
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // getProtectionDomain()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a050b_getProtectionDomain() {
+               // Should return protection domain for regular classes
+               // May be null depending on security manager, but should not 
throw
+               assertDoesNotThrow(() -> aClass.getProtectionDomain());
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getProtectionDomain());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1497,6 +1713,37 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                check("", aTypeInfo.getPublicFields());
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // getResource(String)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a057b_getResource() {
+               // Should return resource URL for existing resources
+               // May be null depending on classpath, but should not throw
+               assertDoesNotThrow(() -> aClass.getResource("/"));
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getResource("test"));
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // getResourceAsStream(String)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a057c_getResourceAsStream() {
+               // Should return resource stream for existing resources
+               var stream = aClass.getResourceAsStream("/");
+               // May be null depending on classpath, but should not throw
+               if (stream != null) {
+                       assertDoesNotThrow(() -> stream.close());
+               }
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return null
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertNull(ci.getResourceAsStream("test"));
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // getPublicMethod(Predicate<MethodInfo>)
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1703,6 +1950,84 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericInfo.is(KA.class));
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericArgInfo.is(KA.class));
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericArgInfo.is(of(KA.class)));
+
+               // Test ElementFlag cases
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(ElementFlag.CLASS));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_ANNOTATION));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_ARRAY));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_ENUM));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_LOCAL));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_MEMBER));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_NON_STATIC_MEMBER));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_PRIMITIVE));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_RECORD));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_SEALED));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_SYNTHETIC));
+               
+               // Test positive ElementFlag cases (lines 1772, 1774, 1775, 
1776, 1781, 1783, 1787, 1789, 1791, 1793)
+               // ANNOTATION (line 1772)
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(A.class).is(ANNOTATION));
+               assertFalse(aClass.is(ANNOTATION));
+               
+               // ANONYMOUS and NOT_ANONYMOUS (lines 1774, 1775)
+               // Anonymous classes are created dynamically, so we test 
NOT_ANONYMOUS
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_ANONYMOUS));
+               // Test anonymous class if we can create one
+               var anonymous = new Object() {}.getClass();
+               var anonymousInfo = ClassInfo.of(anonymous);
+               if (anonymousInfo.isAnonymousClass()) {
+                       assertTrue(anonymousInfo.is(ANONYMOUS));
+                       assertFalse(anonymousInfo.is(NOT_ANONYMOUS));
+               }
+               
+               // ARRAY (line 1776)
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String[].class).is(ARRAY));
+               assertFalse(aClass.is(ARRAY));
+               
+               // ENUM (line 1781)
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(ClassArrayFormat.class).is(ENUM));
+               assertFalse(aClass.is(ENUM));
+               
+               // LOCAL and NOT_LOCAL (line 1783)
+               // Local class
+               class LocalTestClass {}
+               var localInfo = ClassInfo.of(LocalTestClass.class);
+               assertTrue(localInfo.is(LOCAL));
+               assertFalse(localInfo.is(NOT_LOCAL));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_LOCAL));
+               assertFalse(aClass.is(LOCAL));
+               
+               // NON_STATIC_MEMBER (line 1787)
+               // H_PublicMember is a non-static member class
+               var nonStaticMember = ClassInfo.of(H_PublicMember.class);
+               assertTrue(nonStaticMember.is(NON_STATIC_MEMBER));
+               assertFalse(nonStaticMember.is(NOT_NON_STATIC_MEMBER));
+               assertTrue(aClass.is(NOT_NON_STATIC_MEMBER));
+               assertFalse(aClass.is(NON_STATIC_MEMBER));
+               
+               // PRIMITIVE (line 1789)
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(int.class).is(PRIMITIVE));
+               assertFalse(aClass.is(PRIMITIVE));
+               
+               // RECORD (line 1791) - test if records are available
+               try {
+                       Class.forName("java.lang.Record");
+                       // Records are available, but we don't have a test 
record class
+                       // Just verify non-records return false
+                       assertFalse(aClass.is(RECORD));
+               } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                       // Records not available, skip
+               }
+               
+               // SEALED (line 1793) - test if sealed classes are available
+               try {
+                       Class.forName("java.lang.constant.Constable");
+                       // Sealed classes are available (Java 17+)
+                       // Most classes are not sealed, so should return false
+                       assertFalse(aClass.is(SEALED));
+               } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                       // Sealed classes not available, skip
+               }
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1768,6 +2093,10 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(A.class).isAnnotation());
                assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(B.class).isAnnotation());
                assertFalse(aClass.isAnnotation());
+               
+               // Test with null inner (line 1811)
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isAnnotation());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1795,6 +2124,46 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String[].class).isArray());
                assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(int[].class).isArray());
                assertFalse(aClass.isArray());
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return false
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isArray());
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isAnonymousClass()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a076b_isAnonymousClass() {
+               // Regular classes are not anonymous
+               assertFalse(aClass.isAnonymousClass());
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return false (line 1821)
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isAnonymousClass());
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isCollectionOrArray()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a076c_isCollectionOrArray() {
+               // Test with array
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String[].class).isCollectionOrArray());
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(int[].class).isCollectionOrArray());
+               
+               // Test with Collection
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(java.util.List.class).isCollectionOrArray());
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(java.util.Set.class).isCollectionOrArray());
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(java.util.Collection.class).isCollectionOrArray());
+               
+               // Test with non-collection, non-array
+               assertFalse(aClass.isCollectionOrArray());
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isCollectionOrArray());
+               
+               // Test with null inner (line 1905)
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isCollectionOrArray());
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1824,6 +2193,12 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(pTypeDimensionalInfo.isChildOf(KA.class));
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericInfo.isChildOf(KA.class));
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericArgInfo.isChildOf(KA.class));
+
+               // Test isChildOf(ClassInfo)
+               assertTrue(kb.isChildOf(ka));
+               assertTrue(kc.isChildOf(ka));
+               assertTrue(kc.isChildOf(kb));
+               assertFalse(ka.isChildOf(kb));
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1882,6 +2257,32 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        void a081_isEnum() {
                assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(ClassArrayFormat.class).isEnum());
                assertFalse(aClass.isEnum());
+               
+               // Test with null inner (line 1919)
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isEnum());
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isInstance(Object)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a081b_isInstance() {
+               // Valid instance
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isInstance("test"));
+               assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Number.class).isInstance(42));
+
+               // Invalid instance
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isInstance(42));
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(Number.class).isInstance("test"));
+
+               // Null value
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isInstance(null));
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return false
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isInstance("test"));
+               assertFalse(ci.isInstance(null));
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -1996,6 +2397,26 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertTrue(pTypeGenericArgInfo.isNotLocalClass());
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isNestmateOf(Class<?>)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a088b_isNestmateOf() {
+               // Same class is nestmate of itself
+               assertTrue(aClass.isNestmateOf(AClass.class));
+
+               // Different classes in same package may or may not be nestmates
+               // (depends on whether they're in the same nest)
+
+               // For types with null inner, should return false
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isNestmateOf(AClass.class));
+               assertFalse(ci.isNestmateOf(null));
+
+               // With null argument, should return false
+               assertFalse(aClass.isNestmateOf(null));
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isNotMemberClass()
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -2010,6 +2431,21 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertTrue(pTypeGenericArgInfo.isNotMemberClass());
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isNotNonStaticMemberClass()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a089b_isNotNonStaticMemberClass() {
+               // Regular classes are not non-static member classes
+               assertTrue(aClass.isNotNonStaticMemberClass());
+
+               // aTypeInfo represents A1, which is a non-static member class, 
so isNotNonStaticMemberClass() returns false
+               assertFalse(aTypeInfo.isNotNonStaticMemberClass());
+
+               // Top-level classes are not non-static member classes
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isNotNonStaticMemberClass());
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isNotPrimitive()
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -2083,6 +2519,31 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericArgInfo.isParentOf(KA.class));
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isParentOf(ClassInfo)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a093b_isParentOf_ClassInfo() {
+               // Test isParentOf(ClassInfo) with valid classes
+               assertTrue(ka.isParentOf(ka));
+               assertTrue(ka.isParentOf(kb));
+               assertTrue(ka.isParentOf(kc));
+               assertFalse(kb.isParentOf(ka));
+               assertTrue(kb.isParentOf(kb));
+               assertTrue(kb.isParentOf(kc));
+               assertFalse(kc.isParentOf(ka));
+               assertFalse(kc.isParentOf(kb));
+               assertTrue(kc.isParentOf(kc));
+               
+               // Test with null child (line 2029)
+               assertFalse(ka.isParentOf((ClassInfo)null));
+               
+               // Test with null inner
+               var nullInnerCi = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(nullInnerCi.isParentOf(ka));
+               assertFalse(nullInnerCi.isParentOf((ClassInfo)null));
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isParentOfLenient(Class<?>)
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -2096,12 +2557,28 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(Number.class).isParentOfLenient(int.class));
                
assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(int.class).isParentOfLenient(Number.class));
                
assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(int.class).isParentOfLenient(long.class));
+
+               // With null inner or null child, should return false
+               var ci = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               assertFalse(ci.isParentOfLenient(String.class));
+               
assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isParentOfLenient((Class<?>)null));
+
+               // Test isParentOfLenient(Type)
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(CharSequence.class).isParentOfLenient((Type)String.class));
+               
assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isParentOfLenient((Type)CharSequence.class));
+               // Non-Class Type should return false
+               
assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isParentOfLenient(pType));
+
+               // Test isParentOfLenient(ClassInfo) with null child (line 2088)
+               
assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isParentOfLenient((ClassInfo)null));
+               var nullInnerCi = ClassInfo.of((Class<?>)null, pType);
+               
assertFalse(nullInnerCi.isParentOfLenient(ClassInfo.of(String.class)));
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isPrimitive()
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a095_isPrimitive() {
                assertTrue(of(int.class).isPrimitive());
                assertFalse(of(Integer.class).isPrimitive());
@@ -2113,7 +2590,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isPublic()
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a096_isPublic() {
                assertTrue(hPublic.isPublic());
                assertFalse(hProtected.isPublic());
@@ -2130,7 +2607,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isRecord()
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a097_isRecord() {
                // Test with a record class if available (Java 14+)
                try {
@@ -2147,7 +2624,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isStatic()
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a098_isStatic() {
                assertTrue(hPublic.isStatic());
                assertFalse(hPublicMember.isStatic());
@@ -2159,7 +2636,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isStrictChildOf(Class<?>)
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a099_isStrictChildOf() {
                assertFalse(ka.isStrictChildOf(KA.class));
                assertFalse(ka.isStrictChildOf(KB.class));
@@ -2180,6 +2657,25 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(pTypeGenericArgInfo.isStrictChildOf(KA.class));
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // isRuntimeException()
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a099b_isRuntimeException() {
+               // Test isRuntimeException() (line 2143)
+               // RuntimeException itself
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(RuntimeException.class).isRuntimeException());
+               // Subclasses of RuntimeException
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(IllegalArgumentException.class).isRuntimeException());
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(NullPointerException.class).isRuntimeException());
+               
assertTrue(ClassInfo.of(IllegalStateException.class).isRuntimeException());
+               // Exception but not RuntimeException
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(Exception.class).isRuntimeException());
+               // Regular classes
+               assertFalse(ClassInfo.of(String.class).isRuntimeException());
+               assertFalse(aClass.isRuntimeException());
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isSynthetic()
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -2197,7 +2693,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isVisible(Visibility)
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a101_isVisible() {
                // Public visibility
                assertTrue(hPublic.isVisible(Visibility.PUBLIC));
@@ -2234,7 +2730,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // newInstance()
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a102_newInstance() {
                assertNotNull(la.newInstance());
                // Test on types - should throw
@@ -2248,7 +2744,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        
//====================================================================================================
        // of(Class<?>)
        
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
+               @Test
        void a103_of() {
                // Test with Class
                check("A1", of(A1.class));
@@ -2272,7 +2768,7 @@ public class ClassInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertEquals(String.class, info.inner());
 
                // When inner != innerType, should create ClassInfoTyped
-               info = ClassInfo.of(String.class, (Type)String.class);
+               info = ClassInfo.of(String.class, String.class);
                assertNotNull(info);
                assertEquals(String.class, info.inner());
 
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo_Test.java
index d9906ebf06..864061cbf5 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ElementInfo_Test.java
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ class ElementInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                var interfaceClass = getClassInfo(InterfaceClass.class);
                var synchronizedMethod = getMethod(SynchronizedClass.class, 
"synchronizedMethod");
                var nativeMethod = getMethod(NativeClass.class, "nativeMethod");
-               var strictMethod = getMethod(StrictClass.class, "strictMethod");
                var transientField = getField(TransientClass.class, 
"transientField");
                var volatileField = getField(VolatileClass.class, 
"volatileField");
 
@@ -212,29 +211,6 @@ class ElementInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertTrue(publicMethod.is(NOT_NATIVE));
                assertFalse(nativeMethod.is(NOT_NATIVE));
 
-               // Strict
-               // Note: strictfp is deprecated in Java 17+, so 
Modifier.isStrict() may not work as expected
-               // In Java 17+, all floating-point expressions are evaluated 
strictly by default
-               // The strictfp modifier is ignored, so isStrict() may return 
false even for strictfp methods
-               boolean isStrictSupported;
-               try {
-                       isStrictSupported = 
Modifier.isStrict(StrictClass.class.getMethod("strictMethod").getModifiers());
-               } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
-                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
-               }
-               if (isStrictSupported) {
-                       assertTrue(strictMethod.is(STRICT));
-                       assertFalse(publicMethod.is(STRICT));
-                       assertTrue(publicMethod.is(NOT_STRICT));
-                       assertFalse(strictMethod.is(NOT_STRICT));
-               } else {
-                       // Java 17+ - strictfp is deprecated and ignored
-                       assertFalse(strictMethod.is(STRICT));
-                       assertFalse(publicMethod.is(STRICT));
-                       assertTrue(publicMethod.is(NOT_STRICT));
-                       assertTrue(strictMethod.is(NOT_STRICT));
-               }
-
                // Transient
                assertTrue(transientField.is(TRANSIENT));
                assertFalse(publicField.is(TRANSIENT));
@@ -281,6 +257,16 @@ class ElementInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(publicClass.isAll(PUBLIC, PRIVATE));
                assertFalse(staticMethod.isAll(PUBLIC, STATIC, FINAL));
                assertFalse(finalMethod.isAll(PUBLIC, STATIC));
+
+               // Empty flags array - allMatch on empty stream returns true 
(vacuous truth) (line 143)
+               assertTrue(publicClass.isAll());
+               assertTrue(staticMethod.isAll());
+               
+               // Single flag - ensures stream(flags).allMatch(this::is) is 
executed (line 143)
+               assertTrue(publicClass.isAll(PUBLIC));
+               assertFalse(publicClass.isAll(PRIVATE));
+               assertTrue(staticMethod.isAll(STATIC));
+               assertFalse(staticMethod.isAll(FINAL));
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -300,6 +286,16 @@ class ElementInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                // No flags match
                assertFalse(publicClass.isAny(PRIVATE, PROTECTED));
                assertFalse(staticMethod.isAny(PRIVATE, FINAL));
+
+               // Empty flags array - anyMatch on empty stream returns false 
(line 157)
+               assertFalse(publicClass.isAny(new ElementFlag[0]));
+               assertFalse(staticMethod.isAny(new ElementFlag[0]));
+               
+               // Single flag - ensures stream(flags).anyMatch(this::is) is 
executed (line 157)
+               assertTrue(publicClass.isAny(PUBLIC));
+               assertFalse(publicClass.isAny(PRIVATE));
+               assertTrue(staticMethod.isAny(STATIC));
+               assertFalse(staticMethod.isAny(FINAL));
        }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -458,31 +454,6 @@ class ElementInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertTrue(publicField.isNotStatic());
        }
 
-       
//====================================================================================================
-       // isNotStrict()
-       
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
-       void a017_isNotStrict() {
-               var strictMethod = getMethod(StrictClass.class, "strictMethod");
-               var publicMethod = getMethod(PublicClass.class, "publicMethod");
-
-               // Note: strictfp is deprecated in Java 17+, so 
Modifier.isStrict() may not work as expected
-               boolean isStrictSupported;
-               try {
-                       isStrictSupported = 
Modifier.isStrict(StrictClass.class.getMethod("strictMethod").getModifiers());
-               } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
-                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
-               }
-               if (isStrictSupported) {
-                       assertFalse(strictMethod.isNotStrict());
-                       assertTrue(publicMethod.isNotStrict());
-               } else {
-                       // Java 17+ - strictfp is deprecated and ignored
-                       assertTrue(strictMethod.isNotStrict());
-                       assertTrue(publicMethod.isNotStrict());
-               }
-       }
-
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isNotSynchronized()
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -589,30 +560,6 @@ class ElementInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(publicField.isStatic());
        }
 
-       
//====================================================================================================
-       // isStrict()
-       
//====================================================================================================
-       @Test
-       void a025_isStrict() {
-               var strictMethod = getMethod(StrictClass.class, "strictMethod");
-               var publicMethod = getMethod(PublicClass.class, "publicMethod");
-
-               // Note: strictfp is deprecated in Java 17+, so 
Modifier.isStrict() may not work as expected
-               boolean isStrictSupported;
-               try {
-                       isStrictSupported = 
Modifier.isStrict(StrictClass.class.getMethod("strictMethod").getModifiers());
-               } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
-                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
-               }
-               if (isStrictSupported) {
-                       assertTrue(strictMethod.isStrict());
-                       assertFalse(publicMethod.isStrict());
-               } else {
-                       // Java 17+ - strictfp is deprecated and ignored
-                       assertFalse(strictMethod.isStrict());
-                       assertFalse(publicMethod.isStrict());
-               }
-       }
 
        
//====================================================================================================
        // isSynchronized()
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo_Test.java
index d5a99aa02a..7b8117fc6b 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ExecutableInfo_Test.java
@@ -584,6 +584,30 @@ class ExecutableInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(a.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("foo")).get().is(ElementFlag.CONSTRUCTOR));
                assertTrue(a.getPublicMethod(x -> 
x.hasName("foo")).get().is(NOT_CONSTRUCTOR));
                
+               // SYNTHETIC and NOT_SYNTHETIC (lines 531, 532)
+               // Regular executables are not synthetic
+               assertFalse(b_c1.isSynthetic());
+               assertFalse(b_c1.is(SYNTHETIC));
+               assertTrue(b_c1.is(NOT_SYNTHETIC));
+               assertFalse(b_m1.isSynthetic());
+               assertFalse(b_m1.is(SYNTHETIC));
+               assertTrue(b_m1.is(NOT_SYNTHETIC));
+               
+               // VARARGS and NOT_VARARGS (lines 532, 533)
+               var varArgsCi = ClassInfo.of(VarArgsClass.class);
+               var varArgsCtor = varArgsCi.getPublicConstructor(cons -> 
cons.isVarArgs()).get();
+               assertTrue(varArgsCtor.isVarArgs());
+               assertTrue(varArgsCtor.is(VARARGS));
+               assertFalse(varArgsCtor.is(NOT_VARARGS));
+               
+               // Non-varargs executables
+               assertFalse(b_c1.isVarArgs());
+               assertFalse(b_c1.is(VARARGS));
+               assertTrue(b_c1.is(NOT_VARARGS));
+               assertFalse(b_m1.isVarArgs());
+               assertFalse(b_m1.is(VARARGS));
+               assertTrue(b_m1.is(NOT_VARARGS));
+               
                // TRANSIENT is a valid modifier flag but doesn't apply to 
executables
                assertFalse(e_deprecated.is(TRANSIENT));
                
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo_Test.java
index 16ced3cbf4..3f8c39eabb 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/FieldInfo_Test.java
@@ -436,6 +436,12 @@ class FieldInfo_Test extends TestBase {
                assertFalse(a1_f1.is(ENUM_CONSTANT));
                assertTrue(a1_f1.is(NOT_ENUM_CONSTANT));
                
+               // Synthetic (lines 314-315)
+               assertFalse(a1_f1.is(SYNTHETIC));
+               assertTrue(a1_f1.is(NOT_SYNTHETIC));
+               assertFalse(b_a1.is(SYNTHETIC));
+               assertTrue(b_a1.is(NOT_SYNTHETIC));
+               
                // HAS_PARAMS doesn't apply to fields, should throw exception
                assertThrowsWithMessage(RuntimeException.class, "Invalid flag 
for element: HAS_PARAMS", () -> c_deprecated.is(HAS_PARAMS));
        }
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/PackageInfo_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/PackageInfo_Test.java
index 9c8ae4b922..01bf9b9cd0 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/PackageInfo_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/PackageInfo_Test.java
@@ -224,12 +224,21 @@ class PackageInfo_Test extends TestBase {
        void a015_isCompatibleWith() {
                var pi = PackageInfo.of(String.class);
                
-               // Test with valid version strings
+               // Test with valid version strings - ensure line 309 is covered
+               // This calls inner.isCompatibleWith(desired) which may return 
true or false
+               // depending on the package version, but the line should be 
executed
+               // Note: Package.isCompatibleWith may throw 
NumberFormatException if the package
+               // version is empty or invalid, so we need to handle that
                try {
                        var compatible = pi.isCompatibleWith("1.0");
                        assertNotNull(Boolean.valueOf(compatible));
+                       
+                       // Test with another valid version
+                       var compatible2 = pi.isCompatibleWith("2.0");
+                       assertNotNull(Boolean.valueOf(compatible2));
                } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
-                       // May throw if version format is invalid
+                       // Package version may be empty or invalid, which 
causes isCompatibleWith to throw
+                       // This is expected behavior - the line 309 is still 
covered by the call
                }
                
                // Test with invalid version - should throw
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ReflectionUtils_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ReflectionUtils_Test.java
index d95c4dccff..c9ccbb491d 100644
--- 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ReflectionUtils_Test.java
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/ReflectionUtils_Test.java
@@ -33,6 +33,15 @@ class ReflectionUtils_Test extends TestBase {
                public void method(String param) {}
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // Constructor
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a000_constructor() {
+               // Instantiate the class to cover the implicit constructor
+               new ReflectionUtils();
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // info(Class<?>)
        
//====================================================================================================
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility_Test.java
 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility_Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdd583be2f
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/reflect/Visibility_Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.juneau.commons.reflect;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+
+import org.apache.juneau.TestBase;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
+
+class Visibility_Test extends TestBase {
+
+       
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       // Test classes with various visibility modifiers
+       
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       public static class PublicClass {
+               public PublicClass() {}
+               public void publicMethod() {}
+               public int publicField;
+       }
+
+       private static class PrivateClass {
+               private PrivateClass() {}
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+               private void privateMethod() {}
+               @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+               private int privateField;
+       }
+
+       protected static class ProtectedClass {
+               protected ProtectedClass() {}
+               protected void protectedMethod() {}
+               protected int protectedField;
+       }
+
+       static class PackagePrivateClass {
+               PackagePrivateClass() {}
+               void packagePrivateMethod() {}
+               int packagePrivateField;
+       }
+
+       
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+       // Helper methods
+       
//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       private static Constructor<?> getConstructor(Class<?> c, Class<?>... 
paramTypes) {
+               try {
+                       return c.getDeclaredConstructor(paramTypes);
+               } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       private static Method getMethod(Class<?> c, String name, Class<?>... 
paramTypes) {
+               try {
+                       return c.getDeclaredMethod(name, paramTypes);
+               } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       private static Field getField(Class<?> c, String name) {
+               try {
+                       return c.getDeclaredField(name);
+               } catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
+                       throw new RuntimeException(e);
+               }
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // transform(Constructor<T>)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a001_transform_constructor_null() throws Exception {
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform((Constructor<?>)null));
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.PRIVATE.transform((Constructor<?>)null));
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.NONE.transform((Constructor<?>)null));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       void a002_transform_constructor_public() throws Exception {
+               Constructor<?> publicCtor = getConstructor(PublicClass.class);
+               Constructor<?> privateCtor = getConstructor(PrivateClass.class);
+               Constructor<?> protectedCtor = 
getConstructor(ProtectedClass.class);
+               Constructor<?> packageCtor = 
getConstructor(PackagePrivateClass.class);
+
+               // PUBLIC visibility - only makes public accessible, returns 
others as-is
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(publicCtor));
+               assertSame(privateCtor, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(privateCtor));
+               assertSame(protectedCtor, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(protectedCtor));
+               assertSame(packageCtor, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(packageCtor));
+
+               // PROTECTED visibility - makes public and protected accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(publicCtor));
+               assertSame(privateCtor, 
Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(privateCtor));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(protectedCtor));
+               assertSame(packageCtor, 
Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(packageCtor));
+
+               // DEFAULT visibility - makes public, protected, and package 
accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(publicCtor));
+               assertSame(privateCtor, 
Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(privateCtor));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(protectedCtor));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(packageCtor));
+
+               // PRIVATE visibility - makes all accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(publicCtor));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(privateCtor));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(protectedCtor));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(packageCtor));
+
+               // NONE visibility - doesn't make anything accessible, but 
returns as-is
+               assertSame(publicCtor, Visibility.NONE.transform(publicCtor));
+               assertSame(privateCtor, Visibility.NONE.transform(privateCtor));
+               assertSame(protectedCtor, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(protectedCtor));
+               assertSame(packageCtor, Visibility.NONE.transform(packageCtor));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       void a003_transform_constructor_returnsSameInstance() throws Exception {
+               Constructor<?> publicCtor = getConstructor(PublicClass.class);
+               Constructor<?> result = Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(publicCtor);
+               assertSame(publicCtor, result);
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // transform(Field)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a004_transform_field_null() throws Exception {
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform((Field)null));
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.PRIVATE.transform((Field)null));
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.NONE.transform((Field)null));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       void a005_transform_field_public() throws Exception {
+               Field publicField = getField(PublicClass.class, "publicField");
+               Field privateField = getField(PrivateClass.class, 
"privateField");
+               Field protectedField = getField(ProtectedClass.class, 
"protectedField");
+               Field packageField = getField(PackagePrivateClass.class, 
"packagePrivateField");
+
+               // PUBLIC visibility - only makes public accessible, returns 
others as-is
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(publicField));
+               assertSame(privateField, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(privateField));
+               assertSame(protectedField, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(protectedField));
+               assertSame(packageField, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(packageField));
+
+               // PROTECTED visibility - makes public and protected accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(publicField));
+               assertSame(privateField, 
Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(privateField));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(protectedField));
+               assertSame(packageField, 
Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(packageField));
+
+               // DEFAULT visibility - makes public, protected, and package 
accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(publicField));
+               assertSame(privateField, 
Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(privateField));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(protectedField));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(packageField));
+
+               // PRIVATE visibility - makes all accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(publicField));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(privateField));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(protectedField));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(packageField));
+
+               // NONE visibility - doesn't make anything accessible, but 
returns as-is
+               assertSame(publicField, Visibility.NONE.transform(publicField));
+               assertSame(privateField, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(privateField));
+               assertSame(protectedField, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(protectedField));
+               assertSame(packageField, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(packageField));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       void a006_transform_field_returnsSameInstance() throws Exception {
+               Field publicField = getField(PublicClass.class, "publicField");
+               Field result = Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(publicField);
+               assertSame(publicField, result);
+       }
+
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // transform(Method)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a007_transform_method_null() throws Exception {
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform((Method)null));
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.PRIVATE.transform((Method)null));
+               assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> 
Visibility.NONE.transform((Method)null));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       void a008_transform_method_public() throws Exception {
+               Method publicMethod = getMethod(PublicClass.class, 
"publicMethod");
+               Method privateMethod = getMethod(PrivateClass.class, 
"privateMethod");
+               Method protectedMethod = getMethod(ProtectedClass.class, 
"protectedMethod");
+               Method packageMethod = getMethod(PackagePrivateClass.class, 
"packagePrivateMethod");
+
+               // PUBLIC visibility - only makes public accessible, returns 
others as-is
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(publicMethod));
+               assertSame(privateMethod, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(privateMethod));
+               assertSame(protectedMethod, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(protectedMethod));
+               assertSame(packageMethod, 
Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(packageMethod));
+
+               // PROTECTED visibility - makes public and protected accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(publicMethod));
+               assertSame(privateMethod, 
Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(privateMethod));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(protectedMethod));
+               assertSame(packageMethod, 
Visibility.PROTECTED.transform(packageMethod));
+
+               // DEFAULT visibility - makes public, protected, and package 
accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(publicMethod));
+               assertSame(privateMethod, 
Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(privateMethod));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(protectedMethod));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.DEFAULT.transform(packageMethod));
+
+               // PRIVATE visibility - makes all accessible
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(publicMethod));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(privateMethod));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(protectedMethod));
+               assertNotNull(Visibility.PRIVATE.transform(packageMethod));
+
+               // NONE visibility - doesn't make anything accessible, but 
returns as-is
+               assertSame(publicMethod, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(publicMethod));
+               assertSame(privateMethod, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(privateMethod));
+               assertSame(protectedMethod, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(protectedMethod));
+               assertSame(packageMethod, 
Visibility.NONE.transform(packageMethod));
+       }
+
+       @Test
+       void a009_transform_method_returnsSameInstance() throws Exception {
+               Method publicMethod = getMethod(PublicClass.class, 
"publicMethod");
+               Method result = Visibility.PUBLIC.transform(publicMethod);
+               assertSame(publicMethod, result);
+       }
+}
+
diff --git 
a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils_Test.java 
b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils_Test.java
index 3b485b799e..4bc226d76a 100644
--- a/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils_Test.java
+++ b/juneau-utest/src/test/java/org/apache/juneau/commons/utils/Utils_Test.java
@@ -867,6 +867,53 @@ class Utils_Test extends TestBase {
                assertEquals("test error", 
wrappedError.getCause().getMessage());
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // safe(Snippet, Function<Throwable, RuntimeException>)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a48b_safe_Snippet_withExceptionMapper() {
+               // Test normal execution
+               AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
+               safe((Snippet)() -> {
+                       count.incrementAndGet();
+               }, e -> new RuntimeException("mapped: " + e.getMessage()));
+               assertEquals(1, count.get());
+
+               // Test RuntimeException is rethrown (not mapped)
+               var re = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
safe((Snippet)() -> {
+                       throw new RuntimeException("original");
+               }, e -> new RuntimeException("mapped: " + e.getMessage())));
+               assertEquals("original", re.getMessage());
+
+               // Test checked exception is mapped using the provided function
+               var mapped = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
safe((Snippet)() -> {
+                       throw new Exception("test exception");
+               }, e -> new IllegalArgumentException("custom: " + 
e.getMessage())));
+               assertEquals("custom: test exception", mapped.getMessage());
+               assertTrue(mapped instanceof IllegalArgumentException);
+
+               // Test Error is mapped
+               var mappedError = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
safe((Snippet)() -> {
+                       throw new Error("test error");
+               }, e -> new IllegalStateException("error: " + e.getMessage())));
+               assertEquals("error: test error", mappedError.getMessage());
+               assertTrue(mappedError instanceof IllegalStateException);
+
+               // Test with custom exception type
+               @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+               class CustomRuntimeException extends RuntimeException {
+                       CustomRuntimeException(String message, Throwable cause) 
{
+                               super(message, cause);
+                       }
+               }
+               var custom = assertThrows(CustomRuntimeException.class, () -> 
safe((Snippet)() -> {
+                       throw new Exception("test");
+               }, e -> new CustomRuntimeException("wrapped", e)));
+               assertEquals("wrapped", custom.getMessage());
+               assertNotNull(custom.getCause());
+               assertEquals(Exception.class, custom.getCause().getClass());
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // safe(ThrowingSupplier<T>)
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -887,6 +934,49 @@ class Utils_Test extends TestBase {
                }));
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // safe(ThrowingSupplier<T>, Function<Exception, RuntimeException>)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a49b_safe_ThrowingSupplier_withExceptionMapper() {
+               // Test normal execution
+               ThrowingSupplier<String> supplier1 = () -> "result";
+               Function<Exception, RuntimeException> mapper1 = e -> new 
RuntimeException("mapped: " + e.getMessage());
+               String result = Utils.safe(supplier1, mapper1);
+               assertEquals("result", result);
+
+               // Test RuntimeException is rethrown (not mapped)
+               ThrowingSupplier<String> supplier2 = () -> {
+                       throw new RuntimeException("original");
+               };
+               Function<Exception, RuntimeException> mapper2 = e -> new 
RuntimeException("mapped: " + e.getMessage());
+               var re = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.safe(supplier2, mapper2));
+               assertEquals("original", re.getMessage());
+
+               // Test checked exception is mapped using the provided function
+               ThrowingSupplier<String> supplier3 = () -> {
+                       throw new Exception("test exception");
+               };
+               Function<Exception, RuntimeException> mapper3 = e -> new 
IllegalArgumentException("custom: " + e.getMessage());
+               var mapped = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.safe(supplier3, mapper3));
+               assertEquals("custom: test exception", mapped.getMessage());
+               assertTrue(mapped instanceof IllegalArgumentException);
+
+               // Test with custom exception type
+               @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+               class CustomRuntimeException extends RuntimeException {
+                       CustomRuntimeException(String message, Throwable cause) 
{
+                               super(message, cause);
+                       }
+               }
+               var custom = assertThrows(CustomRuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.<String>safeSupplier(() -> {
+                       throw new Exception("test");
+               }, e -> new CustomRuntimeException("wrapped", e)));
+               assertEquals("wrapped", custom.getMessage());
+               assertNotNull(custom.getCause());
+               assertEquals(Exception.class, custom.getCause().getClass());
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // safeSupplier(ThrowableUtils.SupplierWithThrowable<T>)
        
//====================================================================================================
@@ -907,6 +997,50 @@ class Utils_Test extends TestBase {
                }));
        }
 
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       // safeSupplier(ThrowableUtils.SupplierWithThrowable<T>, 
Function<Throwable, RuntimeException>)
+       
//====================================================================================================
+       @Test
+       void a50b_safeSupplier_withExceptionMapper() {
+               // Test normal execution
+               String result = Utils.<String>safeSupplier(() -> "result", e -> 
new RuntimeException("mapped: " + e.getMessage()));
+               assertEquals("result", result);
+
+               // Test RuntimeException is rethrown (not mapped)
+               var re = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.<String>safeSupplier(() -> {
+                       throw new RuntimeException("original");
+               }, e -> new RuntimeException("mapped: " + e.getMessage())));
+               assertEquals("original", re.getMessage());
+
+               // Test checked exception is mapped using the provided function
+               var mapped = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.<String>safeSupplier(() -> {
+                       throw new Exception("test exception");
+               }, e -> new IllegalArgumentException("custom: " + 
e.getMessage())));
+               assertEquals("custom: test exception", mapped.getMessage());
+               assertTrue(mapped instanceof IllegalArgumentException);
+
+               // Test Error is mapped
+               var mappedError = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.<String>safeSupplier(() -> {
+                       throw new Error("test error");
+               }, e -> new IllegalStateException("error: " + e.getMessage())));
+               assertEquals("error: test error", mappedError.getMessage());
+               assertTrue(mappedError instanceof IllegalStateException);
+
+               // Test with custom exception type
+               @SuppressWarnings("serial")
+               class CustomRuntimeException extends RuntimeException {
+                       CustomRuntimeException(String message, Throwable cause) 
{
+                               super(message, cause);
+                       }
+               }
+               var custom = assertThrows(CustomRuntimeException.class, () -> 
Utils.<String>safeSupplier(() -> {
+                       throw new Exception("test");
+               }, e -> new CustomRuntimeException("wrapped", e)));
+               assertEquals("wrapped", custom.getMessage());
+               assertNotNull(custom.getCause());
+               assertEquals(Exception.class, custom.getCause().getClass());
+       }
+
        
//====================================================================================================
        // sb(String)
        
//====================================================================================================

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