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class="externalLink" title="Apache Software Foundation"> + <span class="none"></span> + Apache Software Foundation</a> + </li> + + <li> + + <a href="http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~dbsystem/singa/"; class="externalLink" title="NUS Site"> + <span class="none"></span> + NUS Site</a> + </li> + </ul> + + + + <hr /> + + <div id="poweredBy"> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="clear"></div> + <a href="http://incubator.apache.org"; title="apache-incubator" class="builtBy"> + <img class="builtBy" alt="Apache Incubator" src="http://incubator.apache.org/images/egg-logo.png"; /> + </a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + + <div id="bodyColumn" class="span10" > + + <h1>Hybrid Parallelism</h1> +<hr /> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="User_Guide"></a>User Guide</h2> +<p>SINGA supports different parallelism options for distributed training. Users just need to configure it in the job configuration.</p> +<p>Both <tt>NetProto</tt> and <tt>LayerProto</tt> have a field <tt>partition_dim</tt> to control the parallelism option:</p> + +<ul> + +<li><tt>partition_dim=0</tt>: neuralnet/layer is partitioned on data dimension, i.e., each worker processes a subset of data records.</li> + +<li><tt>partition_dim=1</tt>: neuralnet/layer is partitioned on feature dimension, i.e., each worker maintains a subset of feature parameters.</li> +</ul> +<p><tt>partition_dim</tt> field in <tt>NetProto</tt> will be applied to all layers, unless a layer has its own <tt>partition_dim</tt> field set.</p> +<p>If we want data parallelism for the whole model, just leave <tt>partition_dim</tt> as default (which is 0), or configure the job.conf like:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">neuralnet { + partition_dim: 0 + layer { + name: ... + type: ... + } + ... +} +</pre></div></div> +<p>With the hybrid parallelism, we can have layers either partitioned on data dimension or feature dimension. For example, if we want a specific layer partitioned on feature dimension, just configure like:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">neuralnet { + partition_dim: 0 + layer { + name: "layer1_partition_on_data_dimension" + type: ... + } + layer { + name: "layer2_partition_on_feature_dimension" + type: ... + partition_dim: 1 + } + ... +} +</pre></div></div></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="Developer_Guide"></a>Developer Guide</h2> +<p>To support hybrid parallelism, after singa read users’ model and paration configuration, a set of connection layers are automatically added between layers when needed:</p> + +<ul> + +<li> +<p><tt>BridgeSrcLayer</tt> & <tt>BridgeDstLayer</tt> are added when two connected layers are not in the same machine. They are paired and are responsible for sending data/gradient to the other side during each iteration.</p></li> + +<li> +<p><tt>ConcateLayer</tt> is added when there are multiple source layers. It combines their feature blobs along a given dimension.</p></li> + +<li> +<p><tt>SliceLayer</tt> is added when there are mutliple dest layers, each of which only needs a subset(slice) of this layers’ feature blob.</p></li> + +<li> +<p><tt>SplitLayer</tt> is added when there are multiple dest layers, each of which needs the whole feature blob.</p></li> +</ul> +<p>Following is the logic used in our code to add connection layers:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">Add Slice, Concate, Split Layers for Hybrid Partition + +All cases are as follows: +src_pdim | dst_pdim | connection_type | Action + 0 | 0 | OneToOne | Direct Connection + 1 | 1 | OneToOne | Direct Connection + 0 | 0 | OneToAll | Direct Connection + 1 | 0 | OneToOne | Slice -> Concate + 0 | 1 | OneToOne | Slice -> Concate + 1 | 0 | OneToAll | Slice -> Concate + 0 | 1 | OneToAll | Split -> Concate + 1 | 1 | OneToAll | Split -> Concate + +Logic: +dst_pdim = 1 && OneToAll ? + (YES) Split -> Concate + (NO) src_pdim = dst_pdim ? + (YES) Direct Connection + (NO) Slice -> Concate +</pre></div></div></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <hr/> + + <footer> + <div class="container-fluid"> + <div class="row-fluid"> + +<p>Copyright © 2015 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Apache Singa, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Singa project logos are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.</p> + </div> + + + </div> + </footer> + </body> +</html>
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class="externalLink" title="Apache Software Foundation"> + <span class="none"></span> + Apache Software Foundation</a> + </li> + + <li> + + <a href="http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~dbsystem/singa/"; class="externalLink" title="NUS Site"> + <span class="none"></span> + NUS Site</a> + </li> + </ul> + + + + <hr /> + + <div id="poweredBy"> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="clear"></div> + <div class="clear"></div> + <a href="http://incubator.apache.org"; title="apache-incubator" class="builtBy"> + <img class="builtBy" alt="Apache Incubator" src="http://incubator.apache.org/images/egg-logo.png"; /> + </a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + + <div id="bodyColumn" class="span10" > + + <h1>Building SINGA from source</h1> +<hr /> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="Dependencies"></a>Dependencies</h2> +<p>SINGA is developed and tested on Linux platforms.</p> +<p>The following dependent libraries are required:</p> + +<ul> + +<li> +<p>glog version 0.3.3</p></li> + +<li> +<p>google-protobuf version 2.5 and 2.6</p></li> + +<li> +<p>openblas version >= 0.2.10</p></li> +</ul> +<p>Optional dependencies include:</p> + +<ul> + +<li> +<p>lmdb version 0.9.10</p></li> + +<li> +<p>zeromq version >= 3.2</p></li> + +<li> +<p>czmq version >= 3</p></li> + +<li> +<p>zookeeper version 3.4.6</p></li> +</ul> +<p>You can install all dependencies (including optional dependent libraries) into $PREFIX folder by</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"># make sure you are in the thirdparty folder +cd thirdparty +./install.sh all $PREFIX +</pre></div></div> +<p>If $PREFIX is not a system path (e.g., /usr/local/), please export the following variables to continue the building instructions,</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$PREFIX/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH +export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=$PREFIX/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH +export LIBRARY_PATH=$PREFIX/lib:$LIBRARY_PATH +export PATH=$PREFIX/bin:$PATH +</pre></div></div> +<p>More details on using this script is given below.</p></div> +<div class="section"> +<h2><a name="Building_SINGA_from_source"></a>Building SINGA from source</h2> +<p>SINGA is built using GNU autotools. GCC (version >= 4.8) is required. There are two ways to build SINGA,</p> + +<ul> + +<li> +<p>If you want to use the latest code, please clone it from <a class="externalLink" href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-singa.git";>Github</a> and execute the following commands,</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ git clone [email protected]:apache/incubator-singa.git +$ cd incubator-singa +$ ./autogen.sh +$ ./configure +$ make +</pre></div></div></li> + +<li> +<p>If you download a release package, please follow the instructions below,</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ tar xvf singa-xxx +$ cd singa-xxx +$ ./configure +$ make +</pre></div></div> +<p>Some features of SINGA depend on external libraries. These features can be compiled with <tt>--enable-<feature></tt>. For example, to build SINGA with lmdb support, you can run:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ ./configure --enable-lmdb +</pre></div></div> +<p>More options can be found by</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ ./configure --help +</pre></div></div></li> +</ul> +<p>After compiling SINGA successfully, the <i>libsinga.so</i> and the executable file <i>singa</i> will be generated into <i>.libs/</i> folder.</p> +<p>If some dependent libraries are missing (or not detected), you can use the following script to download and install them:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"># must goto thirdparty folder +$ cd thirdparty +$ ./install.sh LIB_NAME PREFIX +</pre></div></div> +<p>If you do not specify the installation path, the library will be installed in the default folder specified by the software itself. For example, if you want to install <tt>zeromq</tt> library in the default system folder, run it as</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ ./install.sh zeromq +</pre></div></div> +<p>Or, if you want to install it into another folder,</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ ./install.sh zeromq PREFIX +</pre></div></div> +<p>You can also install all dependencies in <i>/usr/local</i> directory:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$ ./install.sh all /usr/local +</pre></div></div> +<p>Here is a table showing the first arguments:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">LIB_NAME LIBRARIE +czmq* czmq lib +glog glog lib +lmdb lmdb lib +OpenBLAS OpenBLAS lib +protobuf Google protobuf +zeromq zeromq lib +zookeeper Apache zookeeper +</pre></div></div> +<p>*: Since <tt>czmq</tt> depends on <tt>zeromq</tt>, the script offers you one more argument to indicate <tt>zeromq</tt> location. The installation commands of <tt>czmq</tt> is:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint">$./install.sh czmq /usr/local -f=/usr/local/zeromq +</pre></div></div> +<p>After the execution, <tt>czmq</tt> will be installed in <i>/usr/local</i>. The last path specifies the path to zeromq.</p> +<div class="section"> +<h3><a name="FAQ"></a>FAQ</h3> + +<ul> + +<li>Q1:I get error <tt>./configure --> cannot find blas_segmm() function</tt> even I have installed OpenBLAS.</li> +</ul> +<p>A1: This means the compiler cannot find the <tt>OpenBLAS</tt> library. If you installed it to $PREFIX (e.g., /opt/OpenBLAS), then you need to export it as</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ export LIBRARY_PATH=$PREFIX/lib:$LIBRARY_PATH + # e.g., + $ export LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/OpenBLAS/lib:$LIBRARY_PATH +</pre></div></div> + +<ul> + +<li>Q2: I get error <tt>cblas.h no such file or directory exists</tt>.</li> +</ul> +<p>Q2: You need to include the folder of the cblas.h into CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH, e.g.,</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=$PREFIX/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH + # e.g., + $ export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/OpenBLAS/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH + # then reconfigure and make SINGA + $ ./configure + $ make +</pre></div></div> + +<ul> + +<li>Q3:While compiling SINGA, I get error <tt>SSE2 instruction set not enabled</tt></li> +</ul> +<p>A3:You can try following command:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ make CFLAGS='-msse2' CXXFLAGS='-msse2' +</pre></div></div> + +<ul> + +<li>Q4:I get <tt>ImportError: cannot import name enum_type_wrapper</tt> from google.protobuf.internal when I try to import .py files.</li> +</ul> +<p>A4:After install google protobuf by <tt>make install</tt>, we should install python runtime libraries. Go to protobuf source directory, run:</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ cd /PROTOBUF/SOURCE/FOLDER + $ cd python + $ python setup.py build + $ python setup.py install +</pre></div></div> +<p>You may need <tt>sudo</tt> when you try to install python runtime libraries in the system folder.</p> + +<ul> + +<li>Q5: I get a linking error caused by gflags.</li> +</ul> +<p>A5: SINGA does not depend on gflags. But you may have installed the glog with gflags. In that case you can reinstall glog using <i>thirdparty/install.sh</i> into a another folder and export the LDFLAGS and CPPFLAGS to include that folder.</p> + +<ul> + +<li>Q6: While compiling SINGA and installing <tt>glog</tt> on mac OS X, I get fatal error <tt>'ext/slist' file not found</tt></li> +</ul> +<p>A6:We haven’t tested SINGA thorough on Mac OS. This error may be fixed by :</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ make CFLAGS='-stdlib=libstdc++' CXXFLAGS='stdlib=libstdc++' +</pre></div></div> + +<ul> + +<li>Q7: When I start a training job, it reports error related with “ZOO_ERROR…zk retcode=-4…”.</li> +</ul> +<p>A7: This is because the zookeeper is not started. Please start the zookeeper service</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ ./bin/zk-service start +</pre></div></div> +<p>If the error still exists, probably that you do not have java. You can simple check it by</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ java --version +</pre></div></div> + +<ul> + +<li>Q8: When I build OpenBLAS from source, I am told that I need a fortran compiler.</li> +</ul> +<p>A8: You can compile OpenBLAS by</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ make ONLY_CBLAS=1 +</pre></div></div> +<p>or install it using</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ sudo apt-get install openblas-dev +</pre></div></div> +<p>or</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ sudo yum install openblas-devel +</pre></div></div> +<p>It is worth noting that you need root access to run the last two commands. Remember to set the environment variables to include the header and library paths of OpenBLAS after installation (please refer to the Dependencies section).</p> + +<ul> + +<li>Q9: When I build protocol buffer, it reports that GLIBC++_3.4.20 not found in /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6.</li> +</ul> +<p>A9: This means the linker found libstdc++.so.6 but that library belongs to an older version of GCC than was used to compile and link the program. The program depends on code defined in the newer libstdc++ that belongs to the newer version of GCC, so the linker must be told how to find the newer libstdc++ shared library. The simplest way to fix this is to find the correct libstdc++ and export it to LD_LIBRARY_PATH. For example, if GLIBC++_3.4.20 is listed in the output of the following command,</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ strings /usr/local/lib64/libstdc++.so.6|grep GLIBC++ +</pre></div></div> +<p>then you just set your environment variable as</p> + +<div class="source"> +<div class="source"><pre class="prettyprint"> $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH +</pre></div></div> + +<ul> + +<li>Q10: When I build glog, it reports that “src/logging_unittest.cc:83:20: error: ‘gflags’ is not a namespace-name”</li> +</ul> +<p>A10: It maybe that you have installed gflags with a different namespace such as “google”. so glog can’t find ‘gflags’ namespace.</p> +<p>Because it doesn’t require gflags to build glog. So you can change the configure.ac file to ignore gflags.</p> + +<ol style="list-style-type: decimal"> + +<li>cd to glog src directory</li> + +<li>change line 125 of configure.ac to “AC_CHECK_LIB(gflags, main, ac_cv_have_libgflags=0, ac_cv_have_libgflags=0)”</li> + +<li>autoreconf</li> +</ol> +<p>After this, you can build glog again.</p></div></div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <hr/> + + <footer> + <div class="container-fluid"> + <div class="row-fluid"> + +<p>Copyright © 2015 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Apache Singa, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Singa project logos are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. All other marks mentioned may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.</p> + </div> + + + </div> + </footer> + </body> +</html>
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