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The following page has been changed by MichaelJouravlev: http://wiki.apache.org/struts/StrutsManualActionClasses ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * An attempt to refresh a page after it has been redisplayed causes double submit. * Success page where submit action forwards to, often corresponds to a logically different resource. It is impossible to tell which logical resource is managed by which Action classes. The M:M relationship between actions and pages leads to a spaghetti code both in Java code as well as in {{{struts-config.xml}}} file. + inline:icon_alert.gif This chapter discussed the improved Setup/Submit Pattern. To see the original Setup/Submit Pattern click here. + == Improving Setup/Submit Pattern == Use !ActionForm object to store both input and output data. Use the same !ActionForm object in both setup and submit actions. Declaratively (via {{{struts-config.xml}}}) associate the action form with submit action only, do not associate the action form with setup action.