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+{{Distinguish|Cambridge, England}} {{primary sources|date=June 2012}} {{Use
mdy dates|date=January 2011}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Cambridge,
Massachusetts |nickname = |motto = "Boston's Left Bank"<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2894|title=Profile for
Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA|publisher= ePodunk |accessdate= November 1,
2012}}</ref> |image_skyline = CambridgeMACityHall2.jpg |imagesize = 175px
|image_caption = Cambridge City Hall |image_seal = |image_flag = |image_map =
Cambridge ma highlight.png |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in
Middlesex County in Massachusetts |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 =
|coordinates_region = US-MA |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name =
United States |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = [[Massachusetts]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Massachusetts|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex]]
|established_title = Settled |
established_date = 1630 |established_title2 = Incorporated |established_date2
= 1636 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |government_type =
[[Council-manager government|Council-City Manager]] |leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Henrietta Davis |leader_title1 = [[City manager|City Manager]]
|leader_name1 = [[Robert W. Healy]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 18.47
|area_total_sq_mi = 7.13 |area_land_km2 = 16.65 |area_land_sq_mi = 6.43
|area_water_km2 = 1.81 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.70 |population_as_of = 2010
|population_blank2_title = [[Demonym]] |population_blank2 = [[Cantabrigian]]
|settlement_type = City |population_total = 105,162 |population_density_km2 =
6,341.98 |population_density_sq_mi = 16,422.08 |elevation_m = 12 |elevation_ft
= 40 |timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST =
[[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]] |utc_offset_DST = -4 |coordinates_display =
display=inline,title |latd = 42 |latm = 22 |lats = 25 |latNS = N |longd = 71
|longm = 0
6 |longs = 38 |longEW = W |website = [http://www.cambridgema.gov/
www.cambridgema.gov] |postal_code_type = ZIP code |postal_code = 02138, 02139,
02140, 02141, 02142 |area_code = [[Area code 617|617]] / [[Area code 857|857]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]] |blank_info
= 25-11000 |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature
ID |blank1_info = 0617365 |footnotes = }} '''Cambridge''' is a city in
[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts|Middlesex County]], [[Massachusetts]],
[[United States]], in the [[Greater Boston]] area. It was named in honor of the
[[University of Cambridge]] in [[England]], an important center of the
[[Puritan]] theology embraced by the town's founders.<ref>{{cite
book|last=Degler|first=Carl Neumann|title=Out of Our Pasts: The Forces That
Shaped Modern America|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New
York|year=1984|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NebLe1ueuGQC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=cambridge+university+puritans+newt
owne#v=onepage&q=&f=false|accessdate=September 9, 2009 |
isbn=978-0-06-131985-3}}</ref> Cambridge is home to two of the world's most
prominent universities, [[Harvard University]] and the [[Massachusetts
Institute of Technology]]. According to the [[2010 United States Census]], the
city's population was 105,162.<ref name="2010.census.gov">{{cite
web|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn104.html
|title=Census 2010 News | U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Massachusetts' 2010
Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data
for Legislative Redistricting |publisher=2010.census.gov |date=2011-03-22
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> It is the fifth most populous city in the state,
behind [[Boston]], [[Worcester, MA|Worcester]], [[Springfield,
MA|Springfield]], and [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]].<ref
name="2010.census.gov"/> Cambridge was one of the two [[county seat]]s of
Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 199
7; [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]] was the other. ==History== {{See
also|Timeline of Cambridge, Massachusetts history}} [[File:Formation of
Massachusetts towns.svg|thumb|A map showing the original boundaries of
Cambridge]] The site for what would become Cambridge was chosen in December
1630, because it was located safely upriver from Boston Harbor, which made it
easily defensible from attacks by enemy ships. Also, the water from the local
spring was so good that the local Native Americans believed it had medicinal
properties.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} [[Thomas Dudley]], his
daughter [[Anne Bradstreet]] and her husband Simon were among the first
settlers of the town. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631. The
settlement was initially referred to as "the newe towne".<ref name=drake>{{cite
book|last=Drake|first=Samuel Adams|title=History of Middlesex County,
Massachusetts|publisher=Estes and
Lauriat|location=Boston|year=1880|volume=1|pages=305â16|url=http://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&pg=PA316&lpg=PA305&dq=newetowne&ct=result#PPA305,M1|accessdate=December
26, 2008}}</ref> Official Massachusetts records show the name capitalized as
'''Newe Towne''' by 1632.<ref name=public>{{cite book|title=Report on the
Custody and Condition of the Public Records of Parishes|publisher=Massachusetts
Secretary of the
Commonwealth|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IyYWAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA298&lpg=RA1-PA298&dq=%22Ordered+That+Newtowne+shall+henceforward+be+called%22|location=Boston|year=1889|page=298|accessdate=December
24, 2008}}</ref> Located at the first convenient [[Charles River]] crossing
west of [[Boston]], Newe Towne was one of a number of towns (including Boston,
[[Dorchester, Massachusetts|Dorchester]], [[Watertown,
Massachusetts|Watertown]], and [[Weymouth, Massachusetts|Weymouth]]) founded by
the 700 original [[Puritan]] colonists of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
under governor [[John Winthrop]]. The original village site is in the
heart of today's [[Harvard Square]]. The marketplace where farmers brought in
crops from surrounding towns to sell survives today as the small park at the
corner of John F. Kennedy (J.F.K.) and Winthrop Streets, then at the edge of a
salt marsh, since filled. The town included a much larger area than the present
city, with various outlying parts becoming independent towns over the years:
[[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton (originally Cambridge Village, then Newtown)]]
in 1688,<ref>{{cite book |last= Ritter |first= Priscilla R. |coauthors= Thelma
Fleishman |title= Newton, Massachusetts 1679â1779: A Biographical Directory
|year= 1982 |publisher= New England Historic Genealogical Society }}</ref>
[[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington (Cambridge Farms)]] in 1712, and both
[[Arlington, Massachusetts|West Cambridge (originally Menotomy)]] and
[[Brighton, Massachusetts|Brighton (Little Cambridge)]] in 1807.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.brightonbot.com/history.php |title=A Short History of
Allston-Brighton |first=Marchione |last=William P. |author= |authorlink=
|coauthors= |date= |month= |year=2011 |work=Brighton-Allston Historical Society
|publisher=Brighton Board of Trade |location= |page= |pages= |at= |language=
|trans_title= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |doibroken= |isbn= |issn= |jfm=
|jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc = |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id=
|archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl= |accessdate=December 21, 2011 |quote=
|ref= |separator= |postscript=}}</ref> Part of West Cambridge joined the new
town of [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] in 1859, and the rest of West
Cambridge was renamed Arlington in 1867; Brighton was annexed by Boston in
1874. In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge itself
to the City of Boston were pursued and rejected.<ref>{{cite news
|title=ANNEXATION AND ITS FRUITS |author=Staff writer |first= |last=
|authorlink=
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E4DC173BEF34BC4D52DFB766838F669F
DE |agency= |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publisher= |isbn= |issn= |pmid=
|pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |date=January 15, 1874, Wednesday |page= 4 |pages=
|accessdate=|archiveurl=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9901E4DC173BEF34BC4D52DFB766838F669FDE
|archivedate=January 15, 1874 |ref= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BOSTON'S
ANNEXATION SCHEMES.; PROPOSAL TO ABSORB CAMBRIDGE AND OTHER NEAR-BY TOWNS
|author=Staff writer |first= |last= |authorlink=
|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05E1DC1F39E233A25754C2A9659C94639ED7CF
|agency= |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |publisher= |isbn= |issn= |pmid=
|pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |date=March 26, 1892, Wednesday |page= 11 |pages=
|accessdate=August 21,
2010|archiveurl=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C05E1DC1F39E233A25754C2A9659C94639ED7CF
|archivedate=March 27, 1892 |ref= }}</ref> In 1636, [[Harvard College]] was
founded by the colony to train [[minister (religion)|ministers]] and the new
town was
chosen for its site by [[Thomas Dudley]]. By 1638, the name "Newe Towne" had
"compacted by usage into 'Newtowne'."<ref name=drake /> In May 1638<ref>{{cite
book|title=The Cambridge of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-six|editor=Arthur
Gilman, ed.|publisher=Committee on the Memorial
Volume|location=Cambridge|year=1896|page=8}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|author=Harvard News Office
|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/2002/05.02/02-history.html
|title=''Harvard Gazette'' historical calendar giving May 12, 1638 as
date of name change; certain other sources say May 2, 1638 or late 1637
|publisher=News.harvard.edu |date=2002-05-02 |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> the
name was changed to '''Cambridge''' in honor of the [[University of
Cambridge|university]] in [[Cambridge, England]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Hannah
Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |title= Historic Guide to Cambridge |edition= Second
|year= 1907 |publisher= Hannah Winthrop Chapter, D.A.R. |location= Cambridge,
Mass. |pages= 20â21 |quot
e= On October 15, 1637, the Great and General Court passed a vote that:
"The college is ordered to bee at Newetowne." In this same year the name of
Newetowne was changed to Cambridge, ("It is ordered that Newetowne shall
henceforward be called Cambridge") in honor of the university in Cambridge,
England, where many of the early settlers were educated. }}</ref> The first
president ([[Henry Dunster]]), the first benefactor ([[John Harvard
(clergyman)|John Harvard]]), and the first schoolmaster ([[Nathaniel Eaton]])
of Harvard were all Cambridge University alumni, as was the then ruling (and
first) governor of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], John Winthrop. In 1629,
Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston,
which was known as the [[Cambridge Agreement]], after the
university.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.winthropsociety.org/doc_cambr.php|publisher=The Winthrop
Society|title=Descendants of the Great Migration|accessdate=September 8,
2008}}</ref>
It was Governor Thomas Dudley who, in 1650, signed the charter creating the
corporation which still governs Harvard College.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://hul.harvard.edu/huarc/charter.html |title=Harvard Charter of
1650, Harvard University Archives, Harvard University, harvard.edu
|publisher=Hul.harvard.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite
book |last1= |first1= |authorlink1= |editor1-first= |editor1-last=
|editor1-link= |others= |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/const.htm |accessdate=December 13,
2009 |edition= |series= |volume= |date=September 1, 1779 |publisher=The General
Court of Massachusetts |location= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |page=
|pages=|chapter=Chapter V: The University at Cambridge, and encouragement of
literature, etc. |chapterurl= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref> [[Image:Washington
taking command of the American Army at Cambridge, 1775 - NARA -
532874.tif|thumb|right|George Washington in Cambridge, 1775]] Cambridge
grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles (13 km) by road from
Boston, the capital of the colony. By the [[American Revolution]], most
residents lived near the [[Cambridge Common|Common]] and Harvard College, with
farms and estates comprising most of the town. Most of the inhabitants were
descendants of the original Puritan colonists, but there was also a small elite
of [[Anglicans|Anglican]] "worthies" who were not involved in village life, who
made their livings from estates, investments, and trade, and lived in mansions
along "the Road to Watertown" (today's [[Brattle Street (Cambridge,
Massachusetts)|Brattle Street]], still known as [[Tory Row]]). In 1775,
[[George Washington]] came up from [[Virginia]] to take command of fledgling
volunteer American soldiers camped on the [[Cambridge Common]]âtoday called
the birthplace of the [[U.S. Army]]. (The name of today's nearby Sheraton
Commander Hotel refers to that event.) Most of the Tory estates were
confiscated afte
r the Revolution. On January 24, 1776, [[Henry Knox]] arrived with artillery
captured from [[Fort Ticonderoga]], which enabled Washington to drive the
British army out of Boston. [[File:Cambridge 1873
WardMap.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A map of Cambridge from 1873]] Between 1790 and
1840, Cambridge began to grow rapidly, with the construction of the [[West
Boston Bridge]] in 1792, that connected Cambridge directly to Boston, making it
no longer necessary to travel eight miles (13 km) through the [[Boston
Neck]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], and [[Brookline,
Massachusetts|Brookline]] to cross the [[Charles River]]. A second bridge, the
Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new [[Middlesex Canal]]. The new
bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and [[marsh]]land into prime
industrial and residential districts. In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was
the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity
through poetry and literature. Cambridge
was home to the famous Fireside Poetsâso called because their poems would
often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires. In their day,
the [[Fireside Poets]]â[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[James Russell
Lowell]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]]âwere as
popular and influential as rock stars are today.{{Citation needed|date=November
2009}} Soon after, [[Toll road|turnpikes]] were built: the [[Cambridge and
Concord Turnpike]] (today's Broadway and Concord Ave.), the [[Middlesex
Turnpike (Massachusetts)|Middlesex Turnpike]] (Hampshire St. and
[[Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)|Massachusetts Ave.]] northwest of [[Porter
Square]]), and what are today's Cambridge, Main, and Harvard Streets were roads
to connect various areas of Cambridge to the bridges. In addition, railroads
crisscrossed the town during the same era, leading to the development of Porter
Square as well as the creation of neighboring town [[Somerville,
Massachusetts|Somervil
le]] from the formerly rural parts of [[Charlestown,
Massachusetts|Charlestown]]. [[File:Middlesex Canal (Massachusetts) map,
1852.jpg|thumb|1852 Map of Boston area showing Cambridge and rail lines.]]
Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846. This was despite noticeable
tensions between East Cambridge, Cambridgeport, and Old Cambridge that stemmed
from differences in in each area's culture, sources of income, and the national
origins of the residents.<ref>Cambridge Considered: A Very Brief History of
Cambridge, 1800-1900, Part I.
http://cambridgeconsidered.blogspot.com/2011/01/very-brief-history-of-cambridge-1800.html</ref>
The city's commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central
Square, which became the downtown of the city around this time. Between 1850
and 1900, Cambridge took on much of its present characterâ[[streetcar
suburb]]an development along the turnpikes, with working-class and industrial
neighborhoods focused on East Cambridge, comfortable middle
-class housing being built on old estates in Cambridgeport and Mid-Cambridge,
and upper-class enclaves near Harvard University and on the minor hills of the
city. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge
then led to three major changes in the city: the development of massive
brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave., Concord Ave. and
[[Alewife Brook]]; the ice-cutting industry launched by [[Frederic Tudor]] on
[[Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]]; and the carving up of the
last estates into residential subdivisions to provide housing to the thousands
of immigrants that arrived to work in the new industries. For many years, the
city's largest employer was the [[New England Glass Company]], founded in 1818.
By the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks
in the world. In 1888, all production was moved, by [[Edward Libbey|Edward
Drummond Libbey]], to [[Toledo, Ohio]], where it continues today under t
he name Owens Illinois. Flint glassware with heavy lead content, produced by
that company, is prized by antique glass collectors. There is none on public
display in Cambridge, but there is a large collection in the [[Toledo Museum of
Art]]. Among the largest businesses located in Cambridge was the firm of
[[Carter's Ink Company]], whose neon sign long adorned the [[Charles River]]
and which was for many years the largest manufacturer of ink in the world. By
1920, Cambridge was one of the main industrial cities of [[New England]], with
nearly 120,000 residents. As industry in New England began to decline during
the [[Great Depression]] and after World War II, Cambridge lost much of its
industrial base. It also began the transition to being an intellectual, rather
than an industrial, center. Harvard University had always been important in the
city (both as a landowner and as an institution), but it began to play a more
dominant role in the city's life and culture. Also, the move of th
e [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] from Boston in 1916 ensured
Cambridge's status as an intellectual center of the United States. After the
1950s, the city's population began to decline slowly, as families tended to be
replaced by single people and young couples. The 1980s brought a wave of
high-technology startups, creating software such as [[Visicalc]] and [[Lotus
1-2-3]], and advanced computers, but many of these companies fell into decline
with the fall of the minicomputer and [[DOS]]-based systems. However, the city
continues to be home to many startups as well as a thriving biotech industry.
By the end of the 20th century, Cambridge had one of the most expensive housing
markets in the Northeastern United States. While maintaining much diversity in
class, race, and age, it became harder and harder for those who grew up in the
city to be able to afford to stay. The end of [[rent control]] in 1994 prompted
many Cambridge renters to move to housing that was more affordabl
e, in Somerville and other communities. In 2005, a reassessment of residential
property values resulted in a disproportionate number of houses owned by
non-affluent people jumping in value relative to other houses, with hundreds
having their property tax increased by over 100%; this forced many homeowners
in Cambridge to move elsewhere.<ref>Cambridge Chronicle, October 6, 13, 20, 27,
2005</ref> As of 2012, Cambridge's mix of amenities and proximity to Boston has
kept housing prices relatively stable. ==Geography== [[File:Charles River
Cambridge USA.jpg|thumb|upright|A view from Boston of Harvard's [[Weld
Boathouse]] and Cambridge in winter. The [[Charles River]] is in the
foreground.]] According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], Cambridge has a
total area of {{convert|7.1|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|6.4|sqmi|km2}} of it
is land and {{convert|0.7|sqmi|km2}} of it (9.82%) is water. ===Adjacent
municipalities=== Cambridge is located in eastern Massachusetts, bordered by:
*the
city of [[Boston]] to the south (across the [[Charles River]]) and east *the
city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] to the north *the town of
[[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] to the northwest *the town of [[Belmont,
Massachusetts|Belmont]] and *the city of [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]]
to the west The border between Cambridge and the neighboring city of
[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] passes through densely populated
neighborhoods which are connected by the [[Red Line (MBTA)|MBTA Red Line]].
Some of the main squares, [[Inman Square|Inman]], [[Porter Square|Porter]], and
to a lesser extent, [[Harvard Square|Harvard]], are very close to the city
line, as are Somerville's [[Union Square (Somerville)|Union]] and [[Davis
Square]]s. ===Neighborhoods=== ====Squares====
[[File:Centralsquarecambridgemass.jpg|thumb|[[Central Square
(Cambridge)|Central Square]]]] [[File:Harvard square 2009j.JPG|thumb|[[Harvard
Square]]]] [[File:Cambridge MA Inman Square.jpg|th
umb|[[Inman Square]]]] Cambridge has been called the "City of Squares" by
some,<ref>{{cite web|author=No Writer Attributed
|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1969/9/18/cambridge-a-city-of-squares-pcambridge/
|title="Cambridge: A City of Squares" Harvard Crimson, Sept. 18, 1969
|publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=1969-09-18
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.travelwritersmagazine.com/RonBernthal/Cambridge.html
|title=Cambridge Journal: Massachusetts City No Longer in Boston's Shadow
|publisher=Travelwritersmagazine.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> as
most of its commercial districts are major street intersections known as [[Town
square|squares]]. Each of the squares acts as a neighborhood center. These
include: * [[Kendall Square]], formed by the junction of Broadway, Main Street,
and Third Street, is also known as '''Technology Square''', a name shared with
an office and laboratory building cluster in the neighborhood. Just over the
[[Longfellow Br
idge]] from Boston, at the eastern end of the [[Massachusetts Institute of
Technology|MIT]] campus, it is served by the [[Kendall (MBTA
station)|Kendall/MIT]] station on the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation
Authority|MBTA]] [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] subway. Most of Cambridge's large
office towers are located here, giving the area somewhat of an office park
feel. A flourishing [[biotech]] industry has grown up around this area. The
"One Kendall Square" complex is nearby, butâconfusinglyânot actually in
Kendall Square. Also, the "Cambridge Center" office complex is located here,
and not at the actual center of Cambridge. * [[Central Square
(Cambridge)|Central Square]], formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue,
Prospect Street, and Western Avenue, is well known for its wide variety of
ethnic restaurants. As recently as the late 1990s it was rather run-down; it
underwent a controversial [[gentrification]] in recent years (in conjunction
with the development of the nearby
[[University Park at MIT]]), and continues to grow more expensive. It is
served by the [[Central (MBTA station)|Central Station]] stop on the MBTA Red
Line subway. '''Lafayette Square''', formed by the junction of Massachusetts
Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, and Main Street, is considered part of
the Central Square area. [[Cambridgeport]] is south of Central Square along
Magazine Street and Brookline Street. * [[Harvard Square]], formed by the
junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and JFK Street. This is the
primary site of [[Harvard University]], and is a major Cambridge shopping area.
It is served by a [[Harvard (MBTA station)|Red Line station]]. Harvard Square
was originally the northwestern terminus of the Red Line and a major transfer
point to streetcars that also operated in a short [[Harvard Bus
Tunnel|tunnel]]âwhich is still a major bus terminal, although the area under
the Square was reconfigured dramatically in the 1980s when the Red Line was
extende
d. The Harvard Square area includes '''Brattle Square''' and '''Eliot
Square'''. A short distance away from the square lies the [[Cambridge Common]],
while the neighborhood north of Harvard and east of Massachusetts Avenue is
known as Agassiz in honor of the famed scientist [[Louis Agassiz]]. * [[Porter
Square]], about a mile north on Massachusetts Avenue from Harvard Square, is
formed by the junction of Massachusetts and Somerville Avenues, and includes
part of the city of [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]. It is served by
the [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square Station]], a complex housing a [[Red
Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] stop and a [[Fitchburg Line]] [[MBTA commuter
rail|commuter rail]] stop. [[Lesley University]]'s University Hall and Porter
campus are located at Porter Square. * [[Inman Square]], at the junction of
Cambridge and Hampshire streets in Mid-Cambridge. Inman Square is home to many
diverse restaurants, bars, music venues and boutiques. The funky street scene s
till holds some urban flair, but was dressed up recently with Victorian
streetlights, benches and bus stops. A new community park was installed and is
a favorite place to enjoy some takeout food from the nearby restaurants and ice
cream parlor. * [[Lechmere Square]], at the junction of Cambridge and First
streets, adjacent to the CambridgeSide Galleria shopping mall. Perhaps best
known as the northern terminus of the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation
Authority|MBTA]] [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] subway, at [[Lechmere (MBTA
station)|Lechmere Station]]. ====Other neighborhoods==== The residential
neighborhoods ([http://www.cambridgema.gov/CPD/publications/neighborhoods.cfm
map]) in Cambridge border, but are not defined by the squares. These include: *
[[East Cambridge, Massachusetts|East Cambridge]] (Area 1) is bordered on the
north by the [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] border, on the east by
the Charles River, on the south by Broadway and Main Street, and on the west b
y the [[Grand Junction Railroad]] tracks. It includes the [[NorthPoint
(Cambridge, Massachusetts)|NorthPoint]] development. * [[Massachusetts
Institute of Technology|MIT]] Campus ([[MIT Campus (Area 2), Cambridge|Area
2]]) is bordered on the north by Broadway, on the south and east by the Charles
River, and on the west by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. *
[[Wellington-Harrington]] (Area 3) is bordered on the north by the
[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] border, on the south and west by
Hampshire Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
Referred to as "Mid-Block".{{clarify|What is? By whom? A full sentence would
help.|date=September 2011}} * [[Area 4, Cambridge|Area 4]] is bordered on the
north by Hampshire Street, on the south by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by
Prospect Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks.
Residents of Area 4 often refer to their neighborhood simply as "The Port", and
refer to the area of Cambridgeport
and Riverside as "The Coast". * [[Cambridgeport]] (Area 5) is bordered on the
north by Massachusetts Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west
by River Street, and on the east by the Grand Junction Railroad tracks. *
[[Mid-Cambridge]] (Area 6) is bordered on the north by Kirkland and Hampshire
Streets and the [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] border, on the south
by Massachusetts Avenue, on the west by Peabody Street, and on the east by
Prospect Street. * [[Riverside, Cambridge|Riverside]] (Area 7), an area
sometimes referred to as "The Coast," is bordered on the north by Massachusetts
Avenue, on the south by the Charles River, on the west by JFK Street, and on
the east by River Street. * [[Agassiz, Cambridge, Massachusetts|Agassiz
(Harvard North)]] (Area 8) is bordered on the north by the [[Somerville,
Massachusetts|Somerville]] border, on the south and east by Kirkland Street,
and on the west by Massachusetts Avenue. * [[Peabody, Cambridge,
Massachusetts|Peabo
dy]] (Area 9) is bordered on the north by railroad tracks, on the south by
Concord Avenue, on the west by railroad tracks, and on the east by
Massachusetts Avenue. The Avon Hill sub-neighborhood consists of the higher
elevations bounded by Upland Road, Raymond Street, Linnaean Street and
Massachusetts Avenue. * Brattle area/[[West Cambridge (neighborhood)|West
Cambridge]] (Area 10) is bordered on the north by Concord Avenue and Garden
Street, on the south by the Charles River and the [[Watertown,
Massachusetts|Watertown]] border, on the west by Fresh Pond and the Collins
Branch Library, and on the east by JFK Street. It includes the
sub-neighborhoods of Brattle Street (formerly known as [[Tory Row]]) and Huron
Village. * [[North Cambridge, Massachusetts|North Cambridge]] (Area 11) is
bordered on the north by the [[Arlington, Massachusetts|Arlington]] and
[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]] borders, on the south by railroad
tracks, on the west by the [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Bel
mont]] border, and on the east by the [[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]
border. * [[Cambridge Highlands]] (Area 12) is bordered on the north and east
by railroad tracks, on the south by Fresh Pond, and on the west by the
[[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] border. * [[Strawberry Hill,
Cambridge|Strawberry Hill]] (Area 13) is bordered on the north by Fresh Pond,
on the south by the [[Watertown, Massachusetts|Watertown]] border, on the west
by the [[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]] border, and on the east by railroad
tracks. ===Parks and outdoors=== [[File:Alewife Brook
Reservation.jpg|thumb|Alewife Brook Reservation]] Consisting largely of densely
built residential space, Cambridge lacks significant tracts of public parkland.
This is partly compensated for, however, by the presence of easily accessible
open space on the university campuses, including [[Harvard Yard]] and MIT's
Great Lawn, as well as the considerable open space of [[Mount Auburn
Cemetery]]. At the western edge o
f Cambridge, the cemetery is well known as the first garden cemetery, for its
distinguished inhabitants, for its superb landscaping (the oldest planned
landscape in the country), and as a first-rate [[arboretum]]. Although known as
a Cambridge landmark, much of the cemetery lies within the bounds of
Watertown.<ref>http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/CambridgeStreetMap18x24_032007.pdf</ref>
It is also a significant [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) in the Greater Boston
area. Public parkland includes the esplanade along the Charles River, which
mirrors its [[Charles River Esplanade|Boston counterpart]], [[Cambridge
Common]], a busy and historic public park immediately adjacent to the Harvard
campus, and the [[Alewife Brook Reservation]] and [[Fresh Pond, Cambridge,
Massachusetts|Fresh Pond]] in the western part of the city. ==Demographics==
{{Historical populations | type=USA | align=right | 1790|2115 | 1800|2453 |
1810|2323 | 1820|3295 | 1830|6072 | 1840|8409 |
1850|15215 | 1860|26060 | 1870|39634 | 1880|52669 | 1890|70028 | 1900|91886 |
1910|104839 | 1920|109694 | 1930|113643 | 1940|110879 | 1950|120740 |
1960|107716 | 1970|100361 | 1980|95322 | 1990|95802 | 2000|101355 | 2010|105162
| footnote= {{Historical populations/Massachusetts municipalities
references}}<ref name="1950_Census_Urban_populations_since_1790">{{cite journal
| title=1950 Census of Population | volume=1: Number of Inhabitants |
at=Section 6, Pages 21-7 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of
Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920 | publisher=Bureau
of the Census | accessdate=July 12, 2011 | year=1952 |
url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf}}</ref>
}} As of the census{{GR|2}} of 2010, there were 105,162 people, 44,032
households, and 17,420 families residing in the city. The population density
was 16,422.08 people per square mile (6,341.98/km²), making Cambridge the
fifth most densely populated city in t
he US<ref name=CountyCityDataBook>County and City Data Book: 2000. Washington,
DC: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Table C-1.</ref> and the
second most densely populated city in [[Massachusetts]] behind neighboring
[[Somerville,
Massachusetts|Somerville]].<ref>[http://www.boston.com/realestate/news/articles/2008/07/13/highest_population_density/
Highest Population Density, The Boston Globe]</ref> There were 47,291 housing
units at an average density of 7,354.7 per square mile (2,840.3/km²). The
racial makeup of the city was 66.60% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 11.70%
[[Black (people)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]],
0.20% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 15.10% [[Asian (U.S.
Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]],
2.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 4.30% from two or
more races. 7.60% of the population were [[Hispanics in the United
States|Hispanic]] or [[Lati
no (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race. [[Non-Hispanic Whites]] were 62.1% of
the population in 2010,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25/2511000.html |title=Cambridge
(city), Massachusetts |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census
Bureau}}</ref> down from 89.7% in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Massachusetts -
Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census
to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census
Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html}}</ref>
This rather closely parallels the average [[racial demographics of the United
States]] as a whole, although Cambridge has significantly more Asians than the
average, and fewer Hispanics and Caucasians. 11.0% were of [[irish
people|Irish]], 7.2% English, 6.9% [[italians|Italian]], 5.5% [[West Indian]]
and 5.3% [[germans|German]] ancestry according to [[Census 2000]]. 69.4% spoke
English, 6.9% Spanish, 3.2% [[Standard Mandarin|Chinese]] or [[Sta
ndard Mandarin|Mandarin]], 3.0% [[portuguese language|Portuguese]], 2.9%
[[French-based creole languages|French Creole]], 2.3% French, 1.5% [[korean
language|Korean]], and 1.0% [[italian language|Italian]] as their first
language. There were 44,032 households out of which 16.9% had children under
the age of 18 living with them, 28.9% were married couples living together,
8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 60.4% were
non-families. 40.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.6% had
someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household
size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.76. In the city the population
was spread out with 13.3% under the age of 18, 21.2% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from
25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The
median age was 30.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For
every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males. The median income for
a h
ousehold in the city was $47,979, and the median income for a family was
$59,423 (these figures had risen to $58,457 and $79,533 respectively {{as
of|2007|alt=as of a 2007 estimate}}<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US2418750&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US24%7C16000US2418750&_street=&_county=cambridge&_cityTown=cambridge&_state=04000US25&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null®=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=
|title=U.S. Census, 2000 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref>). Males had a median income of $43,825 versus
$38,489 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,156. About 8.7%
of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including
15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. Cambridge was
ranked as one of the most liberal
cities in America.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aug 16, 2005 12:00 AM
|url=http://www.govpro.com/News/Article/31439/ |title=Study Ranks Americaâs
Most Liberal and Conservative Cities |publisher=Govpro.com |date=2005-08-16
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> Locals living in and near the city jokingly
refer to it as "The People's Republic of
Cambridge."<ref>[http://www.universalhub.com/glossary/peoples_republic_the.html
Wicked Good Guide to Boston English] Accessed February 2, 2009</ref> For 2012,
the residential property tax rate in Cambridge is $8.48 per $1,000.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/finance/propertytaxinformation/fy12propertytaxinformation.aspx
|title=FY12 Property Tax Information - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts
|publisher=Cambridgema.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> Cambridge
enjoys the highest possible [[bond credit rating]], AAA, with all three Wall
Street rating
agencies.<ref>http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/Understanding_
Your_Taxes_2007.pdf</ref> Cambridge is noted for its diverse population, both
racially and economically. Residents, known as ''Cantabrigians'', include
affluent [[MIT]] and Harvard professors. The first legal applications in
America for same-sex marriage licenses were issued at Cambridge's City
Hall.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2004/05/17/free_to_marry/
|title=Free to Marry |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=2004-05-17
|accessdate=2012-07-18}}</ref> Cambridge is also the birthplace of
[[Thailand|Thai]] king [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX)]], who
is the world's longest reigning monarch at age 82 (2010), as well as the
longest reigning monarch in Thai history. He is also the first king of a
foreign country to be born in the United States. ==Government== ===Federal and
state representation=== {| class=wikitable ! colspan = 6 | Voter registration
and party enrollment {{as of|lc=y|df=US|2008|10|15}}<ref>{{cite web|title =
2008 State Party
Election Party Enrollment Statistics | publisher = Massachusetts Elections
Division | format = PDF | accessdate = July 7, 2010 | url =
http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/st_county_town_enroll_breakdown_08.pdf}}</ref>
|- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Number of voters ! Percentage {{American
politics/party colors/Democratic/row}} | [[Democratic Party (United
States)|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;"| 37,822 |
style="text-align:center;"| 58.43% {{American politics/party
colors/Republican/row}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |
style="text-align:center;"| 3,280 | style="text-align:center;"| 5.07%
{{American politics/party colors/Independent/row}} | Unaffiliated |
style="text-align:center;"| 22,935 | style="text-align:center;"| 35.43%
{{American politics/party colors/Libertarian/row}} | Minor Parties |
style="text-align:center;"| 690 | style="text-align:center;"| 1.07% |- !
colspan = 2 | Total ! style="text-align:center;"| 64,727 !
style="text-align:center;"| 100%
|} Cambridge is part of [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district]],
represented by Democrat [[Mike Capuano]], elected in 1998. The state's senior
member of the [[United States Senate]] is Democrat [[John Kerry]], elected in
1984. The state's junior member is Republican [[Scott Brown]], [[United States
Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010|elected in 2010]] to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of long-time Democratic Senator [[Ted Kennedy]].
The Governor of Massachusetts is Democrat [[Deval Patrick]], elected in 2006
and re-elected in 2010. On the state level, Cambridge is represented in six
districts in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]: the 24th Middlesex
(which includes parts of Belmont and Arlington), the 25th and 26th Middlesex
(the latter which includes a portion of Somerville), the 29th Middlesex (which
includes a small part of Watertown), and the Eighth and Ninth Suffolk (both
including parts of the City of Boston). The city is represented in the
[[Massachusetts Senate]] as a part of the "First Suffolk and Middlesex"
district (this contains parts of Boston, Revere and Winthrop each in Suffolk
County); the "Middlesex, Suffolk and Essex" district, which includes Everett
and Somerville, with Boston, Chelsea, and Revere of Suffolk, and Saugus in
Essex; and the "Second Suffolk and Middlesex" district, containing parts of the
City of Boston in Suffolk county, and Cambridge, Belmont and Watertown in
Middlesex county.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malegislature.gov/ |title=Index
of Legislative Representation by City and Town, from |publisher=Mass.gov |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> In addition to the [[Cambridge Police Department
(Massachusetts)|Cambridge Police Department]], the city is patrolled by the
Fifth (Brighton) Barracks of Troop H of the [[Massachusetts State
Police]].<ref>[http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H
&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h5&csid=Eeops
Station H-5, SP Brighton]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> Due, however, to
close proximity, the city also practices functional cooperation with the Fourth
(Boston) Barracks of Troop H, as
well.<ref>[http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eopsterminal&L=5&L0=Home&L1=Law+Enforcement+%26+Criminal+Justice&L2=Law+Enforcement&L3=State+Police+Troops&L4=Troop+H&sid=Eeops&b=terminalcontent&f=msp_divisions_field_services_troops_troop_h_msp_field_troop_h_station_h4&csid=Eeops
Station H-4, SP Boston]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> ===City
government=== [[File:CambridgeMACityHall1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cambridge,
Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]] in the 1980s]] Cambridge has a
city government led by a [[List of mayors of Cambridge, Massachusetts|Mayor]]
and nine-member City Council. There is also a six-member School Committee which
functions alongside the Superintendent of publi
c schools. The councilors and school committee members are elected every two
years using the [[single transferable vote]] (STV) system.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/election/Proportional_Representation.cfm
|title=Proportional Representation Voting in Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridgema.gov |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> Once a
laborious process that took several days to complete by hand, ballot sorting
and calculations to determine the outcome of elections are now quickly
performed by computer, after the ballots have been [[Optical scan voting
system|optically scanned]]. The mayor is elected by the city councilors from
amongst themselves, and serves as the chair of City Council meetings. The mayor
also sits on the School Committee. However, the Mayor is not the Chief
Executive of the City. Rather, the City Manager, who is appointed by the City
Council, serves in that capacity. Under the City's Plan E form of government
the city council does not have the power to
appoint or remove city officials who are under direction of the city manager.
The city council and its individual members are also forbidden from giving
orders to any subordinate of the city
manager.<ref>http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/planE.pdf</ref>
[[Robert W. Healy]] is the City Manager; he has served in the position since
1981. In recent history, the media has highlighted the salary of the City
Manager as being one of the highest in the State of Massachusetts.<ref>{{cite
news |title=Cambridge city manager's salary almost as much as Obama's pay
|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/features/x1837730973/Cambridge-city-managers-salary-almost-as-much-as-Obamas
|agency= |newspaper=Wicked Local: Cambridge |publisher= |date=August 11, 2011
|accessdate=December 30, 2011 |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl=
|ref=}}</ref> The city council consists of:<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/ccouncil/citycouncilmembers.aspx |title=City
of Ca
mbridge â City Council Members |publisher=Cambridgema.gov |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref>{{Refbegin|3}} *[[Leland Cheung]] (Jan.
2010âpresent) *Henrietta Davis (Jan. 1996âpresent)* *Marjorie C. Decker
(Jan. 2000âpresent)<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x738245499/Marjorie-Decker-announces-she-will-run-for-Alice-Wolfs-Cambridge-State-Representative-seat
|title= Marjorie Decker announces she will run for Alice Wolf's Cambridge
State Representative seat |date= 22 March 2012 |work= Wicked Local Cambridge
|publisher= GateHouse Media, Inc. |accessdate= 4 April 2012 }}</ref> *Craig A.
Kelley (Jan. 2006âpresent) *David Maher (Jan. 2000-Jan. 2006, Sept.
2007âpresent<ref>{{cite web|author=By ewelin, on September 5th, 2007
|url=http://www.cambridgehighlands.com/2007/09/david-p-maher-elected-to-fill-michael-sullivans-vacated-city-council-seat
|title=David P. Maher Elected to fill Michael Sullivanâs Vacated City
Council Seat ⢠Cambridge Highla
nds Neighborhood Association |publisher=Cambridgehighlands.com
|date=2007-09-05 |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref>)** *[[Kenneth Reeves]] (Jan.
1990âpresent)** *[[E. Denise Simmons]] (Jan. 2002âpresent)** *[[Timothy J.
Toomey, Jr.]] (Jan. 1990âpresent) *Minka vanBeuzekom (Jan.
2012âpresent){{Refend}} ''* = Current Mayor''<br> ''** = former Mayor''
===Fire Department=== The city of Cambridge is protected full-time by the 274
professional firefighters of the Cambridge Fire Department. The current Chief
of Department is Gerald R. Reardon. The Cambridge Fire Department operates out
of eight fire stations, located throughout the city, under the command of two
divisions. The CFD also maintains and operates a front-line fire apparatus
fleet of eight engines, four ladders, two Non-Transport Paramedic EMS units, a
Haz-Mat unit, a Tactical Rescue unit, a Dive Rescue unit, two Marine units, and
numerous special, support, and reserve units. John J. Gelinas, Chief of
Operations, is in charge
of day to day operation of the department.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cfd/ |title=City of Cambridge Fire
Department |publisher=.cambridgema.gov |date=2005-03-13
|accessdate=2012-06-26}}</ref> The CFD is rated as a Class 1 fire department by
the [[Insurance Services Office]] (ISO), and is one of only 32 fire departments
so rated, out of 37,000 departments in the United States. The other class 1
departments in New England are in [[Hartford, Connecticut]] and [[Milford,
Connecticut]]. Class 1 signifies the highest level of fire protection according
to various criteria.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CFD/Class1FD.cfm |title=Class 1 Fire
Department |publisher=.cambridgema.gov |date=1999-07-01
|accessdate=2012-06-26}}</ref> The CFD responds to approximately 15,000
emergency calls annually. {| class=wikitable |- valign=bottom ! Engine Company
! Ladder Company ! Special Unit ! Division ! Address ! Neighborhood |- | Engine
1 || Ladder 1 || || || 491 Broad
way || Harvard Square |- | Engine 2 || Ladder 3 || Squad 2 || || 378
Massachusetts Ave. || Lafayette Square |- | Engine 3 || Ladder 2 || || || 175
Cambridge St. || East Cambridge |- | Engine 4 || || Squad 4 || || 2029
Massachusetts Ave. || Porter Square |- | Engine 5 || || || Division 1 || 1384
Cambridge St. || Inman Square |- | Engine 6 || || || || 176 River St. ||
Cambridgeport |- | Engine 8 || Ladder 4 || || Division 2 || 113 Garden St. ||
Taylor Square |- | Engine 9 || || || || 167 Lexington Ave || West Cambridge |-
| Maintenance Facility || || || || 100 Smith Pl. || |} ===Water Department===
Cambridge is unusual among cities inside Route 128 in having a non-[[MWRA]]
water supply. City water is obtained from [[Hobbs Brook]] (in [[Lincoln,
Massachusetts|Lincoln]] and [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]]), [[Stony Brook
(Boston)|Stony Brook]] (Waltham and [[Weston, Massachusetts|Weston]]), and
[[Fresh Pond (Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Fresh Pond]] (Cambridge). The city owns
over 1200
acres of land in other towns that includes these reservoirs and portions of
their watershed.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www2.cambridgema.gov/CWD/wat_lands.cfm |title=Cambridge
Watershed Lands & Facilities |publisher=.cambridgema.gov |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> Water is treated at Fresh Pond, then pumped
uphill to an elevation of {{convert|176|ft|m}} [[above sea level]] at the
Payson Park Reservoir ([[Belmont, Massachusetts|Belmont]]); From there, the
water is redistributed downhill via gravity to individual users in the
city.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/CWD_March_2010.pdf
|title=Water supply system |format=PDF |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cambridgema.gov/CWD/fpfaqs.cfm
Is Fresh Pond really used for drinking water?], Cambridge Water
Department</ref> ===County government=== Cambridge is a [[county seat]] of
[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]], along with [[Lowell,
Massachusetts|Lowell]]. Though the c
ounty government was abolished in 1997, the county still exists as a
geographical and political region. The employees of Middlesex County courts,
jails, registries, and other county agencies now work directly for the state.
At present, the county's registrars of [[Deed]]s and Probate remain in
Cambridge; however, the Superior Court and District Attorney have had their
base of operations transferred to [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]]. Third
District court has shifted operations to [[Medford, Massachusetts|Medford]],
and the Sheriff's office for the county is still awaiting a near-term
relocation.<ref>{{cite news |
url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/02/14/court_move_a_hassle_for_commuters/
|title=Court move a hassle for commuters |accessdate=July 25, 2009 |first=Eric
|last=Moskowitz |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=February 14, 2008 |work=[[Boston
Globe|The Boston Globe]] |pages= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=In a little
more than a month, Middlesex Su
perior Court will open in Woburn after nearly four decades at the Edward J.
Sullivan Courthouse in Cambridge. With it, the court will bring the roughly 500
people who pass through its doors each day â the clerical staff, lawyers,
judges, jurors, plaintiffs, defendants, and others who use or work in the
system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/homepage/x135741754/Cambridges-Middlesex-Jail-courts-may-be-shuttered-for-good
|title=Cambridge's Middlesex Jail, courts may be shuttered for good
|accessdate=July 25, 2009 |first=Charlie |last=Breitrose |authorlink=
|coauthors= |date=July 7, 2009 |work=Wicked Local News: Cambridge |pages=
|archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=The courts moved out of the building to allow
workers to remove asbestos. Superior Court moved to Woburn in March 2008, and
in February, the Third District Court moved to Medford.}}</ref> ==Education==
[[File:MIT Main Campus Aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of part of [[MIT]]'s main
campus]] [[
File:Dunster House.jpg|thumb|[[Dunster House]], Harvard]] ===Higher
education=== Cambridge is perhaps best known as an academic and intellectual
center, owing to its colleges and universities, which include: *[[Cambridge
College]] *[[Cambridge School of Culinary Arts]] *[[Episcopal Divinity School]]
*[[Harvard University]] *[[Hult International Business School]] *[[Lesley
University]] *[[Longy School of Music]] *[[Massachusetts Institute of
Technology]] *[[Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts in Boston]] [[Nobel
laureates by university affiliation|At least 129]] of the world's total 780
[[Nobel Prize]] winners have been, at some point in their careers, affiliated
with universities in Cambridge. The [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
is also based in Cambridge. ===Primary and secondary public education=== The
Cambridge Public School District encompasses 12 elementary schools that follow
a variety of different educational systems and philosophies. All but one of the
elementa
ry schools extend up to the [[middle school]] grades as well. The 12
elementary schools are: *[[Amigos School]] *Baldwin School *Cambridgeport
School *Fletcher-Maynard Academy *Graham and Parks Alternative School *Haggerty
School *Kennedy-Longfellow School *King Open School *Martin Luther King, Jr.
School *Morse School (a [[Core Knowledge Foundation|Core Knowledge]] school)
*Peabody School *Tobin School (a [[Montessori school]]) There are three public
high schools serving Cambridge students, including the [[Cambridge Rindge and
Latin School]].<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cpsd.us/Web/PubInfo/SchoolsAtAGlance06-07.pdf|title=Cambridge
Public Schools at a Glance|format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=June 2012}}</ref> and
Community Charter School of Cambridge (www.ccscambridge.org) In 2003, the CRLS,
also known as Rindge, came close to losing its educational accreditation when
it was placed on probation by the [[New England Association of Schools and
Colleges]].<ref name="Crimson MCAS">{{cite w
eb|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=512061|title=School Fights
Achievement Gap|publisher=The Harvard Crimson|accessdate=May 14, 2009}}</ref>
The school has improved under Principal Chris Saheed, graduation rates hover
around 98%, and 70% of students gain college admission. Community Charter
School of Cambridge serves 350 students, primarily from Boston and Cambridge,
and is a tuition free public charter school with a college preparatory
curriculum. All students from the class of 2009 and 2010 gained admission to
college. Outside of the main public schools are public charter schools
including: [[Benjamin Banneker Charter School]], which serves students in
grades K-6,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banneker.org/ |title=The Benjamin
Banneker Charter Public School |publisher=Banneker.org |date=2012-03-01
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> [[Community Charter School of
Cambridge]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccscambridge.org/ |title=Community
Charter School of Cambridge |publ
isher=Ccscambridge.org |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> which is located
in Kendall Square and serves students in grades 7â12, and [[Prospect Hill
Academy]], a [[charter school]] whose upper school is in [[Central Square
(Cambridge)|Central Square]], though it is not a part of the Cambridge Public
School District. ===Primary and secondary private education=== [[File:Cambridge
Public Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cambridge Public
Library]] original building, part of an expanded facility]] There are also many
private schools in the city including: <!-- please keep alphabetical -->
*[[Boston Archdiocesan Choir School]] (BACS) *[[Buckingham Browne & Nichols]]
(BB&N) *[[Cambridge montessori school|Cambridge Montessori School]] (CMS)
*Cambridge [[Religious Society of Friends|Friends]] School. Thomas Waring
served as founding headmaster of the school. *Fayerweather Street School
(FSS)[http://www.fayerweather.org/ ] *[[International School of Boston]] (ISB,
form
erly Ãcole Bilingue) *[[Matignon High School]] *[[North Cambridge Catholic
High School]] (re-branded as Cristo Rey Boston and relocated to Dorchester, MA
in 2010) *[[Shady Hill School]] *St. Peter School ==Economy== [[File:Cambridge
Skyline.jpg|thumb|Buildings of [[Kendall Square]], center of Cambridge's
[[biotech]] economy, seen from the [[Charles River]]]] Manufacturing was an
important part of the economy in the late 19th and early 20th century, but
educational institutions are the city's biggest employers today. Harvard and
[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] together employ about 20,000.<ref
name="2008top25">[http://www2.cambridgema.gov/cdd/data/labor/top25/top25_2008.html
Top 25 Cambridge Employers: 2008], City of Cambridge</ref> As a cradle of
technological innovation, Cambridge was home to technology firms [[Analog
Devices]], [[Akamai Technologies|Akamai]], [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek,
and Newman (BBN Technologies)]] (now part of Raytheon), [[General Radio|Ge
neral Radio (later GenRad)]], [[Lotus Development Corporation]] (now part of
[[IBM]]), [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Symbolics]], and [[Thinking
Machines]]. In 1996, [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]], [[Arthur D. Little]],
and [[Lotus Development Corporation|Lotus]] were top employers with over 1,000
employees in Cambridge, but faded out a few years later. Health care and
biotechnology firms such as [[Genzyme]], [[Biogen Idec]], [[Millennium
Pharmaceuticals]], [[Sanofi]], [[Pfizer]] and [[Novartis]]<ref>{{cite news
|title=Novartis doubles plan for Cambridge |author=Casey Ross and Robert
Weisman |first= |last= |authorlink= |authorlink2=
|url=http://articles.boston.com/2010-10-27/business/29323650_1_french-drug-maker-astrazeneca-plc-research-operations
|agency= |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |publisher= |isbn= |issn= |pmid=
|pmd= |bibcode= |doi= |date=October 27, 2010 |page= |pages= |accessdate=April
12, 2011|quote=Already Cambridgeâs largest corporate employer, the Swiss fi
rm expects to hire an additional 200 to 300 employees over the next five
years, bringing its total workforce in the city to around 2,300. Novartisâs
global research operations are headquartered in Cambridge, across Massachusetts
Avenue from the site of the new four-acre campus. |archiveurl= |archivedate=
|ref=}}</ref> have significant presences in the city. Though headquartered in
Switzerland, Novartis continues to expand its operations in Cambridge. Other
major biotech and pharmaceutical firms expanding their presence in Cambridge
include [[GlaxoSmithKline]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Shire plc|Shire]], and
[[Pfizer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Novartis Doubles Plan for
Cambridge|url=http://www.boston.com/business/healthcare/articles/2010/10/27/novartis_doubles_plan_for_cambridge/|accessdate=23
February 2012 | work=The Boston
Globe|first1=Casey|last1=Ross|first2=Robert|last2=Weisman|date=October 27,
2010}}</ref> Most Biotech firms in Cambridge are located around [[Kendall
Square]] and [[Eas
t Cambridge, Massachusetts|East Cambridge]], which decades ago were the city's
center of manufacturing. A number of biotechnology companies are also located
in [[University Park at MIT]], a new development in another former
manufacturing area. None of the high technology firms that once dominated the
economy was among the 25 largest employers in 2005, but by 2008 high tech
companies [[Akamai Technologies|Akamai]] and [[ITA Software]] had grown to be
among the largest 25 employers.<ref name="2008top25" /> [[Google]],<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.google.com/corporate/address.html |title=Google Offices
|publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-18}}</ref> [[IBM Research]],
and [[Microsoft Research]] maintain offices in Cambridge. In late January
2012âless than a year after acquiring [[Billerica,
Massachusetts|Billerica]]-based analytic database management company,
[[Vertica]]â[[Hewlett-Packard]] announced it would also be opening its first
offices in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite we
b|last=Huang|first=Gregory|title=Hewlett-Packard Expands to Cambridge via
Verticaâs "Big Data"
Center|url=http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2012/01/23/hewlett-packard-expands-to-cambridge-via-verticas-big-data-center/?single_page=true}}</ref>
Around this same time, e-commerce giants [[Staples Inc.|Staples]]<ref>{{cite
web|title=Staples to bring e-commerce office to Cambridge's Kendall Square Read
more: Staples to bring e-commerce office to Cambridge's Kendall Square -
Cambridge, Massachusetts - Cambridge Chronicle
http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square#ixzz1nDY39Who|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/cambridge/news/x690035936/Staples-to-bring-E-commerce-office-to-Cambridges-Kendall-Square#axzz1kg3no7Zg}}</ref>
and [[Amazon.com]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Seeks Brick-And-Mortar Presence
In Boston Area|url=http://www.wbur.org/2011/12/22/amazon-boston}}</ref> said
they would be opening research and innovation cen
ters in Kendall Square. Video game developer [[Harmonix Music Systems]] is
based in [[Central Square (Cambridge)|Central Square]]. The proximity of
Cambridge's universities has also made the city a center for nonprofit groups
and think tanks, including the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], the
[[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]], the [[Lincoln Institute of Land
Policy]], [[Cultural Survival]], and [[One Laptop per Child]]. In September
2011, an initiative by the City of Cambridge called the "[[Entrepreneur Walk of
Fame]]" was launched. It seeks to highlight individuals who have made
contributions to innovation in the global business community.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Stars of invention |author= |first=Kathleen |last=Pierce
|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-16/business/30165912_1_gates-and-jobs-microsoft-granite-stars
|agency= |newspaper=The Boston Globe|date=September 16, 2011 |page= |pages=
|at= |accessdate=October 1, 2011}}</ref> ===Top employers=== The top ten
employers in the city are:<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://cambridgema.gov/citynewsandpublications/news/2012/01/fy11comprehensiveannualfinancialreportnowavailable.aspx
|title=City of Cambridge, Massachusetts Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
July 1, 2010âJune 30, 2011 |publisher=Cambridgema.gov |date=2011-06-30
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Employer ! # of
employees |- | 1 |[[Harvard University]] |10,718 |- |2 |[[Massachusetts
Institute of Technology]] |7,604 |- |3 |City of Cambridge |2,922 |- |4
|[[Novartis]] Institutes for BioMedical Research |2,095 |- |5 |[[Mount Auburn
Hospital]] |1,665 |- |6 |[[Vertex Pharmaceuticals]] |1,600 |- |7 |[[Genzyme]]
|1,504 |- |8 |[[Biogen Idec]] |1,350 |- |9 |[[Federal government of the United
States|Federal Government]] |1,316 |- |10 |[[Pfizer]] |1,300 |}
==Transportation== {{See also|Boston transportation}} ===Road=== [[File:Harvard
Square at Peabody Street and Mass Avenue.jpg|thumb|[[Massachusetts Avenue
(Boston)|Ma
ssachusetts Avenue]] in [[Harvard Square]]]] Several major roads lead to
Cambridge, including [[Massachusetts State Highway 2|Route 2]], [[Massachusetts
State Highway 16|Route 16]] and the [[Massachusetts State Highway 28|McGrath
Highway (Route 28)]]. The [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] does not pass through
Cambridge, but provides access by an exit in nearby [[Allston,
Massachusetts|Allston]]. Both [[U.S. Route 1]] and [[I-93 (MA)]] also provide
additional access on the eastern end of Cambridge at Leverett Circle in
[[Boston]]. [[Massachusetts State Highway 2A|Route 2A]] runs the length of the
city, chiefly along Massachusetts Avenue. The Charles River forms the southern
border of Cambridge and is crossed by 11 bridges connecting Cambridge to
Boston, including the [[Longfellow Bridge]] and the [[Harvard Bridge]], eight
of which are open to motorized road traffic. Cambridge has an irregular street
network because many of the roads date from the colonial era. Contrary to
popular belief, t
he road system did not evolve from longstanding cow-paths. Roads connected
various village settlements with each other and nearby towns, and were shaped
by geographic features, most notably streams, hills, and swampy areas. Today,
the major "squares" are typically connected by long, mostly straight roads,
such as Massachusetts Avenue between [[Harvard Square]] and [[Central Square
(Cambridge)|Central Square]], or Hampshire Street between [[Kendall Square]]
and [[Inman Square]]. ===Mass transit=== [[File:Central MBTA
station.jpg|thumb|[[Central (MBTA)|Central station on the MBTA Red Line]]]]
Cambridge is well served by the [[MBTA]], including the [[Porter (MBTA
station)|Porter Square stop]] on the regional [[MBTA Commuter Rail|Commuter
Rail]], the [[Lechmere (MBTA station)|Lechmere stop]] on the [[Green Line
(MBTA)|Green Line]], and five stops on the [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]
([[Alewife Station (MBTA)|Alewife]], [[Porter (MBTA)|Porter Square]], [[Harvard
(MBTA station)|Harvard Squ
are]], [[Central (MBTA station)|Central Square]], and [[Kendall/MIT (MBTA
station)|Kendall Square/MIT]]). Alewife Station, the current terminus of the
Red Line, has a large multi-story parking garage (at a rate of $7 per day {{as
of|lc=y|2009}}).<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/subway/lines/stations/?stopId=10029
|title=> Schedules & Maps > Subway > Alewife Station |publisher=MBTA |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> The [[Harvard Bus Tunnel]], under Harvard
Square, reduces traffic congestion on the surface, and connects to the Red Line
underground. This tunnel was originally opened for streetcars in 1912, and
served trackless trolleys and buses as the routes were converted. The tunnel
was partially reconfigured when the Red Line was extended to Alewife in the
early 1980s. Outside of the state-owned transit agency, the city is also served
by the Charles River Transportation Management Agency (CRTMA) shuttles which
are supported by some of the largest compa
nies operating in city, in addition to the municipal government
itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.charlesrivertma.org/members.htm
|title=Charles River TMA Members |author=Staff writer |date=(As of) January 1,
2013 |work=CRTMA |publisher= |language= |trans_title= |type= |archiveurl=
|archivedate= |deadurl= |accessdate=January 1, 2013 |quote= |ref= |separator=
|postscript=}} </ref> ===Cycling=== Cambridge has several [[bike path]]s,
including one along the Charles River,<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/maps/bikepaths_dudley.gif
|title=Dr. Paul Dudley White Bikepath |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> and
the [[Cambridge Linear Park|Linear Park]] connecting the [[Minuteman Bikeway]]
at Alewife with the [[Somerville Community Path]]. Bike parking is common and
there are bike lanes on many streets, although concerns have been expressed
regarding the suitability of many of the lanes. On several central MIT streets,
bike lanes transfer onto the sidewalk.
Cambridge bans cycling on certain sections of sidewalk where pedestrian
traffic is heavy.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_ban.html |title=Sidewalk
Bicycling Banned Areas â Cambridge Massachusetts |publisher=Cambridgema.gov
|date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/cdd/et/bike/bike_reg.html |title=Traffic
Regulations for Cyclists â Cambridge Massachusetts |publisher=Cambridgema.gov
|date=1997-05-01 |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> While ''[[Bicycling
Magazine]]'' has rated Boston as one of the worst cities in the nation for
bicycling (In their words, for "lousy roads, scarce and unconnected bike lanes
and bike-friendly gestures from City Hall that go nowhereâsuch as hiring a
bike coordinator in 2001, only to cut the position two years
later"),<ref>[http://www.bicycling.com/article/1,6610,s1-2-16-14593-11,00.html
Urban Treasures â bicycling.com]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> it has
listed Cambridge as
an honorable mention as one of the
best<ref>[http://www.bicycling.com/article/1,6610,s1-2-16-14593-9,00.html Urban
Treasures â bicycling.com]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> and was called
by the magazine "Boston's Great Hope." Cambridge has an active, official
bicycle committee. ===Walking=== [[File:Weeks Footbridge Cambridge,
MA.jpg|thumb|The [[John W. Weeks Bridge|Weeks Bridge]] provides a
pedestrian-only connection between Boston's Allston-Brighton neighborhood and
Cambridge over the Charles River]] Walking is a popular activity in Cambridge.
Per year 2000 data, of the communities in the U.S. with more than 100,000
residents, Cambridge has the highest percentage of commuters who walk to
work.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.bikesatwork.com/carfree/census-lookup.php?state_select=ALL_STATES&lower_pop=100000&upper_pop=99999999&sort_num=2&show_rows=25&first_row=0
|title=The Carfree Census Database: Result of search for communities in any
state with population over 100,000, sorte
d in descending order by % Pedestrian Commuters |publisher=Bikesatwork.com
|date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> Cambridge receives a "Walk Score" of 100
out of 100 possible
points.<ref>[http://www.walkscore.com/get-score.php?street=cambridge%2C+ma&go=Go
Walk Score site] Accessed July 28, 2009</ref> Cambridge's major historic
squares have been recently changed into a modern walking landscape, which has
sparked a traffic calming program based on the needs of pedestrians rather than
of motorists. ===Intercity=== The Boston intercity bus and train stations at
[[South Station]], Boston, and [[Logan International Airport]] in [[East
Boston]], are accessible by [[Red Line (MBTA)|subway]]. The [[Fitchburg Line]]
rail service from [[Porter (MBTA station)|Porter Square]] connects to some
western suburbs. Since October 2010, there has also been intercity bus service
between [[Alewife (MBTA station)|Alewife Station]] (Cambridge) and [[New York
City]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Sarah |u
rl=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/10/warren_mbta_welcome_world_wide.html
|title=NYC-bound buses will roll from Newton, Cambridge |publisher=Boston.com
|date=2010-10-19 |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> ==Media== ===Newspapers===
Cambridge is served by several weekly newspapers. The most prominent is the
''[[Cambridge Chronicle]]'', which is also the oldest surviving weekly paper in
the United States. ===Radio=== Cambridge is home to the following commercially
licensed and student-run radio stations: {| class=wikitable |- ! [[Callsign]]
!! Frequency !! City/town !! Licensee !! Format |- | [[WHRB]] || align=right |
95.3 FM || Cambridge (Harvard) || Harvard Radio Broadcasting Co., Inc. ||
[[Variety (US radio)|Musical variety]] |- | [[WJIB]] || align=right |
740 AM || Cambridge || Bob Bittner Broadcasting || [[Adult Standards]]/Pop
|- | [[WMBR]] || align=right | 88.1 FM || Cambridge (MIT) || Technology
Broadcasting Corporation || [[College radio]] |} ===Television=
== Cambridge Community Television (CCTV) has served the Cambridge community
since its inception in 1988. CCTV operates Cambridge's public access television
facility and programs three television channels, 8, 9, and 96 on the Cambridge
cable system (Comcast). ===Social media=== As of 2011, a growing number of
social media efforts provide means for participatory engagement with the
locality of Cambridge, such as Localocracy<ref>"Localocracy is an online town
common where registered voters using real names can weigh in on local issues."
[http://cambridge.localocracy.com/ Localocracy Cambridge, Massachusetts].
Accessed 2011-10-01</ref> and [[foursquare (website)|Foursquare]]. ==Culture,
art and architecture== [[File:Fogg.jpg|thumb|[[Fogg Museum]], Harvard]]
===Museums=== * [[Harvard Art Museum]], including the [[Busch-Reisinger
Museum]], a collection of Germanic art the [[Fogg Art Museum]], a comprehensive
collection of Western art, and the [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]], a collection
of
Middle East and Asian art * [[Harvard Museum of Natural History]], including
the [[Glass Flowers]] collection * [[Peabody Museum of Archaeology and
Ethnology]], Harvard *[[Semitic Museum]], Harvard * [[MIT Museum]] * [[List
Visual Arts Center]], MIT ===Public art=== Cambridge has a large and varied
collection of permanent public art, both on city property (managed by the
Cambridge Arts Council),<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/CAC/Public/overview.cfm |title=CAC Public
Art Program |publisher=Cambridgema.gov |date=2007-03-13
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> and on the campuses of Harvard<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/visualarts/pubart.php |title=Office for the
Arts at Harvard: Public Art |publisher=Ofa.fas.harvard.edu |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> and MIT.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://listart.mit.edu/map |title=MIT Public Art Collection Map
|publisher=Listart.mit.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> Temporary
public artworks are displayed as part
of the annual Cambridge River Festival on the banks of the Charles River,
during winter celebrations in Harvard and Central Squares, and at university
campus sites. Experimental forms of public artistic and cultural expression
include the Central Square World's Fair, the Somerville-based annual Honk!
Festival,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://honkfest.org/ |title= Honk Fest}}</ref> and
[[If This House Could Talk]],<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://cambridgehistory.org/discover/ifthishousecouldtalk/index.html
|title=The Cambridge Historical Society}}</ref> a neighborhood art and history
event. {{or|date=April 2012}} {{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} An active
tradition of street musicians and other performers in Harvard Square entertains
an audience of tourists and local residents during the warmer months of the
year. The performances are coordinated through a public process that has been
developed collaboratively by the performers,<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.buskersadvocates.org/ | title= St
reet Arts & Buskers Advocates}}</ref> city administrators, private
organizations and business groups.<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://harvardsquare.com/Home/Arts-and-Entertainment/Street-Arts-and-Buskers-Advocates.aspx
|title=Street Arts and Buskers Advocates |publisher=Harvardsquare.com |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> [[File:Longfellow National Historic Site,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Longfellow National Historic
Site]]]] [[File:Wfm stata center.jpg|thumb|[[Stata Center]], MIT]]
[[File:Simmons Hall, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|[[List of MIT
undergraduate dormitories|Simmons Hall]], MIT]] ===Architecture=== Despite
intensive urbanization during the late 19th century and 20th century, Cambridge
has preserved an unusual number of historic buildings, including some dating to
the 17th century. The city also contains an abundance of innovative
contemporary architecture, largely built by Harvard and MIT. ;Notable historic
buildings in the city include: * T
he [[Asa Gray House]] (1810) * [[Austin Hall, Harvard University]] (1882â84)
* [[Cambridge, Massachusetts City Hall|Cambridge City Hall]] (1888â89) *
[[Cambridge Public Library]] (1888) * [[Christ Church, Cambridge]] (1761) *
[[Cooper-Frost-Austin House]] (1689â1817) * [[Elmwood (Cambridge,
Massachusetts)|Elmwood House]] (1767), residence of the [[President of Harvard
University]] * [[First Church of Christ, Scientist (Cambridge,
Massachusetts)|First Church of Christ, Scientist]] (1924â30) * [[The First
Parish in Cambridge]] (1833) * [[Harvard-Epworth United Methodist Church]]
(1891â93) * [[Harvard Lampoon Building]] (1909) * The [[Hooper-Lee-Nichols
House]] (1685â1850) * [[Longfellow National Historic Site]] (1759), former
home of poet [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] * [[The Memorial Church of Harvard
University]] (1932) * [[Memorial Hall, Harvard University]] (1870â77) *
[[Middlesex County Courthouse (Massachusetts)|Middlesex County Courthouse]]
(1814â48) * [[Urban
Rowhouse (40-48 Pearl Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts)|Urban Rowhouse]]
(1875) * [[spite house|O'Reilly Spite House]] (1908), built to spite a neighbor
who would not sell his adjacent land<ref name="existing">Bloom, Jonathan.
(February 2, 2003) [[Boston Globe]]
''[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F907F2342522B5D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D
Existing by the Thinnest of Margins. A Concord Avenue Landmark Gives New
Meaning to Cozy.]'' Section: City Weekly; Page 11. Location: 260 Concord Ave,
Cambridge, MA 02138.</ref> {{See also|List of Registered Historic Places in
Cambridge, Massachusetts}} ;Contemporary architecture: * [[List of MIT
undergraduate dormitories#Baker House|Baker House]] dormitory, MIT, by Finnish
architect [[Alvar Aalto]], one of only two buildings by Aalto in the US *
Harvard Graduate Center/Harkness Commons, by [[The Architects Collaborative]]
(TAC, with [[Walter Gropius]]) * [[Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts]],
Harvard, the only building in North America by [[Le Corbusier]] * [[Kresge
Auditorium]], MIT, by [[Eero Saarinen]] * [[MIT Chapel]], by [[Eero Saarinen]]
* [[Design Research Building]], by [[Benjamin Thompson and Associates]] *
[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], by [[Kallmann McKinnell and Wood]],
also architects of Boston City Hall * [[Arthur M. Sackler Museum]], Harvard,
one of the few buildings in the U.S. by [[James Stirling (architect)|James
Stirling]], winner of the [[Pritzker Prize]] * [[Stata Center]], MIT, by
[[Frank Gehry]] * [[List of MIT undergraduate dormitories#Simmons Hall|Simmons
Hall]], MIT, by [[Steven Holl]] ===Music=== <!-- make section generic. NEEDS
MORE WORK. remove marketing fluff for Ryles. --> The city has an active music
scene from classical performances to the latest popular bands. ==Sister
cities== Cambridge has 8 active, official [[Twin towns and sister cities|sister
cit
ies]], and an unofficial relationship with [[Cambridge]], England:<ref
name="peacom">"A message from the Peace Commission"
[http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2fsitecore%2fcontent%2fhome%2fpeace%2fnewsandpublications%2fnews%2f2008%2f02%2finformationoncambridgessistercities].</ref>
*{{Flagicon|PRT}} [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal]] *{{Flagicon|CUB}} [[Cienfuegos]],
[[Cuba]] *{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Gaeta]], [[Italy]] *{{Flagicon|IRL}} [[Galway]],
[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] *{{Flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]],
[[Armenia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cysca.org/ |title=Cambridge-Yerevan
Sister City Association |publisher=Cysca.org |date=
|accessdate=2012-04-28}}</ref> *{{Flagicon|SLV}} [[San José Las Flores,
Chalatenango|San José Las Flores]], [[El Salvador]] *{{Flagicon|JPN}}
[[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba Science City]], Japan *{{Flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]],
[[Poland]] *{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Haidian District]], [[China]] Ten other official
sister city relations
hips are inactive: [[Dublin]], Ireland; [[Ischia]], [[Catania]], and
[[Florence]], Italy; [[Kraków]], Poland; [[Santo Domingo Oeste]], Dominican
Republic; [[Southwark]], London, England; [[Yuseong]], Daejeon, Korea; and
[[Haidian District|Haidian]], Beijing, China.<ref name="peacom"/> There has
also been an unofficial relationship with: *{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Cambridge]],
England, UK<ref>{{cite
web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/peace/newsandpublications/news/detail.aspx?path=%2fsitecore%2fcontent%2fhome%2fpeace%2fnewsandpublications%2fnews%2f2008%2f02%2finformationoncambridgessistercities
|title="Sister Cities", Cambridge Peace Commission |publisher=Cambridgema.gov
|date=2008-02-15 |accessdate=2012-07-18}}</ref> ==Zip codes== *02138âHarvard
Square/West Cambridge *02139âCentral Square/Inman Square/MIT *02140âPorter
Square/North Cambridge *02141âEast Cambridge *02142âKendall Square
==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==General references== * ''History of Middlesex
County, Massach
usetts'',
[http://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Middlesex+intitle:County+intitle:Massachusetts&lr=&num=50&as_brr=0&source=gbs_other_versions_sidebar_s&cad=5
Volume 1 (A-H)],
[http://books.google.com/books?id=hNaAnwRMedUC&pg=PA506&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Middlesex+intitle:County+intitle:Massachusetts&lr=&num=50&as_brr=0#PPA3,M1
Volume 2 (L-W)] compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879â1880. **
[http://books.google.com/books?id=QGolOAyd9RMC&printsec=titlepage#PPA305,M1
Cambridge article] by Rev. Edward Abbott in volume 1, pages 305â358. *Eliot,
Samuel Atkins. ''A History of Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1630â1913''.
Cambridge: The Cambridge Tribune, 1913. *Hiestand, Emily. "Watershed: An
Excursion in Four Parts" The Georgia Review Spring 1998 pages 7â28 *[[Lucius
Robinson Paige|Paige, Lucius]]. ''History of Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1630â1877''. Cambridge: The Riverside Press, 1877. *Survey of Architectural
Histor
y in Cambridge: Mid Cambridge, 1967, Cambridge Historical Commission,
Cambridge, Mass.{{ISBN missing}} *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge:
Cambridgeport, 1971 ISBN 0-262-53013-9, Cambridge Historical Commission,
Cambridge, Mass. *Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Old Cambridge,
1973 ISBN 0-262-53014-7, Cambridge Historical Commission, Cambridge, Mass.
*Survey of Architectural History in Cambridge: Northwest Cambridge, 1977 ISBN
0-262-53032-5, Cambridge Historical Commission, Cambridge, Mass. *Survey of
Architectural History in Cambridge: East Cambridge, 1988 (revised) ISBN
0-262-53078-3, Cambridge Historical Commission, Cambridge, Mass. *{{cite
book|last=Sinclair|first=Jill|title=Fresh Pond: The History of a Cambridge
Landscape|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|date=April
2009|isbn=978-0-262-19591-1 }} *{{cite
book|last=Seaburg|first=Alan|title=Cambridge on the
Charles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c7_oCS782-8C|publisher=Anne
Miniver Press|l
ocation=Billerica, Mass.|year=2001|author=Seaburg, A. and Dahill, T. and Rose,
C.H.|isbn=978-0-9625794-9-3}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} <!-- for
current and future use if material is uploaded --> {{Wikivoyage|Cambridge
(Massachusetts)}} {{Portal|Boston}} {{Commons category|Cambridge,
Massachusetts}} *{{Official website|http://www.cambridgema.gov/}}
*[http://www.cambridge-usa.org/ Cambridge Office for Tourism]
*[http://www.city-data.com/city/Cambridge-Massachusetts.html City-Data.com]
*[http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2894 ePodunk: Profile for
Cambridge, Massachusetts]
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Massachusetts/Localities/C/Cambridge}}
<br/><!--this break is to put visual space between the last information and
the following template if needed--> ===Maps===
*[http://www.cambridgema.gov/GIS/FindMapAtlas.cfm Cambridge Maps]
*[http://www.cambridgema.gov/GIS City of Cambridge Geographic Information
System (GIS)] *[http://www.salemdeeds.com/
atlases_results.asp?ImageType=index&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871
''1871 Atlas of Massachusetts''.] by Wall & Gray.
[http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_pages.asp?ImageName=PAGE_0010_0011.jpg&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&pageprefix=
Map of Massachusetts.]
[http://www.salemdeeds.com/atlases_pages.asp?ImageName=PAGE_0044_0045.jpg&atlastype=MassWorld&atlastown=&atlas=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&atlas_desc=MASSACHUSETTS+1871&pageprefix=
Map of Middlesex County.] *Dutton, E.P.
[http://maps.bpl.org/details_10717/?srch_query=Dutton%2C+E.P.&srch_fields=all&srch_author=on&srch_style=exact&srch_fa=save&srch_ok=Go+Search
Chart of Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay with Map of Adjacent Country.]
Published 1867. A good map of roads and rail lines around Cambridge.
*[http://www.citymap.com/cambridge/index.htm Cambridge Citymap â Community,
Business, and Visitor Map.] *[http://docs.unh.edu/town
s/CambridgeMassachusettsMapList.htm Old USGS maps of Cambridge area.]
{{Greater Boston}} {{Middlesex County, Massachusetts}} {{Massachusetts}} {{New
England}} {{Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
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