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new e36f9de67693 [SPARK-53213][CORE][SQL][K8S] Use Java `Base64` instead
of `Base64.(decodeBase64|encodeBase64String)`
e36f9de67693 is described below
commit e36f9de67693a116490730fbf0b1699c83690343
Author: Dongjoon Hyun <dongj...@apache.org>
AuthorDate: Sat Aug 9 07:22:46 2025 -0700
[SPARK-53213][CORE][SQL][K8S] Use Java `Base64` instead of
`Base64.(decodeBase64|encodeBase64String)`
### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This PR aims to use Java `java.util.Base64` instead of
`Base64.encodeBase64String` or `Base64.decodeBase64` to improve performance.
### Why are the changes needed?
Java native API is over **9x faster** than `Commons Codec`.
```scala
scala> val a = new Array[Byte](1_000_000_000)
scala>
spark.time(org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64.decodeBase64(org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64.encodeBase64String(a)).length)
Time taken: 10121 ms
val res0: Int = 1000000000
scala>
spark.time(java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode(java.util.Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(a)).length)
Time taken: 1156 ms
val res1: Int = 1000000000
```
### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
No.
### How was this patch tested?
Pass the CIs.
### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
No.
Closes #51938 from dongjoon-hyun/SPARK-53213.
Authored-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dongj...@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dongj...@apache.org>
---
.../spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep.scala | 7 ++++---
.../deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStepSuite.scala | 5 +++--
.../spark/deploy/k8s/integrationtest/SecretsTestsSuite.scala | 7 +++----
scalastyle-config.xml | 5 +++++
.../org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/plans/logical/Statistics.scala | 5 +++--
.../org/apache/spark/sql/execution/benchmark/Base64Benchmark.scala | 2 ++
.../java/org/apache/hive/service/cli/thrift/ThriftHttpServlet.java | 6 +++---
.../main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/orc/OrcFileFormat.scala | 5 ++---
8 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
diff --git
a/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep.scala
b/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep.scala
index 67133755ee1a..b62b5dc3e1fb 100644
---
a/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep.scala
+++
b/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep.scala
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ package org.apache.spark.deploy.k8s.features
import java.io.File
import java.nio.file.Files
+import java.util.Base64
import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
import scala.util.control.NonFatal
import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model._
-import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64
import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation
import org.apache.spark.deploy.SparkHadoopUtil
@@ -226,6 +226,7 @@ private[spark] class
KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep(kubernetesConf: KubernetesDri
}
override def getAdditionalKubernetesResources(): Seq[HasMetadata] = {
+ val encodeToString = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(_)
Seq[HasMetadata]() ++ {
krb5File.map { path =>
val file = new File(path)
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ private[spark] class
KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep(kubernetesConf: KubernetesDri
.withName(ktSecretName)
.endMetadata()
.withImmutable(true)
- .addToData(kt.getName(),
Base64.encodeBase64String(Files.readAllBytes(kt.toPath)))
+ .addToData(kt.getName(),
encodeToString(Files.readAllBytes(kt.toPath)))
.build())
} else {
Nil
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ private[spark] class
KerberosConfDriverFeatureStep(kubernetesConf: KubernetesDri
.withName(dtSecretName)
.endMetadata()
.withImmutable(true)
- .addToData(KERBEROS_SECRET_KEY,
Base64.encodeBase64String(delegationTokens))
+ .addToData(KERBEROS_SECRET_KEY, encodeToString(delegationTokens))
.build())
} else {
Nil
diff --git
a/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStepSuite.scala
b/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStepSuite.scala
index 77d4ab262a0f..0da39b30e388 100644
---
a/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStepSuite.scala
+++
b/resource-managers/kubernetes/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/features/KerberosConfDriverFeatureStepSuite.scala
@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ package org.apache.spark.deploy.k8s.features
import java.io.File
import java.nio.file.Files
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction
+import java.util.Base64
import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.{ConfigMap, Secret}
-import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text
import org.apache.hadoop.security.UserGroupInformation
@@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ class KerberosConfDriverFeatureStepSuite extends
SparkFunSuite {
val step = createStep(new SparkConf(false))
val dtSecret =
filter[Secret](step.getAdditionalKubernetesResources()).head
- assert(dtSecret.getData().get(KERBEROS_SECRET_KEY) ===
Base64.encodeBase64String(tokens))
+ assert(dtSecret.getData().get(KERBEROS_SECRET_KEY) ===
+ Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(tokens))
checkPodForTokens(step.configurePod(SparkPod.initialPod()),
dtSecret.getMetadata().getName())
diff --git
a/resource-managers/kubernetes/integration-tests/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/integrationtest/SecretsTestsSuite.scala
b/resource-managers/kubernetes/integration-tests/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/integrationtest/SecretsTestsSuite.scala
index e06364a2b8b8..234f627202c1 100644
---
a/resource-managers/kubernetes/integration-tests/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/integrationtest/SecretsTestsSuite.scala
+++
b/resource-managers/kubernetes/integration-tests/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/deploy/k8s/integrationtest/SecretsTestsSuite.scala
@@ -16,12 +16,11 @@
*/
package org.apache.spark.deploy.k8s.integrationtest
-import java.util.Locale
+import java.util.{Base64, Locale}
import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
import io.fabric8.kubernetes.api.model.{Pod, SecretBuilder}
-import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64
import org.scalatest.concurrent.Eventually
import org.scalatest.matchers.should.Matchers._
@@ -36,8 +35,8 @@ private[spark] trait SecretsTestsSuite { k8sSuite:
KubernetesSuite =>
sb.withNewMetadata()
.withName(ENV_SECRET_NAME)
.endMetadata()
- val secUsername = Base64.encodeBase64String(ENV_SECRET_VALUE_1.getBytes())
- val secPassword = Base64.encodeBase64String(ENV_SECRET_VALUE_2.getBytes())
+ val secUsername =
Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(ENV_SECRET_VALUE_1.getBytes())
+ val secPassword =
Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(ENV_SECRET_VALUE_2.getBytes())
val envSecretData = Map(ENV_SECRET_KEY_1 -> secUsername, ENV_SECRET_KEY_2
-> secPassword)
sb.addToData(envSecretData.asJava)
val envSecret = sb.build()
diff --git a/scalastyle-config.xml b/scalastyle-config.xml
index a4ffb42400a3..bc28bfe295a8 100644
--- a/scalastyle-config.xml
+++ b/scalastyle-config.xml
@@ -443,6 +443,11 @@ This file is divided into 3 sections:
<customMessage>Use listFiles of SparkFileUtil or Utils
instead.</customMessage>
</check>
+ <check customId="commonscodecbase64" level="error"
class="org.scalastyle.file.RegexChecker" enabled="true">
+ <parameters><parameter
name="regex">\bBase64\.(en|de)codeBase64</parameter></parameters>
+ <customMessage>Use java.util.Base64 instead</customMessage>
+ </check>
+
<check customId="commonslang3javaversion" level="error"
class="org.scalastyle.file.RegexChecker" enabled="true">
<parameters><parameter
name="regex">org\.apache\.commons\.lang3\..*JavaVersion</parameter></parameters>
<customMessage>Use JEP 223 API (java.lang.Runtime.Version) instead of
diff --git
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/plans/logical/Statistics.scala
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/plans/logical/Statistics.scala
index 6f3ec3bf37d9..a2850a0b179f 100644
---
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/plans/logical/Statistics.scala
+++
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/plans/logical/Statistics.scala
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical
import java.io.{ByteArrayInputStream, ByteArrayOutputStream, DataInputStream,
DataOutputStream}
import java.math.{MathContext, RoundingMode}
+import java.util.Base64
import net.jpountz.lz4.{LZ4BlockInputStream, LZ4BlockOutputStream}
@@ -202,12 +203,12 @@ object HistogramSerializer {
out.flush()
out.close()
- org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64.encodeBase64String(bos.toByteArray)
+ Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(bos.toByteArray)
}
/** Deserializes a given string to a histogram. */
final def deserialize(str: String): Histogram = {
- val bytes = org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64.decodeBase64(str)
+ val bytes = Base64.getDecoder().decode(str)
val bis = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes)
val ins = new DataInputStream(new LZ4BlockInputStream(bis))
val height = ins.readDouble()
diff --git
a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/benchmark/Base64Benchmark.scala
b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/benchmark/Base64Benchmark.scala
index bbc0ff968541..b5290eafae3e 100644
---
a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/benchmark/Base64Benchmark.scala
+++
b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/benchmark/Base64Benchmark.scala
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ object Base64Benchmark extends SqlBasedBenchmark {
}
}
+ // scalastyle:off commonscodecbase64
override def runBenchmarkSuite(mainArgs: Array[String]): Unit = {
Seq(1, 3, 5, 7).map { len =>
val benchmark = new Benchmark(s"encode for $len", N, output = output)
@@ -75,4 +76,5 @@ object Base64Benchmark extends SqlBasedBenchmark {
benchmark
}.foreach(_.run())
}
+ // scalastyle:on commonscodecbase64
}
diff --git
a/sql/hive-thriftserver/src/main/java/org/apache/hive/service/cli/thrift/ThriftHttpServlet.java
b/sql/hive-thriftserver/src/main/java/org/apache/hive/service/cli/thrift/ThriftHttpServlet.java
index dabce675649e..350ef89ec4d2 100644
---
a/sql/hive-thriftserver/src/main/java/org/apache/hive/service/cli/thrift/ThriftHttpServlet.java
+++
b/sql/hive-thriftserver/src/main/java/org/apache/hive/service/cli/thrift/ThriftHttpServlet.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
+import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@@ -31,7 +32,6 @@ import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.NewCookie;
-import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64;
import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.StringUtils;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf;
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.conf.HiveConf.ConfVars;
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ public class ThriftHttpServlet extends TServlet {
gssContext = manager.createContext(serverCreds);
// Get service ticket from the authorization header
String serviceTicketBase64 = getAuthHeader(request, authType);
- byte[] inToken = Base64.decodeBase64(serviceTicketBase64.getBytes());
+ byte[] inToken =
Base64.getDecoder().decode(serviceTicketBase64.getBytes());
gssContext.acceptSecContext(inToken, 0, inToken.length);
// Authenticate or deny based on its context completion
if (!gssContext.isEstablished()) {
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ public class ThriftHttpServlet extends TServlet {
String authType) throws HttpAuthenticationException {
String authHeaderBase64 = getAuthHeader(request, authType);
String authHeaderString = StringUtils.newStringUtf8(
- Base64.decodeBase64(authHeaderBase64.getBytes()));
+ Base64.getDecoder().decode(authHeaderBase64.getBytes()));
String[] creds = authHeaderString.split(":");
return creds;
}
diff --git
a/sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/orc/OrcFileFormat.scala
b/sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/orc/OrcFileFormat.scala
index 7f58f69269dd..440fc582b93f 100644
--- a/sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/orc/OrcFileFormat.scala
+++ b/sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/orc/OrcFileFormat.scala
@@ -17,14 +17,13 @@
package org.apache.spark.sql.hive.orc
-import java.util.Properties
+import java.util.{Base64, Properties}
import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
import scala.util.control.NonFatal
import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.Kryo
import com.esotericsoftware.kryo.io.Output
-import org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.{FileStatus, Path}
import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.orc._
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ case class OrcFileFormat() extends FileFormat with
DataSourceRegister with Seria
val out = new Output(4 * 1024, 10 * 1024 * 1024)
kryo.writeObject(out, sarg)
out.close()
- Base64.encodeBase64String(out.toBytes)
+ Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(out.toBytes)
}
}
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