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     new d08495ae4b82 [SPARK-57641][SQL] Add `variant_insert` expression
d08495ae4b82 is described below

commit d08495ae4b822b04d7445b2773cb21e6ec4f4130
Author: bojana-db <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Wed Jul 8 00:49:12 2026 +0800

    [SPARK-57641][SQL] Add `variant_insert` expression
    
    ### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
    Adds the SQL function `variant_insert(v, path, val)`, which inserts a value 
into a Variant value at a single JSONPath location.
    
    Details:
    - Object path (e.g. `$.b`): adds a new field; errors with 
`VARIANT_DUPLICATE_KEY`
      if the key already exists;
    - Array path (e.g. `$[N]`): inserts at index `N`, shifting later elements 
right; an
      index past the end pads the gap with variant nulls;
    - Missing intermediate keys/indices along the path are created;
    - Any NULL argument returns NULL;
    - The value may be any expression castable to variant;
    - A new error condition `VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH` is raised when a path 
segment
      is applied to an incompatible value (e.g. an object key on an array); the 
root
      path `$` is rejected with `INVALID_VARIANT_PATH`, and results exceeding 
the size
      limit raise `VARIANT_SIZE_LIMIT`.
    
    ### Why are the changes needed?
    There is no way to add a field or element to a variant; today the only 
option is to convert it to another datatype (e.g. map), mutate, and convert 
back.
    
    ### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
    Yes, a new SQL function (and Scala/Python `functions` API) plus a new error 
condition `VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH`.
    
    ### How was this patch tested?
    Unit tests.
    
    ### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
    Generated-by: Claude Code with Claude Opus 4.8
    
    Closes #56703 from bojana-db/variant-insert.
    
    Authored-by: bojana-db <[email protected]>
    Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <[email protected]>
    (cherry picked from commit b830367a0d5fba3d07452fc9a73e47a3293f51e1)
    Signed-off-by: Wenchen Fan <[email protected]>
---
 .../src/main/resources/error/error-conditions.json |   6 +
 .../apache/spark/types/variant/VariantBuilder.java | 154 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../variant/VariantPathTypeMismatchException.java  |  31 +++++
 .../source/reference/pyspark.sql/functions.rst     |   1 +
 python/pyspark/sql/connect/functions/builtin.py    |   8 ++
 python/pyspark/sql/functions/__init__.py           |   1 +
 python/pyspark/sql/functions/builtin.py            |  60 ++++++++
 python/pyspark/sql/tests/test_functions.py         |  14 +-
 .../scala/org/apache/spark/sql/functions.scala     |  38 +++++
 .../sql/catalyst/analysis/FunctionRegistry.scala   |   1 +
 .../variant/VariantExpressionEvalUtils.scala       |  73 +++++++++-
 .../expressions/variant/variantExpressions.scala   | 138 +++++++++++++++++-
 .../spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionErrors.scala    |   7 +
 .../variant/VariantExpressionSuite.scala           | 139 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../apache/spark/sql/PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala |   4 +
 .../function_variant_insert.explain                |   2 +
 .../queries/function_variant_insert.json           | 125 +++++++++++++++++
 .../queries/function_variant_insert.proto.bin      | Bin 0 -> 1139 bytes
 .../sql-functions/sql-expression-schema.md         |   1 +
 .../scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantSuite.scala  |  89 ++++++++++++
 20 files changed, 883 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-conditions.json 
b/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-conditions.json
index 03bffb930e73..d92b8d09037e 100644
--- a/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-conditions.json
+++ b/common/utils/src/main/resources/error/error-conditions.json
@@ -9149,6 +9149,12 @@
     ],
     "sqlState" : "22023"
   },
+  "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH" : {
+    "message" : [
+      "The path '<path>' is incompatible with the variant value at 
'<failedAt>' in <functionName>."
+    ],
+    "sqlState" : "22023"
+  },
   "VARIANT_SIZE_LIMIT" : {
     "message" : [
       "Cannot build variant bigger than <sizeLimit> in <functionName>.",
diff --git 
a/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantBuilder.java
 
b/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantBuilder.java
index 79f869ba6be7..9685f0a35f85 100644
--- 
a/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantBuilder.java
+++ 
b/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantBuilder.java
@@ -130,6 +130,20 @@ public class VariantBuilder {
     return builder.result();
   }
 
+  // Return a new variant equal to `v` with `val` inserted at `segments` 
(which must be non-empty).
+  // An object leaf adds a field (or throws VARIANT_DUPLICATE_KEY if the key 
exists); an array leaf
+  // inserts at the index, shifting elements right and padding with nulls past 
the end. Missing
+  // intermediate keys/indices are created. A segment applied to an 
incompatible value throws
+  // VariantPathTypeMismatchException, which the caller maps to 
VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH.
+  public static Variant insertAtPath(Variant v, PathSegment[] segments, 
Variant val) {
+    if (segments.length == 0) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Segments must be non-empty");
+    }
+    VariantBuilder builder = new VariantBuilder(false);
+    builder.appendWithInsertionImpl(v.value, v.metadata, v.pos, segments, 0, 
val);
+    return builder.result();
+  }
+
   // Build the variant metadata from `dictionaryKeys` and return the variant 
result.
   public Variant result() {
     int numKeys = dictionaryKeys.size();
@@ -549,6 +563,146 @@ public class VariantBuilder {
     }
   }
 
+  private void appendWithInsertionImpl(
+      byte[] value, byte[] metadata, int pos, PathSegment[] segments, int 
depth, Variant val) {
+    checkIndex(pos, value.length);
+    PathSegment seg = segments[depth];
+    boolean isLast = depth == segments.length - 1;
+    int basicType = value[pos] & BASIC_TYPE_MASK;
+    if (seg instanceof ObjectKeySegment && basicType == OBJECT) {
+      String key = ((ObjectKeySegment) seg).key;
+      handleObject(value, pos, (size, idSize, offsetSize, idStart, 
offsetStart, dataStart) -> {
+        ArrayList<FieldEntry> fields = new ArrayList<>(size + 1);
+        int start = writePos;
+        boolean found = false;
+        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+          int id = readUnsigned(value, idStart + idSize * i, idSize);
+          int offset = readUnsigned(value, offsetStart + offsetSize * i, 
offsetSize);
+          int elementPos = dataStart + offset;
+          String fieldKey = getMetadataKey(metadata, id);
+          boolean isTarget = fieldKey.equals(key);
+          found |= isTarget;
+          int newId = addKey(fieldKey);
+          fields.add(new FieldEntry(fieldKey, newId, writePos - start));
+          if (isTarget && !isLast) {
+            appendWithInsertionImpl(value, metadata, elementPos, segments, 
depth + 1, val);
+          } else {
+            appendVariantImpl(value, metadata, elementPos);
+          }
+        }
+        if (isLast) {
+          // Append the new field unconditionally; if `key` already exists, 
the duplicate is
+          // detected by `finishWritingObject`, which raises 
VARIANT_DUPLICATE_KEY.
+          int newId = addKey(key);
+          fields.add(new FieldEntry(key, newId, writePos - start));
+          appendVariant(val);
+        } else if (!found) {
+          // Intermediate object key is missing; create the rest of the path 
under it.
+          int newId = addKey(key);
+          fields.add(new FieldEntry(key, newId, writePos - start));
+          appendNewPath(segments, depth + 1, val);
+        }
+        finishWritingObject(start, fields);
+        return null;
+      });
+    } else if (seg instanceof ArrayIndexSegment && basicType == ARRAY) {
+      int index = ((ArrayIndexSegment) seg).index;
+      handleArray(value, pos, (size, offsetSize, offsetStart, dataStart) -> {
+        ArrayList<Integer> offsets = new ArrayList<>(size + 1);
+        int start = writePos;
+        if (isLast) {
+          // Insert `val` at `index`, shifting existing elements right.
+          for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            if (i == index) {
+              offsets.add(writePos - start);
+              appendVariant(val);
+            }
+            int offset = readUnsigned(value, offsetStart + offsetSize * i, 
offsetSize);
+            offsets.add(writePos - start);
+            appendVariantImpl(value, metadata, dataStart + offset);
+          }
+          if (index >= size) {
+            // Pad with variant nulls up to `index`, then append `val`.
+            for (int i = size; i < index; ++i) {
+              offsets.add(writePos - start);
+              appendNull();
+            }
+            offsets.add(writePos - start);
+            appendVariant(val);
+          }
+        } else if (index < size) {
+          // Descend into the existing element at `index`.
+          for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            int offset = readUnsigned(value, offsetStart + offsetSize * i, 
offsetSize);
+            int elementPos = dataStart + offset;
+            offsets.add(writePos - start);
+            if (i == index) {
+              appendWithInsertionImpl(value, metadata, elementPos, segments, 
depth + 1, val);
+            } else {
+              appendVariantImpl(value, metadata, elementPos);
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          // Intermediate index is past the end; copy existing elements, pad 
with variant nulls up
+          // to `index`, then create the rest of the path at `index`.
+          for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+            int offset = readUnsigned(value, offsetStart + offsetSize * i, 
offsetSize);
+            offsets.add(writePos - start);
+            appendVariantImpl(value, metadata, dataStart + offset);
+          }
+          for (int i = size; i < index; ++i) {
+            offsets.add(writePos - start);
+            appendNull();
+          }
+          offsets.add(writePos - start);
+          appendNewPath(segments, depth + 1, val);
+        }
+        finishWritingArray(start, offsets);
+        return null;
+      });
+    } else {
+      // The segment kind does not match the container at this path prefix.
+      throw new VariantPathTypeMismatchException(depth);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Build a fresh chain of containers for `segments[depth..]`, terminating in 
`val`. Used to
+  // materialize missing intermediate path segments during insertion. The kind 
of each segment
+  // decides the container created: an object-key segment creates a 
single-field object, while an
+  // array-index segment creates an array padded with variant nulls up to the 
index.
+  private void appendNewPath(PathSegment[] segments, int depth, Variant val) {
+    PathSegment seg = segments[depth];
+    boolean isLast = depth == segments.length - 1;
+    if (seg instanceof ObjectKeySegment) {
+      String key = ((ObjectKeySegment) seg).key;
+      ArrayList<FieldEntry> fields = new ArrayList<>(1);
+      int start = writePos;
+      int id = addKey(key);
+      fields.add(new FieldEntry(key, id, writePos - start));
+      if (isLast) {
+        appendVariant(val);
+      } else {
+        appendNewPath(segments, depth + 1, val);
+      }
+      finishWritingObject(start, fields);
+    } else {
+      int index = ((ArrayIndexSegment) seg).index;
+      ArrayList<Integer> offsets = new ArrayList<>();
+      int start = writePos;
+      for (int i = 0; i < index; ++i) {
+        offsets.add(writePos - start);
+        appendNull();
+      }
+      offsets.add(writePos - start);
+      if (isLast) {
+        appendVariant(val);
+      } else {
+        appendNewPath(segments, depth + 1, val);
+      }
+      finishWritingArray(start, offsets);
+    }
+  }
+
   // Append the variant value without rewriting or creating any metadata. This 
is used when
   // building an object during shredding, where there is a fixed pre-existing 
metadata that
   // all shredded values will refer to.
diff --git 
a/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantPathTypeMismatchException.java
 
b/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantPathTypeMismatchException.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..83db5e5b83e1
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/common/variant/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/types/variant/VariantPathTypeMismatchException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.types.variant;
+
+/**
+ * An exception indicating that an insertion path segment is incompatible with 
the value it targets
+ * (e.g. an object key on a scalar, or an array index on an object). {@code 
depth} is the index of
+ * the failing segment.
+ */
+public class VariantPathTypeMismatchException extends RuntimeException {
+  public final int depth;
+
+  public VariantPathTypeMismatchException(int depth) {
+    this.depth = depth;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/python/docs/source/reference/pyspark.sql/functions.rst 
b/python/docs/source/reference/pyspark.sql/functions.rst
index 45e0eaff0296..70e5811180d0 100644
--- a/python/docs/source/reference/pyspark.sql/functions.rst
+++ b/python/docs/source/reference/pyspark.sql/functions.rst
@@ -604,6 +604,7 @@ VARIANT Functions
     try_variant_get
     variant_delete
     variant_get
+    variant_insert
     try_parse_json
     to_variant_object
 
diff --git a/python/pyspark/sql/connect/functions/builtin.py 
b/python/pyspark/sql/connect/functions/builtin.py
index 7a4d2b0e1b6c..8e74aeef2828 100644
--- a/python/pyspark/sql/connect/functions/builtin.py
+++ b/python/pyspark/sql/connect/functions/builtin.py
@@ -2219,6 +2219,14 @@ def variant_delete(v: "ColumnOrName", *paths: 
Union[Column, str]) -> Column:
 variant_delete.__doc__ = pysparkfuncs.variant_delete.__doc__
 
 
+def variant_insert(v: "ColumnOrName", path: Union[Column, str], value: 
"ColumnOrName") -> Column:
+    path_col = path if isinstance(path, Column) else lit(path)
+    return _invoke_function("variant_insert", _to_col(v), path_col, 
_to_col(value))
+
+
+variant_insert.__doc__ = pysparkfuncs.variant_insert.__doc__
+
+
 def variant_get(v: "ColumnOrName", path: Union[Column, str], targetType: str) 
-> Column:
     assert isinstance(path, (Column, str))
     if isinstance(path, str):
diff --git a/python/pyspark/sql/functions/__init__.py 
b/python/pyspark/sql/functions/__init__.py
index 5083d5c0db16..ee9d06fcaa2d 100644
--- a/python/pyspark/sql/functions/__init__.py
+++ b/python/pyspark/sql/functions/__init__.py
@@ -482,6 +482,7 @@ __all__ = [  # noqa: F405
     "try_variant_get",
     "variant_delete",
     "variant_get",
+    "variant_insert",
     "try_parse_json",
     "to_variant_object",
     # XML Functions
diff --git a/python/pyspark/sql/functions/builtin.py 
b/python/pyspark/sql/functions/builtin.py
index d10fed1efa3f..f86b2f394abe 100644
--- a/python/pyspark/sql/functions/builtin.py
+++ b/python/pyspark/sql/functions/builtin.py
@@ -21726,6 +21726,66 @@ def variant_delete(v: "ColumnOrName", *paths: 
Union[Column, str]) -> Column:
     )
 
 
+@_try_remote_functions
+def variant_insert(v: "ColumnOrName", path: Union[Column, str], value: 
"ColumnOrName") -> Column:
+    """
+    Inserts a value into a variant at the given JSONPath location. An object 
path adds a new field
+    (error if it already exists); an array path inserts at the index, shifting 
later elements
+    right. Missing intermediate keys are created. Returns NULL if any argument 
is NULL.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.3.0
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    v : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
+        a variant column or column name
+    path : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
+        the JSONPath insertion target. A `str` is a literal path; a
+        :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` supplies the path at runtime. A valid 
path should start with
+        `$` and is followed by one or more segments like `[123]`, `.name`, 
`['name']`, or
+        `["name"]`. The root path `$` is not allowed.
+    value : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
+        the value to insert. Any expression castable to variant.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
+        a variant column with `value` inserted at `path`
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import lit, parse_json, to_json, 
variant_insert
+    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([{
+    ...     'json': '''{ "a": 1, "arr": ["x", "y"] }''',
+    ...     'path': '$.d'
+    ... }])
+    >>> v = parse_json(df.json)
+    >>> df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, "$.b", 
lit(2))).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r='{"a":1,"arr":["x","y"],"b":2}')]
+    >>> df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, "$.c.d", 
lit(3))).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r='{"a":1,"arr":["x","y"],"c":{"d":3}}')]
+    >>> df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, "$.arr[1]", 
lit("z"))).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r='{"a":1,"arr":["x","z","y"]}')]
+    >>> df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, "$.arr[5]", 
lit("z"))).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r='{"a":1,"arr":["x","y",null,null,null,"z"]}')]
+    >>> df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, df.path, 
lit(9))).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r='{"a":1,"arr":["x","y"],"d":9}')]
+    >>> df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, "$.b", 
parse_json(lit('null')))).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r='{"a":1,"arr":["x","y"],"b":null}')]
+    >>> df.select(variant_insert(v, "$.b", lit(None)).alias("r")).collect()
+    [Row(r=None)]
+    """
+    from pyspark.sql.classic.column import _to_java_column
+
+    path_col = path if isinstance(path, Column) else lit(path)
+    return _invoke_function(
+        "variant_insert",
+        _to_java_column(v),
+        _to_java_column(path_col),
+        _to_java_column(value),
+    )
+
+
 @_try_remote_functions
 def variant_get(v: "ColumnOrName", path: Union[Column, str], targetType: str) 
-> Column:
     """
diff --git a/python/pyspark/sql/tests/test_functions.py 
b/python/pyspark/sql/tests/test_functions.py
index 8599d0dd46e1..2ade286763de 100644
--- a/python/pyspark/sql/tests/test_functions.py
+++ b/python/pyspark/sql/tests/test_functions.py
@@ -3507,7 +3507,10 @@ class FunctionsTestsMixin:
 
     def test_variant_expressions(self):
         df = self.spark.createDataFrame(
-            [Row(json="""{ "a" : 1 }""", path="$.a"), Row(json="""{ "b" : 2 
}""", path="$.b")]
+            [
+                Row(json="""{ "a" : 1 }""", path="$.a", newpath="$.z"),
+                Row(json="""{ "b" : 2 }""", path="$.b", newpath="$.z"),
+            ]
         )
         v = F.parse_json(df.json)
 
@@ -3522,6 +3525,15 @@ class FunctionsTestsMixin:
             df.select(F.to_json(F.variant_delete(v, F.lit(None)))),
             ['{"a":1}', '{"b":2}'],
         )
+        check(
+            df.select(F.to_json(F.variant_insert(v, "$.z", F.lit(9)))),
+            ['{"a":1,"z":9}', '{"b":2,"z":9}'],
+        )
+        check(df.select(F.to_json(F.variant_insert(v, "$.z", F.lit(None)))), 
[None, None])
+        check(
+            df.select(F.to_json(F.variant_insert(v, df.newpath, F.lit(9)))),
+            ['{"a":1,"z":9}', '{"b":2,"z":9}'],
+        )
         check(df.select(F.schema_of_variant(v)), ["OBJECT<a: BIGINT>", 
"OBJECT<b: BIGINT>"])
         check(df.select(F.schema_of_variant_agg(v)), ["OBJECT<a: BIGINT, b: 
BIGINT>"])
 
diff --git a/sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/functions.scala 
b/sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/functions.scala
index c9328f95012b..62191fd7e478 100644
--- a/sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/functions.scala
+++ b/sql/api/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/functions.scala
@@ -9821,6 +9821,44 @@ object functions {
   def variant_delete(v: Column, path: String, paths: String*): Column =
     Column.fn("variant_delete", (v +: lit(path) +: paths.map(lit)): _*)
 
+  /**
+   * Inserts a value into a variant at the given JSONPath location. An object 
path adds a new
+   * field (error if it already exists); an array path inserts at the index, 
shifting later
+   * elements right. Missing intermediate keys are created. Returns NULL if 
any argument is NULL.
+   *
+   * @param v
+   *   a variant column.
+   * @param path
+   *   the column containing the JSONPath string identifying the insertion 
target. A valid path
+   *   should start with `$` and is followed by one or more segments like 
`[123]`, `.name`,
+   *   `['name']`, or `["name"]`. The root path `$` is not allowed.
+   * @param value
+   *   the value to insert. Any expression castable to variant.
+   * @group variant_funcs
+   * @since 4.3.0
+   */
+  def variant_insert(v: Column, path: Column, value: Column): Column =
+    Column.fn("variant_insert", v, path, value)
+
+  /**
+   * Inserts a value into a variant at the given JSONPath location. An object 
path adds a new
+   * field (error if it already exists); an array path inserts at the index, 
shifting later
+   * elements right. Missing intermediate keys are created. Returns NULL if 
any argument is NULL.
+   *
+   * @param v
+   *   a variant column.
+   * @param path
+   *   the JSONPath identifying the insertion target. A valid path should 
start with `$` and is
+   *   followed by one or more segments like `[123]`, `.name`, `['name']`, or 
`["name"]`. The root
+   *   path `$` is not allowed.
+   * @param value
+   *   the value to insert. Any expression castable to variant.
+   * @group variant_funcs
+   * @since 4.3.0
+   */
+  def variant_insert(v: Column, path: String, value: Column): Column =
+    Column.fn("variant_insert", v, lit(path), value)
+
   /**
    * Extracts a sub-variant from `v` according to `path` string, and then cast 
the sub-variant to
    * `targetType`. Returns null if the path does not exist. Throws an 
exception if the cast fails.
diff --git 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/FunctionRegistry.scala
 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/FunctionRegistry.scala
index a8654491a269..193e939889db 100644
--- 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/FunctionRegistry.scala
+++ 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/analysis/FunctionRegistry.scala
@@ -986,6 +986,7 @@ object FunctionRegistry {
     expression[ToVariantObject]("to_variant_object"),
     expression[IsValidVariant]("is_valid_variant"),
     expression[VariantDelete]("variant_delete"),
+    expression[VariantInsert]("variant_insert"),
 
     // Spatial
     expression[ST_AsBinary]("st_asbinary"),
diff --git 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionEvalUtils.scala
 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionEvalUtils.scala
index 47afbcd78837..20a55bccc779 100644
--- 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionEvalUtils.scala
+++ 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionEvalUtils.scala
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.{ArrayData, MapData}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.errors.QueryExecutionErrors
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
-import org.apache.spark.types.variant.{Variant, VariantBuilder, 
VariantSizeLimitException, VariantUtil}
+import org.apache.spark.types.variant.{Variant, VariantBuilder, 
VariantPathTypeMismatchException, VariantSizeLimitException, VariantUtil}
 import org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.{UTF8String, VariantVal}
 
 /**
@@ -75,17 +75,40 @@ object VariantExpressionEvalUtils {
   def isValidVariant(input: VariantVal): Boolean =
     VariantUtil.isValidVariant(input.getValue, input.getMetadata)
 
-  /** Throws `INVALID_VARIANT_PATH` on a malformed path or on the empty (root 
`$`) path. */
-  def parseVariantDeletePath(pathValue: String): Array[VariantPathSegment] = {
+  /**
+   * Parse a JSONPath for a variant manipulation function. Throws 
`INVALID_VARIANT_PATH` on a
+   * malformed path or on the empty (root `$`) path.
+   */
+  def parseVariantPath(pathValue: String, functionName: String): 
Array[VariantPathSegment] = {
     val parsed = VariantPathParser.parse(pathValue).getOrElse {
-      throw QueryExecutionErrors.invalidVariantPath(pathValue, 
"variant_delete")
+      throw QueryExecutionErrors.invalidVariantPath(pathValue, functionName)
     }
     if (parsed.isEmpty) {
-      throw QueryExecutionErrors.invalidVariantPath(pathValue, 
"variant_delete")
+      throw QueryExecutionErrors.invalidVariantPath(pathValue, functionName)
     }
     parsed
   }
 
+  /** Render a parsed path prefix back to a JSONPath string for error 
messages. */
+  private def renderVariantPath(segments: Array[VariantBuilder.PathSegment]): 
String = {
+    val sb = new StringBuilder("$")
+    segments.foreach {
+      case o: VariantBuilder.ObjectKeySegment =>
+        val key = o.key
+        // Dot notation only parses keys with no `.` or `[` (and at least one 
char); anything else
+        // must use bracket notation so the rendered path round-trips to the 
same segments.
+        if (key.nonEmpty && !key.contains('.') && !key.contains('[')) {
+          sb.append('.').append(key)
+        } else if (!key.contains('\'')) {
+          sb.append("['").append(key).append("']")
+        } else {
+          sb.append("[\"").append(key).append("\"]")
+        }
+      case a: VariantBuilder.ArrayIndexSegment => 
sb.append('[').append(a.index).append(']')
+    }
+    sb.toString
+  }
+
   def toJavaSegments(
       segments: Array[VariantPathSegment]): Array[VariantBuilder.PathSegment] 
= {
     segments.map {
@@ -103,7 +126,45 @@ object VariantExpressionEvalUtils {
   }
 
   def deleteAtPath(input: VariantVal, path: UTF8String): VariantVal =
-    deleteAtPath(input, toJavaSegments(parseVariantDeletePath(path.toString)))
+    deleteAtPath(input, toJavaSegments(parseVariantPath(path.toString, 
"variant_delete")))
+
+  /**
+   * Insert `value` into `input` at `javaSegments`. `path` is the source 
string used in error
+   * messages. The cast and insert share one try, so any size overflow maps to 
`VARIANT_SIZE_LIMIT`
+   * and a type mismatch maps to `VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH`.
+   */
+  def insertAtPath(
+      input: VariantVal,
+      javaSegments: Array[VariantBuilder.PathSegment],
+      path: String,
+      value: Any,
+      valueDataType: DataType,
+      functionName: String): VariantVal = {
+    val v = new Variant(input.getValue, input.getMetadata)
+    try {
+      val valVal = castToVariant(value, valueDataType)
+      val valVariant = new Variant(valVal.getValue, valVal.getMetadata)
+      val out = VariantBuilder.insertAtPath(v, javaSegments, valVariant)
+      new VariantVal(out.getValue, out.getMetadata)
+    } catch {
+      case e: VariantPathTypeMismatchException =>
+        throw QueryExecutionErrors.variantPathTypeMismatch(
+          path, renderVariantPath(javaSegments.take(e.depth)), functionName)
+      case _: VariantSizeLimitException =>
+        throw 
QueryExecutionErrors.variantSizeLimitError(VariantUtil.SIZE_LIMIT, functionName)
+    }
+  }
+
+  def insertAtPath(
+      input: VariantVal,
+      path: UTF8String,
+      value: Any,
+      valueDataType: DataType,
+      functionName: String): VariantVal = {
+    val pathStr = path.toString
+    val javaSegments = toJavaSegments(parseVariantPath(pathStr, functionName))
+    insertAtPath(input, javaSegments, pathStr, value, valueDataType, 
functionName)
+  }
 
   /** Cast a Spark value from `dataType` into the variant type. */
   def castToVariant(input: Any, dataType: DataType): VariantVal = {
diff --git 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/variantExpressions.scala
 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/variantExpressions.scala
index e0ac976e5100..0f8995ce829f 100644
--- 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/variantExpressions.scala
+++ 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/variantExpressions.scala
@@ -799,8 +799,8 @@ object VariantDelete {
       if (v == null) {
         None
       } else {
-        Some(ParsedDeletePath(
-          
VariantExpressionEvalUtils.parseVariantDeletePath(v.asInstanceOf[UTF8String].toString)))
+        Some(ParsedDeletePath(VariantExpressionEvalUtils.parseVariantPath(
+          v.asInstanceOf[UTF8String].toString, "variant_delete")))
       }
     } else {
       Some(DynamicDeletePath(child))
@@ -808,6 +808,140 @@ object VariantDelete {
   }
 }
 
+// scalastyle:off line.size.limit
+@ExpressionDescription(
+  usage = "_FUNC_(v, path, val) - Inserts a value into a variant at the given 
JSONPath " +
+    "location. An object path adds a new field (error if it already exists); 
an array path " +
+    "inserts at the index, shifting later elements right. Missing intermediate 
keys are " +
+    "created. Returns NULL if any argument is NULL.",
+  arguments = """
+    Arguments:
+      * v - A variant value to mutate.
+      * path - A string expression evaluating to a JSONPath identifying the 
insertion target. A
+          valid path should start with `$` and is followed by one or more 
segments like `[123]`,
+          `.name`, `['name']`, or `["name"]`. The root path `$` is not allowed.
+      * val - Any expression castable to variant.
+  """,
+  examples = """
+    Examples:
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.b', 2);
+       {"a":1,"b":2}
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('{}'), '$.a.b', 1);
+       {"a":{"b":1}}
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('["a","b","c"]'), '$[1]', 'z');
+       ["a","z","b","c"]
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('["a","b"]'), '$[5]', 'z');
+       ["a","b",null,null,null,"z"]
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('{}'), '$.a', parse_json('{"x":1}'));
+       {"a":{"x":1}}
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('{}'), '$.a', parse_json('null'));
+       {"a":null}
+      > SELECT _FUNC_(parse_json('{}'), '$.a', null);
+       NULL
+  """,
+  since = "4.3.0",
+  group = "variant_funcs"
+)
+// scalastyle:on line.size.limit
+case class VariantInsert(input: Expression, path: Expression, value: 
Expression)
+    extends TernaryExpression
+    with ExpectsInputTypes
+    with QueryErrorsBase {
+
+  override def first: Expression = input
+  override def second: Expression = path
+  override def third: Expression = value
+
+  override def nullIntolerant: Boolean = true
+
+  override def dataType: DataType = VariantType
+  override def inputTypes: Seq[AbstractDataType] =
+    Seq(VariantType, StringTypeWithCollation(supportsTrimCollation = true), 
AnyDataType)
+
+  override def checkInputDataTypes(): TypeCheckResult = {
+    val result = super.checkInputDataTypes()
+    if (result.isFailure) {
+      result
+    } else if (value.dataType == NullType) {
+      TypeCheckResult.TypeCheckSuccess
+    } else if (!VariantGet.checkDataType(value.dataType, allowStructsAndMaps = 
false)) {
+      DataTypeMismatch(
+        errorSubClass = "CAST_WITHOUT_SUGGESTION",
+        messageParameters =
+          Map("srcType" -> toSQLType(value.dataType), "targetType" -> 
toSQLType(VariantType)))
+    } else {
+      TypeCheckResult.TypeCheckSuccess
+    }
+  }
+
+  // When the path is a foldable expression, parse it once at planning time 
and cache it. The Java
+  // segments are derived once per task (see `ParsedInsertPath`), avoiding a 
per-row conversion.
+  // `None` means the path is dynamic (or a foldable NULL, which makes the 
whole expression NULL and
+  // is never evaluated).
+  @transient private lazy val foldablePath: 
Option[VariantInsert.ParsedInsertPath] = {
+    if (path.foldable) {
+      val p = path.eval()
+      if (p == null) {
+        None
+      } else {
+        val s = p.asInstanceOf[UTF8String].toString
+        Some(VariantInsert.ParsedInsertPath(
+          VariantExpressionEvalUtils.parseVariantPath(s, prettyName), s))
+      }
+    } else {
+      None
+    }
+  }
+
+  override protected def nullSafeEval(v: Any, p: Any, valValue: Any): Any = {
+    val inputVariant = v.asInstanceOf[VariantVal]
+    foldablePath match {
+      case Some(parsed) =>
+        VariantExpressionEvalUtils.insertAtPath(
+          inputVariant, parsed.javaSegments, parsed.pathStr, valValue, 
value.dataType, prettyName)
+      case None =>
+        VariantExpressionEvalUtils.insertAtPath(
+          inputVariant, p.asInstanceOf[UTF8String], valValue, value.dataType, 
prettyName)
+    }
+  }
+
+  override protected def doGenCode(ctx: CodegenContext, ev: ExprCode): 
ExprCode = {
+    val cls = VariantExpressionEvalUtils.getClass.getName.stripSuffix("$")
+    nullSafeCodeGen(ctx, ev, (vVal, pVal, valVal) => {
+      val fromArg = ctx.addReferenceObj("from", value.dataType)
+      foldablePath match {
+        case Some(parsed) =>
+          val parsedArg = ctx.addReferenceObj("insertPath", parsed)
+          s"""
+             |${ev.value} = $cls.insertAtPath(
+             |  $vVal, $parsedArg.javaSegments(), $parsedArg.pathStr(), 
$valVal, $fromArg,
+             |  "$prettyName");
+           """.stripMargin
+        case None =>
+          s"""
+             |${ev.value} = $cls.insertAtPath($vVal, $pVal, $valVal, $fromArg, 
"$prettyName");
+           """.stripMargin
+      }
+    })
+  }
+
+  override def prettyName: String = "variant_insert"
+
+  override protected def withNewChildrenInternal(
+      newFirst: Expression, newSecond: Expression, newThird: Expression): 
VariantInsert =
+    copy(input = newFirst, path = newSecond, value = newThird)
+}
+
+object VariantInsert {
+  // Caches a foldable path. `VariantBuilder.PathSegment` is not 
`Serializable`, so the Java form is
+  // `@transient` and re-derived once per executor task after deserialization. 
`pathStr` is the
+  // source string, retained for error messages.
+  case class ParsedInsertPath(segments: Array[VariantPathSegment], pathStr: 
String) {
+    @transient lazy val javaSegments: Array[VariantBuilder.PathSegment] =
+      VariantExpressionEvalUtils.toJavaSegments(segments)
+  }
+}
+
 case class VariantExplode(child: Expression) extends UnaryExpression with 
Generator
   with ExpectsInputTypes {
   override def inputTypes: Seq[AbstractDataType] = Seq(VariantType)
diff --git 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionErrors.scala
 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionErrors.scala
index a0c1e0b53a65..0c5fc0cf1046 100644
--- 
a/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionErrors.scala
+++ 
b/sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/errors/QueryExecutionErrors.scala
@@ -3084,6 +3084,13 @@ private[sql] object QueryExecutionErrors extends 
QueryErrorsBase with ExecutionE
       messageParameters = Map("path" -> path, "functionName" -> 
toSQLId(functionName)))
   }
 
+  def variantPathTypeMismatch(path: String, failedAt: String, functionName: 
String): Throwable = {
+    new SparkRuntimeException(
+      errorClass = "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      messageParameters =
+        Map("path" -> path, "failedAt" -> failedAt, "functionName" -> 
toSQLId(functionName)))
+  }
+
   def malformedVariant(): Throwable = new SparkRuntimeException(
     "MALFORMED_VARIANT",
     Map.empty
diff --git 
a/sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionSuite.scala
 
b/sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionSuite.scala
index 73fdc48fa585..6f1a410c5bb9 100644
--- 
a/sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionSuite.scala
+++ 
b/sql/catalyst/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/expressions/variant/VariantExpressionSuite.scala
@@ -1326,4 +1326,143 @@ class VariantExpressionSuite extends SparkFunSuite with 
ExpressionEvalHelper {
       noPaths.checkInputDataTypes()
     }
   }
+
+  test("variant_insert") {
+    def checkInsert(input: String, path: String, value: Expression, expected: 
String): Unit = {
+      val expr = VariantInsert(
+        Literal(parseJson(input)), Literal.create(path, StringType), value)
+      checkEvaluation(
+        ResolveTimeZone.resolveTimeZones(Cast(expr, StringType)),
+        expected)
+    }
+
+    // Object inserts.
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$.b", Literal(2), """{"a":1,"b":2}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a", Literal(1), """{"a":1}""")
+    checkInsert("""{"a": {"b": 1}}""", "$.a.c", Literal(3), 
"""{"a":{"b":1,"c":3}}""")
+
+    // Missing intermediate keys are created; the next segment's kind picks 
the container.
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a.b.c", Literal(99), """{"a":{"b":{"c":99}}}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a[0]", Literal(1), """{"a":[1]}""")
+
+    // Array inserts shift existing elements right.
+    checkInsert("""["a","b","c"]""", "$[1]", Literal("z"), 
"""["a","z","b","c"]""")
+    checkInsert("""["a","b","c"]""", "$[0]", Literal("z"), 
"""["z","a","b","c"]""")
+    checkInsert("""["a","b","c"]""", "$[3]", Literal("z"), 
"""["a","b","c","z"]""")
+    checkInsert("""["a","b"]""", "$[5]", Literal("z"), 
"""["a","b",null,null,null,"z"]""")
+
+    // A missing intermediate created as an array is also padded with nulls up 
to the index.
+    checkInsert("""{"a": []}""", "$.a[2].b", Literal(1), 
"""{"a":[null,null,{"b":1}]}""")
+    checkInsert("""{"a": [1, 2]}""", "$.a[3].b", Literal(2), 
"""{"a":[1,2,null,{"b":2}]}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a[2]", Literal(1), """{"a":[null,null,1]}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a[2].b", Literal(1), """{"a":[null,null,{"b":1}]}""")
+
+    // Descending through an existing container, then inserting into it.
+    checkInsert("""[{"a": 1}]""", "$[0].b", Literal(2), """[{"a":1,"b":2}]""")
+    checkInsert("""[{"x": 0}, {"a": 1}]""", "$[1].b", Literal(2), 
"""[{"x":0},{"a":1,"b":2}]""")
+    checkInsert("""{"a": [1, 2, 3]}""", "$.a[1]", Literal(9), 
"""{"a":[1,9,2,3]}""")
+
+    // Bracket and dot notations are interchangeable: `['k']`, `["k"]`, and 
`.k` in one path.
+    checkInsert(
+      """{"a": {"b": {}}}""", """$['a'].b["c"]""", Literal(1), 
"""{"a":{"b":{"c":1}}}""")
+
+    // Special / edge-case keys.
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$['']", Literal(2), """{"":2,"a":1}""")
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$['?']", Literal(2), """{"?":2,"a":1}""")
+    checkInsert(
+      """{"a": 1}""", "$['key with spaces']", Literal(2), """{"a":1,"key with 
spaces":2}""")
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$.fb:testid", Literal(2), 
"""{"a":1,"fb:testid":2}""")
+
+    // Insert a variant null (the JSON null literal) vs. a verbatim string vs. 
structured JSON.
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$.b", Literal(parseJson("null")), 
"""{"a":1,"b":null}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a", Literal("""{"x":1}"""), """{"a":"{\"x\":1}"}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a", Literal(parseJson("""{"x":1}""")), 
"""{"a":{"x":1}}""")
+
+    // Values of various castable types exercise the corresponding 
`castToVariant` branches.
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a", Literal(true), """{"a":true}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a", Literal(7L), """{"a":7}""")
+    checkInsert("{}", "$.a", Literal(2.5), """{"a":2.5}""")
+    checkInsert(
+      "{}", "$.a", Literal.create(Array(1, 2, 3), ArrayType(IntegerType)), 
"""{"a":[1,2,3]}""")
+
+    // NULL-intolerant: any NULL argument yields NULL.
+    checkEvaluation(
+      VariantInsert(Literal.create(null, VariantType), Literal("$.a"), 
Literal(1)),
+      null)
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", null, Literal(1), null)
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$.b", Literal.create(null, VariantType), null)
+    checkInsert("""{"a": 1}""", "$.b", Literal.create(null, NullType), null)
+
+    val dynamic = VariantInsert(
+      Literal(parseJson("""{"a": 1}""")),
+      BoundReference(0, StringType, nullable = true),
+      Literal(2))
+    checkEvaluation(
+      ResolveTimeZone.resolveTimeZones(Cast(dynamic, StringType)),
+      """{"a":1,"b":2}""",
+      InternalRow(UTF8String.fromString("$.b")))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("""{"a": 1}""")), Literal("$.a"), 
Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_DUPLICATE_KEY",
+      Map("key" -> "a"))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("""{"a": 1}""")), Literal("$.a.b"), 
Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      Map("path" -> "$.a.b", "failedAt" -> "$.a", "functionName" -> 
"`variant_insert`"))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("""{"a": 1}""")), Literal("$[0]"), 
Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      Map("path" -> "$[0]", "failedAt" -> "$", "functionName" -> 
"`variant_insert`"))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("""{"a": [1, 2]}""")), Literal("$.a.b"), 
Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      Map("path" -> "$.a.b", "failedAt" -> "$.a", "functionName" -> 
"`variant_insert`"))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("""{"a": 5}""")), Literal("$.a[0]"), 
Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      Map("path" -> "$.a[0]", "failedAt" -> "$.a", "functionName" -> 
"`variant_insert`"))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("5")), Literal("$.a"), Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      Map("path" -> "$.a", "failedAt" -> "$", "functionName" -> 
"`variant_insert`"))
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("""{"a.b": 5}""")), 
Literal("""$['a.b'].c"""), Literal(2)),
+      "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      Map("path" -> "$['a.b'].c", "failedAt" -> "$['a.b']", "functionName" -> 
"`variant_insert`"))
+
+    // Structs and maps are rejected at analysis.
+    Seq(
+      Literal.create(null, MapType(StringType, IntegerType)),
+      Literal.create(null, StructType(Seq(StructField("x", IntegerType))))
+    ).foreach { v =>
+      assert(
+        VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("{}")), Literal("$.a"), 
v).checkInputDataTypes().isFailure)
+    }
+
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("{}")), Literal("$"), Literal(1)),
+      "INVALID_VARIANT_PATH",
+      Map("path" -> "$", "functionName" -> "`variant_insert`"))
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("{}")), Literal("abc"), Literal(1)),
+      "INVALID_VARIANT_PATH",
+      Map("path" -> "abc", "functionName" -> "`variant_insert`"))
+
+    val tooBig = "x".repeat(16 * 1024 * 1024)
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("{}")), Literal("$.a[2000000000]"), 
Literal(1)),
+      "VARIANT_SIZE_LIMIT",
+      Map("sizeLimit" -> "16.0 MiB", "functionName" -> "`variant_insert`"))
+    checkErrorInExpression[SparkRuntimeException](
+      VariantInsert(Literal(parseJson("{}")), Literal("$.a"), Literal(tooBig)),
+      "VARIANT_SIZE_LIMIT",
+      Map("sizeLimit" -> "16.0 MiB", "functionName" -> "`variant_insert`"))
+  }
 }
diff --git 
a/sql/connect/client/jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala
 
b/sql/connect/client/jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala
index 36b2cab4d586..34faa4545b98 100644
--- 
a/sql/connect/client/jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala
+++ 
b/sql/connect/client/jvm/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala
@@ -2763,6 +2763,10 @@ class PlanGenerationTestSuite extends ConnectFunSuite 
with Logging {
     fn.variant_delete(fn.parse_json(fn.col("g")), "$.a", "$.b")
   }
 
+  functionTest("variant_insert") {
+    fn.variant_insert(fn.parse_json(fn.col("g")), "$.a", fn.lit(1))
+  }
+
   functionTest("variant_get") {
     fn.variant_get(fn.parse_json(fn.col("g")), "$", "int")
   }
diff --git 
a/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/explain-results/function_variant_insert.explain
 
b/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/explain-results/function_variant_insert.explain
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2b4cdcebf273
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/explain-results/function_variant_insert.explain
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project 
[variant_insert(static_invoke(VariantExpressionEvalUtils.parseJson(g#0, false, 
true, true)), $.a, 1) AS variant_insert(parse_json(g), $.a, 1)#0]
++- LocalRelation <empty>, [id#0L, a#0, b#0, d#0, e#0, f#0, g#0]
diff --git 
a/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/queries/function_variant_insert.json
 
b/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/queries/function_variant_insert.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5f1dad489e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/queries/function_variant_insert.json
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+{
+  "common": {
+    "planId": "1"
+  },
+  "project": {
+    "input": {
+      "common": {
+        "planId": "0"
+      },
+      "localRelation": {
+        "schema": 
"struct\u003cid:bigint,a:int,b:double,d:struct\u003cid:bigint,a:int,b:double\u003e,e:array\u003cint\u003e,f:map\u003cstring,struct\u003cid:bigint,a:int,b:double\u003e\u003e,g:string\u003e"
+      }
+    },
+    "expressions": [{
+      "unresolvedFunction": {
+        "functionName": "variant_insert",
+        "arguments": [{
+          "unresolvedFunction": {
+            "functionName": "parse_json",
+            "arguments": [{
+              "unresolvedAttribute": {
+                "unparsedIdentifier": "g"
+              },
+              "common": {
+                "origin": {
+                  "jvmOrigin": {
+                    "stackTrace": [{
+                      "classLoaderName": "app",
+                      "declaringClass": "org.apache.spark.sql.functions$",
+                      "methodName": "col",
+                      "fileName": "functions.scala"
+                    }, {
+                      "classLoaderName": "app",
+                      "declaringClass": 
"org.apache.spark.sql.PlanGenerationTestSuite",
+                      "methodName": "~~trimmed~anonfun~~",
+                      "fileName": "PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala"
+                    }]
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }],
+            "isInternal": false
+          },
+          "common": {
+            "origin": {
+              "jvmOrigin": {
+                "stackTrace": [{
+                  "classLoaderName": "app",
+                  "declaringClass": "org.apache.spark.sql.functions$",
+                  "methodName": "parse_json",
+                  "fileName": "functions.scala"
+                }, {
+                  "classLoaderName": "app",
+                  "declaringClass": 
"org.apache.spark.sql.PlanGenerationTestSuite",
+                  "methodName": "~~trimmed~anonfun~~",
+                  "fileName": "PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala"
+                }]
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }, {
+          "literal": {
+            "string": "$.a"
+          },
+          "common": {
+            "origin": {
+              "jvmOrigin": {
+                "stackTrace": [{
+                  "classLoaderName": "app",
+                  "declaringClass": "org.apache.spark.sql.functions$",
+                  "methodName": "variant_insert",
+                  "fileName": "functions.scala"
+                }, {
+                  "classLoaderName": "app",
+                  "declaringClass": 
"org.apache.spark.sql.PlanGenerationTestSuite",
+                  "methodName": "~~trimmed~anonfun~~",
+                  "fileName": "PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala"
+                }]
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }, {
+          "literal": {
+            "integer": 1
+          },
+          "common": {
+            "origin": {
+              "jvmOrigin": {
+                "stackTrace": [{
+                  "classLoaderName": "app",
+                  "declaringClass": "org.apache.spark.sql.functions$",
+                  "methodName": "lit",
+                  "fileName": "functions.scala"
+                }, {
+                  "classLoaderName": "app",
+                  "declaringClass": 
"org.apache.spark.sql.PlanGenerationTestSuite",
+                  "methodName": "~~trimmed~anonfun~~",
+                  "fileName": "PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala"
+                }]
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }],
+        "isInternal": false
+      },
+      "common": {
+        "origin": {
+          "jvmOrigin": {
+            "stackTrace": [{
+              "classLoaderName": "app",
+              "declaringClass": "org.apache.spark.sql.functions$",
+              "methodName": "variant_insert",
+              "fileName": "functions.scala"
+            }, {
+              "classLoaderName": "app",
+              "declaringClass": "org.apache.spark.sql.PlanGenerationTestSuite",
+              "methodName": "~~trimmed~anonfun~~",
+              "fileName": "PlanGenerationTestSuite.scala"
+            }]
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }]
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git 
a/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/queries/function_variant_insert.proto.bin
 
b/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/queries/function_variant_insert.proto.bin
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d677b5fe6f4d
Binary files /dev/null and 
b/sql/connect/common/src/test/resources/query-tests/queries/function_variant_insert.proto.bin
 differ
diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-functions/sql-expression-schema.md 
b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-functions/sql-expression-schema.md
index 5134975689e3..8e49cd70641e 100644
--- a/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-functions/sql-expression-schema.md
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-functions/sql-expression-schema.md
@@ -557,6 +557,7 @@
 | 
org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.variant.TryVariantGetExpressionBuilder
 | try_variant_get | SELECT try_variant_get(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.a', 
'int') | struct<try_variant_get(parse_json({"a": 1}), $.a):int> |
 | org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.variant.VariantDelete | 
variant_delete | SELECT variant_delete(parse_json('{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, 
"items": [1, 2, 3]}'), NULL, '$.a', '$.c') | 
struct<variant_delete(parse_json({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "items": [1, 2, 3]}), 
NULL, $.a, $.c):variant> |
 | 
org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.variant.VariantGetExpressionBuilder | 
variant_get | SELECT variant_get(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.a', 'int') | 
struct<variant_get(parse_json({"a": 1}), $.a):int> |
+| org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.variant.VariantInsert | 
variant_insert | SELECT variant_insert(parse_json('{"a": 1}'), '$.b', 2) | 
struct<variant_insert(parse_json({"a": 1}), $.b, 2):variant> |
 | org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.xml.XPathBoolean | xpath_boolean | 
SELECT xpath_boolean('<a><b>1</b></a>','a/b') | 
struct<xpath_boolean(<a><b>1</b></a>, a/b):boolean> |
 | org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.xml.XPathDouble | xpath_double | 
SELECT xpath_double('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)') | 
struct<xpath_double(<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>, sum(a/b)):double> |
 | org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.xml.XPathDouble | xpath_number | 
SELECT xpath_number('<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>', 'sum(a/b)') | 
struct<xpath_number(<a><b>1</b><b>2</b></a>, sum(a/b)):double> |
diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantSuite.scala 
b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantSuite.scala
index 787292f55b5a..0390507261f5 100644
--- a/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantSuite.scala
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/VariantSuite.scala
@@ -295,6 +295,95 @@ class VariantSuite extends SharedSparkSession with 
ExpressionEvalHelper {
     }
   }
 
+  test("variant_insert with literal arguments") {
+    def rows(results: Any*): Seq[Row] = results.map(Row(_))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(parse_json('{\"a\": 1}'), '$.b', 
2))"),
+      rows("""{"a":1,"b":2}"""))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(parse_json('[\"a\",\"b\",\"c\"]'), 
'$[1]', 'z'))"),
+      rows("""["a","z","b","c"]"""))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(parse_json('{}'), '$.a', 
parse_json('{\"x\":1}')))"),
+      rows("""{"a":{"x":1}}"""))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(parse_json('{}'), '$.a', 
parse_json('null')))"),
+      rows("""{"a":null}"""))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(CAST(NULL AS VARIANT), '$.a', 1))"),
+      rows(null))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(parse_json('{\"a\": 1}'), '$.b', 
NULL))"),
+      rows(null))
+
+    checkAnswer(
+      sql("SELECT to_json(variant_insert(parse_json('{\"a\": 1}'), NULL, 1))"),
+      rows(null))
+
+    checkError(
+      exception = intercept[SparkRuntimeException] {
+        sql("SELECT variant_insert(parse_json('{\"a\": 1}'), '$.a', 
2)").collect()
+      },
+      condition = "VARIANT_DUPLICATE_KEY",
+      parameters = Map("key" -> "a"))
+
+    checkError(
+      exception = intercept[SparkRuntimeException] {
+        sql("SELECT variant_insert(parse_json('{\"a\": 1}'), '$.a.b', 
2)").collect()
+      },
+      condition = "VARIANT_PATH_TYPE_MISMATCH",
+      parameters = Map(
+        "path" -> "$.a.b", "failedAt" -> "$.a", "functionName" -> 
toSQLId("variant_insert")))
+
+    checkError(
+      exception = intercept[SparkRuntimeException] {
+        sql("SELECT variant_insert(parse_json('{}'), '$', 1)").collect()
+      },
+      condition = "INVALID_VARIANT_PATH",
+      parameters = Map("path" -> "$", "functionName" -> 
toSQLId("variant_insert")))
+
+    // A raw struct/map value is not castable to variant and is rejected at 
analysis.
+    assert(intercept[AnalysisException] {
+      sql("SELECT variant_insert(parse_json('{}'), '$.a', named_struct('x', 
1))")
+    }.getCondition == "DATATYPE_MISMATCH.CAST_WITHOUT_SUGGESTION")
+  }
+
+  test("variant_insert with dynamic arguments") {
+    def rows(results: Any*): Seq[Row] = results.map(Row(_))
+    Seq("CODEGEN_ONLY", "NO_CODEGEN").foreach { codegenMode =>
+      withSQLConf(SQLConf.CODEGEN_FACTORY_MODE.key -> codegenMode) {
+        val df = Seq(
+          ("""{"a": 1}""", "$.b", 2),
+          ("""["a","b"]""", "$[0]", 9),
+          (null, "$.b", 2)
+        ).toDF("json", "path", "val")
+        val v = parse_json(col("json"))
+        val out = df.select(to_json(variant_insert(v, col("path"), 
col("val"))).alias("r"))
+        checkAnswer(out, rows("""{"a":1,"b":2}""", """[9,"a","b"]""", null))
+
+        // A foldable literal path combined with a dynamic value.
+        val objDf = Seq(
+          ("""{"a": 1}""", 2),
+          ("""{"x": 5}""", 9),
+          (null, 2)
+        ).toDF("json", "val")
+        val objV = parse_json(objDf("json"))
+        val out2 = objDf.select(to_json(variant_insert(objV, lit("$.z"), 
col("val"))).alias("r"))
+        checkAnswer(out2, rows("""{"a":1,"z":2}""", """{"x":5,"z":9}""", null))
+
+        // String-path overload of the DataFrame API.
+        val out3 = objDf.select(to_json(variant_insert(objV, "$.z", 
col("val"))).alias("r"))
+        checkAnswer(out3, rows("""{"a":1,"z":2}""", """{"x":5,"z":9}""", null))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   test("round trip tests") {
     withSQLConf(SQLConf.VARIANT_INFER_SHREDDING_SCHEMA.key -> "false") {
       val rand = new Random(42)


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