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The "Hive/Tutorial" page has been changed by Ning Zhang. http://wiki.apache.org/hadoop/Hive/Tutorial?action=diff&rev1=18&rev2=19 -------------------------------------------------- ''' Note that any data for this table or partitions will be dropped and may not be recoverable. ''' - ---- /!\ '''Edit conflict - your version:''' ---- - - == Language capabilities == - '''Hive query language provides the basic SQL like operations. These operations work on tables or partitions. These operations are: ''' - - * '''Ability to filter rows from a table using a where clause. ''' - * '''Ability to select certain columns from the table using a select clause. ''' - * '''Ability to do equi-joins between two tables. ''' - * '''Ability to evaluate aggregations on multiple "group by" columns for the data stored in a table. ''' - * '''Ability to store the results of a query into another table. ''' - * '''Ability to download the contents of a table to a local (e.g., nfs) directory. ''' - * '''Ability to store the results of a query in a hadoop dfs directory. ''' - * '''Ability to manage tables and partitions (create, drop and alter). ''' - * '''Ability to plug in custom scripts in the language of choice for custom map/reduce jobs. ''' - - = Usage and Examples = - '''The following examples highlight some salient features of the system. A detailed set of query test cases can be found at [[http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/hadoop/hive/trunk/ql/src/test/queries/clientpositive/|Hive Query Test Cases]] and the corresponding results can be found at [[http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/hadoop/hive/trunk/ql/src/test/results/clientpositive/|Query Test Case Results]] ''' - - == Creating Tables == - '''An example statement that would create the page_view table mentioned above would be like: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In this example the columns of the table are specified with the corresponding types. Comments can be attached both at the column level as well as at the table level. Additionally the partitioned by clause defines the partitioning columns which are different from the data columns and are actually not stored with the data. When specified in this way, the data in the files is assumed to be delimited with ascii 001(ctrl-A) used as the field delimiter and newline used as a row delimiter. ''' - - '''These delimiters can be parametrized if the data is not in the above format as illustrated in the following example: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''The ROW FORMAT clause allows the user to specify both the field delimiters as well as the line delimiters. ''' - - '''It is also a good idea to bucket the tables on certain columns so that efficient sampling queries can be executed against the data set (note: If bucketing is absent, random sampling can still be done on the table). The following example illustrates the case of the page_view table which is bucketed on userid column: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In the example above, the table is bucketed (clustered by) userid and within each bucket the data is sorted in the increasing order of viewTime. Such an organization allows the user to do efficient sampling on the clustered column - in this case userid. The sorting property allows internal operators to take advantage of the better-known data structure while evaluating queries, also increasing efficiency. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In this example the columns that comprise of the table row are specified in a similar way as the definition of types. Comments can be attached both at the column level as well as at the table level. Additionally the partitioned by clause defines the partitioning columns which are different from the data columns and are actually not stored with the data. The bucketed on clause specifies which column to use for bucketing as well as how many buckets to create. The delimited row format specifies how the rows are stored in the hive table. In the case of the delimited format, this specifies how the fields are terminated, how the items within collections (arrays or maps) are terminated and how the map keys are terminated. STORED AS SEQUENCEFILE indicates that this data is stored in a binary format (using hadoop SequenceFiles) on hdfs. The values shown for the ROW FORMAT and STORED AS clauses in the above example represent the system defaults. ''' - - '''Table names and column names are case insensitive. ''' - - == Browsing Tables and Partitions == - {{{ - }}} - '''To list existing tables in the warehouse; there are many of these, likely more than you want to browse. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To list tables with prefix 'page'. The pattern follows Java regular expression syntax (so the period is a wildcard). ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To list partitions of a table. If the table is not a partitioned table then an error is thrown. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To list columns and column types of table. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To list columns and all other properties of table. This prints lot of information and that too not in a pretty format. Usually used for debugging. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To list columns and all other properties of a partition. This also prints lot of information which is usually used for debugging. ''' - - == Loading Data == - '''There are multiple mechanisms of loading data into Hive tables. The user can create an external table that points to a specified location within hdfs. In this particular usage, the user can copy a file into the specified location using the hdfs put or copy commands and create a table pointing to this location with all the relevant row format information. Once this is done, the user can transform this data and insert into any other Hive table. e.g. if the file /tmp/pv_2008-06-08.txt contains comma separated page views served on 2008-06-08, and this needs to be loaded into the page_view table in the appropriate partition, the following sequence of commands can achieve this: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In the example above nulls are inserted for the array and map types in the destination tables but potentially these can also come from the external table if the proper row formats are specified. ''' - - '''This method is useful if there is already legacy data in hdfs on which the user wants to put some metadata so that that the data can be queried and manipulated using hive. ''' - - '''Additionally, the system also supports syntax that can load the data from a file in the local files system directly into a hive table where the input data format is same as the table format. If /tmp/pv_2008-06-08_us.txt already contains the data for US, then we do not need any additional filtering as shown in the previous example. The load in this case can be done using the following syntax: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''The path argument can take a directory (in which case all the files in the directory are loaded), a single file name, or a wildcard (in which case all the matching files are uploaded). If the argument is a directory - it cannot contain subdirectories. Similarly - the wildcard must match file names only. ''' - - '''In the case that the input file /tmp/pv_2008-06-08_us.txt is very large, the user may decide to do a parallel load of the data (using tools that are external to Hive). Once the file is in HDFS - the following syntax can be used to load the data into a Hive table: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''It is assumed that the array and map fields in the input.txt files are null fields for these examples. ''' - - == Simple Query == - '''For all the active users, one can use the query of the following form: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Note that unlike SQL, we always insert the results into a table. We will illustrate later how the user can inspect these results and even dump them to a local file. ''' - - == Partition Based Query == - '''What partitions to use in a query is determined automatically by the system on the basis of where clause conditions on partition columns. e.g. in order to get all the page_views in the month of 03/2008 referred from domain xyz.com, one could write the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''(Note that page_views.date is used here because the table (above) was defined with PARTITIONED BY(date DATETIME, country STRING) ; if you name your partition something different, don't expect .date to do what you think!) ''' - - == Joins == - '''In order to get a demographic breakdown (by gender) of page_view of 2008-03-03 one would need to join the page_view table and the user table on the userid column. This can be accomplished with a join as shown in the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In order to do outer joins the user can qualify the join with LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER or FULL OUTER keywords in order to indicate the kind of outer join (left preserved, right preserved or both sides preserved). e.g. in order to do a full outer join in the query above, the corresponding syntax would look like the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In order to join more than one tables, the user can use the following syntax: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Note that Hive only supports [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_(SQL)#Equi-join|equi-joins]]. Note also that it is best to put the largest table on the rightmost side of the join in order to avoid memory errors. ''' - - == Aggregations == - '''In order to count the number of distinct users by gender one could write the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Multiple aggregations can be done at the same time, however, no two aggregations can have different DISTINCT columns .e.g while the following is possible ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''however, the following query is not allowed ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Multi Table/File Inserts == - '''The output of the aggregations or simple selects can be further sent into multiple tables or even to hadoop dfs files (which can then be manipulated using hdfs utilities). e.g. if along with the gender breakdown, one needed to find the breakdown of unique page views by age, one could accomplish that with the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''The first insert clause sends the results of the first group by to a Hive table while the second one sends the results to a hadoop dfs files. ''' - - == Inserting into local files == - '''In certain situations you would want to write the output into a local file so that you could load it into an excel spreadsheet. This can be accomplished with the following command: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Sampling == - '''The sampling clause allows the users to write queries for samples of the data instead of the whole table. Currently the sampling is done on the columns that are specified in the BUCKETED ON clause of the CREATE TABLE statement. In the following example we choose 3rd bucket out of the 32 buckets of the pv_gender_sum table: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''In general the TABLESAMPLE syntax looks like: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''y has to be a multiple or divisor of the number of buckets in that table as specified at the table creation time. The buckets chosen are determined if bucket_number module y is equal to x. So in the above example the following tablesample clause ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''would pick out the 3rd and 19th buckets. The buckets are numbered starting from 0. ''' - - '''On the other hand the tablesample clause ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''would pick out half of the 3rd bucket. ''' - - == Union all == - '''The language also supports union all, e.g. if we suppose there are two different tables that track which user has published a video and which user has published a comment, the following query joins the results of a union all with the user table to create a single annotated stream for all the video publishing and comment publishing events: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Array Operations == - '''Array columns in tables can only be created programmatically currently. We will be extending this soon to be available as part of the create table statement. For the purpose of the current example assume that pv.friends is of the type array<INT> i.e. it is an array of integers.The user can get a specific element in the array by its index as shown in the following command: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''The select expressions gets the third item in the pv.friends array. ''' - - '''The user can also get the length of the array using the size function as shown below: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Map(Associative Arrays) Operations == - '''Maps provide collections similar to associative arrays. Such structures can only be created programmatically currently. We will be extending this soon. For the purpose of the current example assume that pv.properties is of the type map<String, String> i.e. it is an associative array from strings to string. Accordingly, the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''can be used to select the 'page_type' property from the page_views table. ''' - - '''Similar to arrays, the size function can also be used to get the number of elements in a map as shown in the following query: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Custom map/reduce scripts == - '''Users can also plug in their own custom mappers and reducers in the data stream by using features natively supported in the Hive language. e.g. in order to run a custom mapper script - map_script - and a custom reducer script - reduce_script - the user can issue the following command which uses the TRANSFORM clause to embed the mapper and the reducer scripts. ''' - - '''Note that columns will be transformed to string and delimited by TAB before feeding to the user script, and the standard output of the user script will be treated as TAB-separated string columns. User scripts can output debug information to standard error which will be shown on the task detail page on hadoop. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Sample map script (weekday_mapper.py ) ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Of course, both MAP and REDUCE are "syntactic sugar" for the more general select transform. The inner query could also have been written as such: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Schema-less map/reduce: If there is no "AS" clause after "USING map_script", Hive assumes the output of the script contains 2 parts: key which is before the first tab, and value which is the rest after the first tab. Note that this is different from specifying "AS key, value" because in that case value will only contains the portion between the first tab and the second tab if there are multiple tabs. ''' - - '''In this way, we allow users to migrate old map/reduce scripts without knowing the schema of the map output. User still needs to know the reduce output schema because that has to match what is in the table that we are inserting to. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Distribute By and Sort By: Instead of specifying "cluster by", the user can specify "distribute by" and "sort by", so the partition columns and sort columns can be different. The usual case is that the partition columns are a prefix of sort columns, but that is not required. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Co groups == - '''Amongst the user community using map/reduce, cogroup is a fairly common operation wherein the data from multiple tables are sent to a custom reducer such that the rows are grouped by the values of certain columns on the tables. With the UNION ALL operator and the CLUSTER BY specification, this can be achieved in the Hive query language in the following way. Suppose we wanted to cogroup the rows from the actions_video and action_comments table on the uid column and send them to the 'reduce_script' custom reducer, the following syntax can be used by the user: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - == Altering Tables == - '''To rename existing table to a new name. If a table with new name already exists then an error is returned: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To rename the columns of an existing table. Be sure to use the same column types, and to include an entry for each preexisting column: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To add columns to an existing table: ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''Note that a change in the schema (such as the adding of the columns), preserves the schema for the old partitions of the table in case it is a partitioned table. All the queries that access these columns and run over the old partitions implicitly return a null value or the specified default values for these columns. ''' - - '''In the later versions we can make the behavior of assuming certain values as opposed to throwing an error in case the column is not found in a particular partition configurable. ''' - - == Dropping Tables and Partitions == - '''Dropping tables is fairly trivial. A drop on the table would implicitly drop any indexes(this is a future feature) that would have been built on the table. The associated command is ''' - - {{{ - }}} - '''To dropping a partition. Alter the table to drop the partition. ''' - - {{{ - }}} - Note that any data for this table or partitions will be dropped and may not be recoverable. ''' ''' - - ---- /!\ '''End of edit conflict''' ---- -
