GitHub user aloha1357 added a comment to the discussion: [DISCUSSION] Apache 
Mahout Roadmap: Q3–Q4 2026

QPU Noise & Statistical Simulation — Feature / Roadmap Proposal

Background and Problem

Current quantum circuit simulation primarily focuses on idealized quantum 
states, gate operations, and measurement probabilities. However, when a quantum 
circuit is executed on a real QPU (Quantum Processing Unit), quantum signals do 
not operate under perfectly ideal conditions.

Real QPU hardware is affected by various physical and electronic factors, 
including:

* Signal errors introduced by different signal and control pipelines within the 
QPU
* Electronic noise from the control electronics
* Temperature variations and thermal fluctuations across different regions or 
components
* Qubit decoherence (T1 / T2)
* Gate fidelity limitations and readout errors
* Calibration drift
* Crosstalk between different qubits and control channels
* Stochastic and statistical variations between individual executions or shots

As a result, repeatedly executing the same quantum circuit on a real QPU does 
not necessarily produce results identical to those of an ideal simulator. 
Instead, the observed results follow a probability distribution influenced by 
hardware noise, environmental conditions, and system-level errors.

GitHub link: 
https://github.com/apache/mahout/discussions/1465#discussioncomment-18367043

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