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See <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/technologies/core/mntr-mgmt/javamanagement/";> + Sun JMX Technology</a> page to get started with JMX. + </p> +<p>See the <a href="http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/management/agent.html";> + JMX Management Guide</a> for details on setting up local and + remote management of VM instances. By default the included + <em>zkServer.sh</em> supports only local management - + review the linked document to enable support for remote management + (beyond the scope of this document). + </p> +</div> + + +<a name="N10024"></a><a name="ch_starting"></a> +<h2 class="h3">Starting ZooKeeper with JMX enabled</h2> +<div class="section"> +<p>The class + <em>org.apache.zookeeper.server.quorum.QuorumPeerMain</em> + will start a JMX manageable ZooKeeper server. This class + registers the proper MBeans during initalization to support JMX + monitoring and management of the + instance. See <em>bin/zkServer.sh</em> for one + example of starting ZooKeeper using QuorumPeerMain.</p> +</div> + + +<a name="N10034"></a><a name="ch_console"></a> +<h2 class="h3">Run a JMX console</h2> +<div class="section"> +<p>There are a number of JMX consoles available which can connect + to the running server. For this example we will use Sun's + <em>jconsole</em>.</p> +<p>The Java JDK ships with a simple JMX console + named <a href="http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/J2SE/jconsole.html";>jconsole</a> + which can be used to connect to ZooKeeper and inspect a running + server. Once you've started ZooKeeper using QuorumPeerMain + start <em>jconsole</em>, which typically resides in + <em>JDK_HOME/bin/jconsole</em> +</p> +<p>When the "new connection" window is displayed either connect + to local process (if jconsole started on same host as Server) or + use the remote process connection.</p> +<p>By default the "overview" tab for the VM is displayed (this + is a great way to get insight into the VM btw). Select + the "MBeans" tab.</p> +<p>You should now see <em>org.apache.ZooKeeperService</em> + on the left hand side. Expand this item and depending on how you've + started the server you will be able to monitor and manage various + service related features.</p> +<p>Also note that ZooKeeper will register log4j MBeans as + well. In the same section along the left hand side you will see + "log4j". Expand that to manage log4j through JMX. Of particular + interest is the ability to dynamically change the logging levels + used by editing the appender and root thresholds. Log4j MBean + registration can be disabled by passing + <em>-Dzookeeper.jmx.log4j.disable=true</em> to the JVM + when starting ZooKeeper. + </p> +</div> + + +<a name="N1005F"></a><a name="ch_reference"></a> +<h2 class="h3">ZooKeeper MBean Reference</h2> +<div class="section"> +<p>This table details JMX for a server participating in a + replicated ZooKeeper ensemble (ie not standalone). This is the + typical case for a production environment.</p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<caption>MBeans, their names and description</caption> + +<title>MBeans, their names and description</title> + + + +<tr> + +<th>MBean</th> + <th>MBean Object Name</th> + <th>Description</th> + +</tr> + + +<tr> + +<td>Quorum</td> + <td>ReplicatedServer_id<#></td> + <td>Represents the Quorum, or Ensemble - parent of all + cluster members. Note that the object name includes the + "myid" of the server (name suffix) that your JMX agent has + connected to.</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>LocalPeer|RemotePeer</td> + <td>replica.<#></td> + <td>Represents a local or remote peer (ie server + participating in the ensemble). Note that the object name + includes the "myid" of the server (name suffix).</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>LeaderElection</td> + <td>LeaderElection</td> + <td>Represents a ZooKeeper cluster leader election which is + in progress. Provides information about the election, such as + when it started.</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>Leader</td> + <td>Leader</td> + <td>Indicates that the parent replica is the leader and + provides attributes/operations for that server. Note that + Leader is a subclass of ZooKeeperServer, so it provides + all of the information normally associated with a + ZooKeeperServer node.</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>Follower</td> + <td>Follower</td> + <td>Indicates that the parent replica is a follower and + provides attributes/operations for that server. Note that + Follower is a subclass of ZooKeeperServer, so it provides + all of the information normally associated with a + ZooKeeperServer node.</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>DataTree</td> + <td>InMemoryDataTree</td> + <td>Statistics on the in memory znode database, also + operations to access finer (and more computationally + intensive) statistics on the data (such as ephemeral + count). InMemoryDataTrees are children of ZooKeeperServer + nodes.</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>ServerCnxn</td> + <td><session_id></td> + <td>Statistics on each client connection, also + operations on those connections (such as + termination). Note the object name is the session id of + the connection in hex form.</td> + +</tr> + +</table> +<p>This table details JMX for a standalone server. Typically + standalone is only used in development situations.</p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<caption>MBeans, their names and description</caption> + +<title>MBeans, their names and description</title> + + + +<tr> + +<th>MBean</th> + <th>MBean Object Name</th> + <th>Description</th> + +</tr> + + +<tr> + +<td>ZooKeeperServer</td> + <td>StandaloneServer_port<#></td> + <td>Statistics on the running server, also operations + to reset these attributes. Note that the object name + includes the client port of the server (name + suffix).</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>DataTree</td> + <td>InMemoryDataTree</td> + <td>Statistics on the in memory znode database, also + operations to access finer (and more computationally + intensive) statistics on the data (such as ephemeral + count).</td> + +</tr> + +<tr> + +<td>ServerCnxn</td> + <td><session_id></td> + <td>Statistics on each client connection, also + operations on those connections (such as + termination). Note the object name is the session id of + the connection in hex form.</td> + +</tr> + +</table> +</div> + + +<p align="right"> +<font size="-2"></font> +</p> +</div> +<!--+ + |end content + +--> +<div class="clearboth"> </div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<!--+ + |start bottomstrip + +--> +<div class="lastmodified"> +<script type="text/javascript"><!-- +document.write("Last Published: " + document.lastModified); +// --></script> +</div> +<div class="copyright"> + Copyright © + 2008 <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/";>The Apache Software Foundation.</a> +</div> +<!--+ + |end bottomstrip + +--> +</div> +</body> +</html> http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/zookeeper/blob/af1e0ff1/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperJMX.pdf ---------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperJMX.pdf b/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperJMX.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..791cd84 --- /dev/null +++ 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href="#Guarantees">Guarantees</a> +</li> +<li> +<a href="#Simple+API">Simple API</a> +</li> +<li> +<a href="#Implementation">Implementation</a> +</li> +<li> +<a href="#Uses">Uses</a> +</li> +<li> +<a href="#Performance">Performance</a> +</li> +<li> +<a href="#Reliability">Reliability</a> +</li> +<li> +<a href="#The+ZooKeeper+Project">The ZooKeeper Project</a> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</div> + + + + + +<a name="N10009"></a><a name="ch_DesignOverview"></a> +<h2 class="h3">ZooKeeper: A Distributed Coordination Service for Distributed + Applications</h2> +<div class="section"> +<p>ZooKeeper is a distributed, open-source coordination service for + distributed applications. It exposes a simple set of primitives that + distributed applications can build upon to implement higher level services + for synchronization, configuration maintenance, and groups and naming. It + is designed to be easy to program to, and uses a data model styled after + the familiar directory tree structure of file systems. It runs in Java and + has bindings for both Java and C.</p> +<p>Coordination services are notoriously hard to get right. They are + especially prone to errors such as race conditions and deadlock. The + motivation behind ZooKeeper is to relieve distributed applications the + responsibility of implementing coordination services from scratch.</p> +<a name="N10015"></a><a name="sc_designGoals"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Design Goals</h3> +<p> +<strong>ZooKeeper is simple.</strong> ZooKeeper + allows distributed processes to coordinate with each other through a + shared hierarchal namespace which is organized similarly to a standard + file system. The name space consists of data registers - called znodes, + in ZooKeeper parlance - and these are similar to files and directories. + Unlike a typical file system, which is designed for storage, ZooKeeper + data is kept in-memory, which means ZooKeeper can acheive high + throughput and low latency numbers.</p> +<p>The ZooKeeper implementation puts a premium on high performance, + highly available, strictly ordered access. The performance aspects of + ZooKeeper means it can be used in large, distributed systems. The + reliability aspects keep it from being a single point of failure. The + strict ordering means that sophisticated synchronization primitives can + be implemented at the client.</p> +<p> +<strong>ZooKeeper is replicated.</strong> Like the + distributed processes it coordinates, ZooKeeper itself is intended to be + replicated over a sets of hosts called an ensemble.</p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<tr> +<td>ZooKeeper Service</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> + + <img alt="" src="images/zkservice.jpg"> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The servers that make up the ZooKeeper service must all know about + each other. They maintain an in-memory image of state, along with a + transaction logs and snapshots in a persistent store. As long as a + majority of the servers are available, the ZooKeeper service will be + available.</p> +<p>Clients connect to a single ZooKeeper server. The client maintains + a TCP connection through which it sends requests, gets responses, gets + watch events, and sends heart beats. If the TCP connection to the server + breaks, the client will connect to a different server.</p> +<p> +<strong>ZooKeeper is ordered.</strong> ZooKeeper + stamps each update with a number that reflects the order of all + ZooKeeper transactions. Subsequent operations can use the order to + implement higher-level abstractions, such as synchronization + primitives.</p> +<p> +<strong>ZooKeeper is fast.</strong> It is + especially fast in "read-dominant" workloads. ZooKeeper applications run + on thousands of machines, and it performs best where reads are more + common than writes, at ratios of around 10:1.</p> +<a name="N10045"></a><a name="sc_dataModelNameSpace"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Data model and the hierarchical namespace</h3> +<p>The name space provided by ZooKeeper is much like that of a + standard file system. A name is a sequence of path elements separated by + a slash (/). Every node in ZooKeeper's name space is identified by a + path.</p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<tr> +<td>ZooKeeper's Hierarchical Namespace</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> + + <img alt="" src="images/zknamespace.jpg"> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> +<a name="N1005B"></a><a name="Nodes+and+ephemeral+nodes"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Nodes and ephemeral nodes</h3> +<p>Unlike is standard file systems, each node in a ZooKeeper + namespace can have data associated with it as well as children. It is + like having a file-system that allows a file to also be a directory. + (ZooKeeper was designed to store coordination data: status information, + configuration, location information, etc., so the data stored at each + node is usually small, in the byte to kilobyte range.) We use the term + <em>znode</em> to make it clear that we are talking about + ZooKeeper data nodes.</p> +<p>Znodes maintain a stat structure that includes version numbers for + data changes, ACL changes, and timestamps, to allow cache validations + and coordinated updates. Each time a znode's data changes, the version + number increases. For instance, whenever a client retrieves data it also + receives the version of the data.</p> +<p>The data stored at each znode in a namespace is read and written + atomically. Reads get all the data bytes associated with a znode and a + write replaces all the data. Each node has an Access Control List (ACL) + that restricts who can do what.</p> +<p>ZooKeeper also has the notion of ephemeral nodes. These znodes + exists as long as the session that created the znode is active. When the + session ends the znode is deleted. Ephemeral nodes are useful when you + want to implement <em>[tbd]</em>.</p> +<a name="N10074"></a><a name="Conditional+updates+and+watches"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Conditional updates and watches</h3> +<p>ZooKeeper supports the concept of <em>watches</em>. + Clients can set a watch on a znodes. A watch will be triggered and + removed when the znode changes. When a watch is triggered the client + receives a packet saying that the znode has changed. And if the + connection between the client and one of the Zoo Keeper servers is + broken, the client will receive a local notification. These can be used + to <em>[tbd]</em>.</p> +<a name="N10084"></a><a name="Guarantees"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Guarantees</h3> +<p>ZooKeeper is very fast and very simple. Since its goal, though, is + to be a basis for the construction of more complicated services, such as + synchronization, it provides a set of guarantees. These are:</p> +<ul> + +<li> + +<p>Sequential Consistency - Updates from a client will be applied + in the order that they were sent.</p> + +</li> + + +<li> + +<p>Atomicity - Updates either succeed or fail. No partial + results.</p> + +</li> + + +<li> + +<p>Single System Image - A client will see the same view of the + service regardless of the server that it connects to.</p> + +</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li> + +<p>Reliability - Once an update has been applied, it will persist + from that time forward until a client overwrites the update.</p> + +</li> + +</ul> +<ul> + +<li> + +<p>Timeliness - The clients view of the system is guaranteed to + be up-to-date within a certain time bound.</p> + +</li> + +</ul> +<p>For more information on these, and how they can be used, see + <em>[tbd]</em> +</p> +<a name="N100BA"></a><a name="Simple+API"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Simple API</h3> +<p>One of the design goals of ZooKeeper is provide a very simple + programming interface. As a result, it supports only these + operations:</p> +<dl> + +<dt> +<term>create</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>creates a node at a location in the tree</p> +</dd> + + +<dt> +<term>delete</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>deletes a node</p> +</dd> + + +<dt> +<term>exists</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>tests if a node exists at a location</p> +</dd> + + +<dt> +<term>get data</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>reads the data from a node</p> +</dd> + + +<dt> +<term>set data</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>writes data to a node</p> +</dd> + + +<dt> +<term>get children</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>retrieves a list of children of a node</p> +</dd> + + +<dt> +<term>sync</term> +</dt> +<dd> +<p>waits for data to be propagated</p> +</dd> + +</dl> +<p>For a more in-depth discussion on these, and how they can be used + to implement higher level operations, please refer to + <em>[tbd]</em> +</p> +<a name="N100FD"></a><a name="Implementation"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Implementation</h3> +<p> +<a href="#fg_zkComponents">ZooKeeper Components</a> shows the high-level components + of the ZooKeeper service. With the exception of the request processor, + each of + the servers that make up the ZooKeeper service replicates its own copy + of each of components.</p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<tr> +<td>ZooKeeper Components</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> + + <img alt="" src="images/zkcomponents.jpg"> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The replicated database is an in-memory database containing the + entire data tree. Updates are logged to disk for recoverability, and + writes are serialized to disk before they are applied to the in-memory + database.</p> +<p>Every ZooKeeper server services clients. Clients connect to + exactly one server to submit irequests. Read requests are serviced from + the local replica of each server database. Requests that change the + state of the service, write requests, are processed by an agreement + protocol.</p> +<p>As part of the agreement protocol all write requests from clients + are forwarded to a single server, called the + <em>leader</em>. The rest of the ZooKeeper servers, called + <em>followers</em>, receive message proposals from the + leader and agree upon message delivery. The messaging layer takes care + of replacing leaders on failures and syncing followers with + leaders.</p> +<p>ZooKeeper uses a custom atomic messaging protocol. Since the + messaging layer is atomic, ZooKeeper can guarantee that the local + replicas never diverge. When the leader receives a write request, it + calculates what the state of the system is when the write is to be + applied and transforms this into a transaction that captures this new + state.</p> +<a name="N10128"></a><a name="Uses"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Uses</h3> +<p>The programming interface to ZooKeeper is deliberately simple. + With it, however, you can implement higher order operations, such as + synchronizations primitives, group membership, ownership, etc. Some + distributed applications have used it to: <em>[tbd: add uses from + white paper and video presentation.]</em> For more information, see + <em>[tbd]</em> +</p> +<a name="N10137"></a><a name="Performance"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Performance</h3> +<p>ZooKeeper is designed to be highly performant. But is it? The + results of the ZooKeeper's development team at Yahoo! Research indicate + that it is. (See <a href="#fg_zkPerfRW">ZooKeeper Throughput as the Read-Write Ratio Varies</a>.) It is especially high + performance in applications where reads outnumber writes, since writes + involve synchronizing the state of all servers. (Reads outnumbering + writes is typically the case for a coordination service.)</p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<tr> +<td>ZooKeeper Throughput as the Read-Write Ratio Varies</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> + + <img alt="" src="images/zkperfRW.jpg"> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Benchmarks also indicate that it is reliable, too. <a href="#fg_zkPerfReliability">Reliability in the Presence of Errors</a> shows how a deployment responds to + various failures. The events marked in the figure are the + following:</p> +<ol> + +<li> + +<p>Failure and recovery of a follower</p> + +</li> + + +<li> + +<p>Failure and recovery of a different follower</p> + +</li> + + +<li> + +<p>Failure of the leader</p> + +</li> + + +<li> + +<p>Failure and recovery of two followers</p> + +</li> + + +<li> + +<p>Failure of another leader</p> + +</li> + +</ol> +<a name="N10179"></a><a name="Reliability"></a> +<h3 class="h4">Reliability</h3> +<p>To show the behavior of the system over time as + failures are injected we ran a ZooKeeper service made up of + 7 machines. We ran the same saturation benchmark as before, + but this time we kept the write percentage at a constant + 30%, which is a conservative ratio of our expected + workloads. + </p> +<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4"> +<tr> +<td>Reliability in the Presence of Errors</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> + + <img alt="" src="images/zkperfreliability.jpg"> + + </td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The are a few important observations from this graph. First, if + followers fail and recover quickly, then ZooKeeper is able to sustain a + high throughput despite the failure. But maybe more importantly, the + leader election algorithm allows for the system to recover fast enough + to prevent throughput from dropping substantially. In our observations, + ZooKeeper takes less than 200ms to elect a new leader. Third, as + followers recover, ZooKeeper is able to raise throughput again once they + start processing requests.</p> +<a name="N10192"></a><a name="The+ZooKeeper+Project"></a> +<h3 class="h4">The ZooKeeper Project</h3> +<p>ZooKeeper has been + <a href="http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/ZooKeeper/PoweredBy";> + successfully used + </a> + in many industrial applications. It is used at Yahoo! as the + coordination and failure recovery service for Yahoo! Message + Broker, which is a highly scalable publish-subscribe system + managing thousands of topics for replication and data + delivery. It is used by the Fetching Service for Yahoo! + crawler, where it also manages failure recovery. A number of + Yahoo! advertising systems also use ZooKeeper to implement + reliable services. + </p> +<p>All users and developers are encouraged to join the + community and contribute their expertise. See the + <a href="http://hadoop.apache.org/zookeeper/";> + Zookeeper Project on Apache + </a> + for more information. + </p> +</div> + +<p align="right"> +<font size="-2"></font> +</p> +</div> +<!--+ + |end content + +--> +<div class="clearboth"> </div> +</div> +<div id="footer"> +<!--+ + |start bottomstrip + +--> +<div class="lastmodified"> +<script type="text/javascript"><!-- +document.write("Last Published: " + document.lastModified); +// --></script> +</div> +<div class="copyright"> + Copyright © + 2008 <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/";>The Apache Software Foundation.</a> +</div> +<!--+ + |end bottomstrip + +--> +</div> +</body> +</html> http://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/zookeeper/blob/af1e0ff1/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperOver.pdf ---------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperOver.pdf b/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperOver.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb3073f Binary files /dev/null and b/_released_docs/r3.1.2/zookeeperOver.pdf differ
